Long-term impacts of land-use change on dynamics of tropical soil carbon and nitrogen pools

Land-use changes, especially the conversion of native forest vegetation to cropland and plantations in tropical region, can alter soil C and N pools and N availability for plant uptake. Deforestation, followed by shifting cultivation and establishment of rubber tree plantation, is a common land-use change in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. However the influence of this kind of land-use change on soil C and N dynamics in this region remains poorly understood, This study was conducted to assess the effects of land-use change on soil C and N pools. Soil samples were collected on five adjacent plots, which belong to three land-use types including secondary forest-an acuminate banana( Musa itinerans) secondary forest and a male bamboo( Dendrocalamus membranaceae) secondary forest, shifting cultivation, and rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis (H. B. K. ) Muell. Arg. ) plantation(one plot is 3-year-old, and another is 7-year-old). We measured soil bulk density (BD), pH value, moisture content and concentrations of soil organic carbon(SOC), total soil nitrogen(TSN), and inorganic N(NO3^- -N and NH4^ -N) at 0--3, 3--20, 20--40 and 40--60cm depths, and calculated C and N pools in 0--20, 20--40, 40--60, and 0--60 cm soil layers. Compared with the adjacent secondary forests, shifting cultivation and establishment of rubber tree plantations resulted in significant decline in concentrations and stocks of SOC and TSN in 0--20 and 0--60cm soil layers, and increase in pH and bulk density at 0--3, 3--20, and 20--40cm depths. Soil moisture content decreased only in 0--20cm surface soils in shifting cultivation and plantations. The dynamics of mineral N was much more complex, which had different trends among depths and ecosystems. Compared with the secondary forests, SOC stocks in 0--20cm surface soils in shifting cultivation and rubber tree plantations(3-year-old plantation and 7-year-old plantation) decreased by 34.0%, 33%, and 23% ; and TSN stocks decreased by 32.2%, 20.4%, and 20.4%, respectively,whereas the decreases of SOC and TSN stocks in 0--60cm soil layers were much less. The results indicated that C and N losses were mainly occurred in 0--20cm surface soil, followed by 20--40cm layer.     

Soil resource availability impacts microbial response to organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen inputs

Impacts of newly added organic carbon （C） and inorganic nitrogen （N） on the microbial utilization of soil organic matter are important in determining the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems. We examined microbial responses to cellulose and ammonium nitrate additions in three soils with very different C and N availability. These soils included an organic soil（ 14.2% total organic C, with extremely high extractable N and low labile C）, a forest soi1（4.7% total organic C, with high labile C and extremely low extractable N）, and a grassland soil（1.6% total organic C, with low extractable N and labile C）. While cellulose addition alone significantly enhanced microbial respiration and biomass C and N in the organic and grassland soils, it accelerated only the microbial respiration in the highly-N limited forest soil. These results indicated that when N was not limited, C addition enhanced soil respiration by stimulating both microbial growth and their metabolic activity, New C inputs lead to elevated C release in all three soils, and the magnitude of the enhancement was higher in the organic and grassland soils than the forest soil. The addition of cellulose plus N to the forest and grassland soils initially increased the microbial biomass and respiration rates, but decreased the rates as time progressed. Compared to cellulose addition alone, cellulose plus N additions increased the total C-released in the grassland soil, but not in the forest soil. The enhancement of total C- released induced by C and N addition was less than 50% of the added-C in the forest soil after 96 d of incubation, in contrast to 87.5% and 89.0% in the organic and grassland soils. These results indicate that indigenous soil C and N availability substantially impacts the allocation of organic C for microbial biomass growth and/or respiration, potentially regulating the turnover rates of the new organic C inputs.     

广西铁山港海草生态区无机N的季节变化规律及其相关性分析

根据铁山港海草生态区2008年1月～2008年11月冬、春、夏、秋4个季节的调查资料,首次探讨了无机态N的季节变化规律及其相关因子的影响。结果表明:研究海区无机态N具有春夏季明显高于秋冬季的特征,其中春、夏、秋季以陆源输入影响为主,冬季以海区自身N的补充影响为主;DIN的组成变化受水温影响较明显,水温较高的春夏季主要以NO3-N为主,分别占DIN的57.91%和73.00%,秋冬季则以NH4-N为主,分别占DIN的78.23%和50.59%。相关分析显示,无机态N与环境因子之间的相关性以夏秋季出现显著性较多,春季次之,冬季最少;形态N之间的相关性,则集中体现在春夏季节NO3-N与NO2-N、NO2-N与NH4-N之间显著以上的正相关影响上,而且三种形态N同时成为DIN含量的控制因子;秋冬季节所有形态N之间均无相关性出现,只有秋季的NH4-N成为DIN含量的主控因子;但所有季节NO3-N与NH4-N之间均无相关性的出现,却从另一个角度说明,浮游植物优先吸收NH4-N并与之构成直接循环已成为海草生态区无机态N循环的最大特点。     

影响森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的主要因素

利用正交试验设计法对长白山阔叶红松林土壤进行培养试验,考察了温度、水分、pH、NH^ 4及NO3^-对森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响。结果表明：在本试验设计的因素、水平条件下,pH和温度对N2O排放速率和CH4氧化速率的影响是显著的。N2O排放速率和CH4吸收速率分别与5因素进行多元回归的结果显示：二者均与土壤pH和温度呈显著正相关关系。并且,在本实验条件下,N2O排放速率与CH4吸收速率间呈显著线性正相关关系。     

我国亚热带丘陵地区流域氮素的平衡与源汇特征

以位于北亚热带丘陵地区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F:森林、FA:森林/农田)为研究区域,2007年3月～2009年2月通过定期监测雨水和径流水以及对其NH 4+-N和NO 3--N的测定,分析了流域氮素的平衡与源汇特征.结果表明,雨水中无机氮的输入量为16.72 kg.(hm2.a)-1,NH 4+-N占56%;2个小流域(F、FA)径流水中无机氮的输出量分别为5.31kg.(hm2.a)-1和8.21 kg.(hm2.a)-1,NO 3--N占75%～82%,流域内农业活动加剧了径流水中氮素的输出.大气干湿沉降输入的无机氮总量为20.06～23.41 kg.(hm2.a)-1,约占当地氮肥施用量13%～15%.2个小流域(F、FA)由于氮沉降及其转化产生的H+量分别为355 mol.(hm2.a)-1和461 mol.(hm2.a)-1,流域内农业活动在一定程度上加速了土壤酸化进程.流域氮素收支平衡表明2个小流域(F、FA)氮素净滞留量分别为13.35～16.70 kg.(hm2.a)-1和17.89～23.38 kg.(hm2.a)-1,受到农业活动影响的流域(FA)氮素的净滞留率(33%～40%)远比森林流域(F)(65%～70%)低,表明我国亚热带地区以森林为主的流域目前仍具有氮汇作用,但流域内农业活动降低了生态系统的氮汇潜力.     

N2:O emissions from a cultivated Andisol after application of nitrogen fertilizers with or without nitrification inhibitor under soil moisture regime

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isoneoftheenvironmentallyimportanttracegases ,currentlyaccountingfor 2 %—4 %oftotalGreenhouseWarmingPotential (GWP ) .Itisalsoinvolvedinthedepletionofstratosphericozone .SoilhasbeenknownasthemajorsourceofN2 O ,accountingfor 6 5 %oftotalglobalemissions(Prather,1995 ) .Thus,reducingN2 Oemissionsfromsoilsisamaintaskfortheprotectionoftheglobalatmosphere .N2 Oisproducedastheresultofsoilmicrobialprocesses ,primarillybynitrification ,whentheoxidationhappensofNH+…     

模拟氮沉降对中亚热带森林土壤中可溶性氮含量的影响

通过野外模拟试验,研究CK〔对照,0 kg(hm2.a)〕、LN〔低氮,30 kg(hm2.a)〕和HN〔高氮,100 kg(hm2.a)〕处理3个氮沉降水平对亚热带针叶(杉木)和阔叶(浙江桂、罗桴栲)森林土壤中可溶性氮含量的影响.结果表明:施氮后3 d,土壤中的w(SIN)(可溶性无机氮含量)在CK和LN处理之间差异不显著,仅发现HN处理与LN及CK处理之间的差异显著.施氮后3个月,各处理之间差异不显著;与施氮后3 d相比,土壤中的w(NH4+-N)在CK处理显著增加了42%～68%(P<0.05),而HN处理则显著降低了45%～58%(P<0.05);土壤中的w(NO3--N)平均降低了24%～88%,其中HN处理降幅最大也最显著;杉木林土壤降幅最大.施氮后3 d,随着施氮水平的提高土壤尤其是杉木林土壤中的w(SON)(可溶性有机氮含量)增加,其占w(TSN)(可溶性总氮含量)的比例降低.然而3个月后,施氮影响趋缓甚至相反;与施氮后3 d比较,HN处理下w(SON)降低,而其占w(TSN)的比例却有所升高,表明SON损失仍低于SIN.阔叶天然林土壤中的w(SON)显著高于杉木人工林,表明凋落物性质差异造成的影响与w(SON)变化有关.     

鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表N_2O通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山3 种处于演替不同阶段的森林类型(季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林)的地表N2O 通量进行了 1 年的原位观测和研究.结果表明,3 种林型地表 N2O 通量按从大到小的顺序为:季风林>混交林>松林;不同林型间的 N2O 通量差异与森林土壤的性质有密切关系,C/N 比值较低的季风林凋落叶对土壤中产生N2O 的微生物过程有较为明显的促进作用;从全年来看,松林地表N2O 通量的季节变化不明显,而季风林和混交林的地表 N2O 通量在雨季存在明显的降雨驱动效应,统计分析显示在该地区影响森林地表N2O 通量的主要因子是土壤湿度.     

Nitrogen sink in a small forested watershed of subtropical China

Global nitrogen (N) emission and deposition have been increased rapidly due to massive mobilization of N which may have longreaching impacts on ecosystems. Many agricultural and forest ecosystems have been identified as secondary N sources. In the present study, the input-output budget of inorganic N in a small forested watershed of subtropical China was investigated. Inorganic N wet deposition and discharge by stream water were monitored from March, 2007 to February, 2009. The concentrations and fluxes of inorganic N in wet precipitation and stream water and net retention of N were calculated. Global N input by dry deposition and biological fixation and N output by denitrification for forested watersheds elsewhere were reported as references to evaluate whether the studied forested watershed is a source or a sink for N. The results show that the inorganic N output by the stream water is mainly caused by NO3??-N even though the input is dominated by NH4 +-N. The mean flux of inorganic N input by wet precipitation and output by stream water is 1.672 and 0.537 g N/(m2 yr), respectively, which indicates that most of inorganic N input is retained in the forested watershed. Net retention of inorganic N reaches 1.135 g N/(m2 yr) considering wet precipitation as the main input and stream water as the main output. If N input by dry deposition and biological fixation and output by denitrification are taken into account, this subtropical forested watershed currently acts as a considerable sink for N, with a net sink ranging from 1.309 to 1.913 g N/(m2 yr) which may enhance carbon sequestration of the terrestrial ecosystem.     

唐岛湾网箱养殖区沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量

2004-08～2005-05分4个航次对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的10个站的沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的溶解无机氮营养盐（NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₃-Ｎ、NO^-₂-Ｎ）进行了现场调查, 并使用Fick第一定理对该海区沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量进行了估算.结果表明,网箱养殖区的上覆水和沉积物间隙水中溶解无机氮均以NO^-₃-Ｎ为主,分别占溶解无机氮总量的73.34%和61.45%;上覆水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和NO^-₃-Ｎ含量的季节变化趋势一致,在2004-10达到峰值,NH⁺₄-Ｎ的季节变化稍有不同;间隙水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和NO^-₃-Ｎ、NH⁺₄-Ｎ的变化趋势一致,表现为从5月份到8月份含量逐渐增加,到10月份达到最大,然后到次年2月份又减少;上覆水和间隙水中NO^-₂-Ｎ的含量随养殖进程表现为一个逐步积累的过程.NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₃-Ｎ和NO^-₂-Ｎ在沉积物-海水界面上的扩散通量分别为5.46、-5.04、8.71 μmol/（m²·d）,NO^-₂-Ｎ的扩散释放对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的水环境质量影响较大.     

山林地表慢渗系统处理农村生活污水厂尾水研究

利用山区污水处理厂周边森林植被构建慢速渗滤污水处理系统,用来处理山区农村生活污水厂尾水。结果表明,慢渗系统能够深度净化污水尾水,对COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、NO_3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为23.8%、40.2%、14.3%、11.3%和23.6%。并且土层越深,COD_(Cr)、TN、TP浓度越低,相应的去除率越高,而NO_3-N、TN去除率则呈降低趋势;山体坡度越大,COD_(Cr)、氨氮浓度有升高趋势,硝态氮、TN、TP有降低趋势;而坡长越大,COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、NO_3-N、TN浓度有降低趋势,TP有升高趋势。此外,植被类型对水样化学性质有一定影响,竹林更利于COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、TP浓度的降低,针阔混交林更利于NO_3-N、TN浓度的降低。     

围垦对东海农场沉积物无机氮分布的影响

选择了上海滨岸东海农场剖面作为研究对象 ,通过对其表层沉积物及柱状沉积物的取样和化学分析 ,结果表明 :表层沉积物中无机氮以NH4 N为主 ,11月份NH4 N和NO3 N含量显著增加 ,大大超过 8月和 2月 ;围垦前与围垦后 (过程中 )的无机氮具有一致的分布序列 :NH4 N >NO3 N >>NO2 N ,并且围垦后 (过程中 )无机氮含量有增加的趋势 ;不同地貌单元沉积物中无机氮的含量发生变化 ,由围垦前的高潮滩 >中潮滩 >低潮滩变为围垦后 (过程中 )的低潮滩 >高潮滩 >中潮滩 ;围垦后 (过程中 )柱状沉积物中NH4 N和NO3 N含量垂直变化趋势由随沉积物深度而增加变为随沉积物深度而降低     

北运河下游灌区不同土地利用方式非点源氮素输出规律

通过对北运河下游灌区3种土地利用方式（农田、林地和村庄）进行降雨径流水质监测,分析了不同土地利用方式地表径流溶解态氮素的流失情况.结果表明,林地总氮浓度最低,为3.14mg·L^-1;农田较高,为12.68mg·L^-1;村庄最高,为17.81mg·L^-1.氮主要以有机氮、铵氮、硝态氮这3种形态流失,流失比例分别为3...     

秸秆还田条件下氮肥用量对稻田氮素淋失的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥用量对稻田田面水、渗漏水中氮素动态变化和淋失量的影响.结果表明,稻季秸秆还田量为6t/hm2,氮肥用量分别为0,120,180,240,300kg/hm2时,稻季田面水、渗漏水中无机氮(NH4+-N与NO3--N)浓度随氮肥用量的增加而显著增加,秸秆还田显著降低田面水和渗漏水中NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度;田面水中NH4+-N浓度在每次施肥后的第2d、NO3--N在第2~4d达到峰值,渗漏水中NH4+-N在每次施肥后的第2~4d, NO3--N在施基肥后的第20d左右达到峰值;不同处理田面水中NH4+-N、NO3--N的平均浓度及变幅分别为1.23±0.88(0.01~9.89)、1.14±0.18(0.14~2.86)mg/L,渗漏水中分别为1.78±1.60(0.03~22.66)、1.42±0.24(0.22~2.66)mg/L.稻田渗漏量与水稻移栽后天数呈极显著负相关,整个水稻生育期内的总渗漏量为298mm.不同施氮处理稻季NH4+-N、NO3--N的平均净淋失量分别为4.77±4.37 (0.45~12.33)、1.76±1.08(0.49~3.31)kg/hm2,占施氮量的2.57%~4.11%、0.41%~0.56%,氮素损失以NH4+-N为主.     

淡水沼泽湿地泥炭沉积中氮素分布特征

采用冬季采样,现场分层的方法,系统地研究了我国面积最大的淡水沼泽湿地--三江平原沼泽湿地中河床-河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭沉积中TN、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的分布特征.结果表明,在不同沉积层中,NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N明显富集于Aso层,TN在Hil层含量最高.TN含量随着泥炭粒级的减小而明显增加,NH₄⁺-N主要分布在粒级0.149～0.074mm的泥炭机械组分中,NO₃^--N主要分布在粒级0.03～0.149mm的泥炭机械组分中.     

都市农业区域村级果园土壤氮素的空间分布特征——以上海南汇新场镇果园村为例

以上海都市农业区域南汇新场镇果园村为例,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法研究了该村主要土地利用类型--桃园耕作层土壤氮素的空间变异特征.结果表明,桃园土壤中总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)的变异程度较大,属强变异性;硝态氮(NO3--N)的变异程度较小,属中等变异性.TN、NO3-N和NH4+-N的变异函数的最佳拟合模...     

氮添加对生长季寒温带针叶林土壤有效氮和酸化的影响

基于低剂量、多形态的N添加控制实验,以大兴安岭寒温带针叶林为研究对象,通过长期持续的原位增N处理,测定了2010年、2012年和2013年生长季初期(5月)和生长旺季(8月)0~10 cm土壤有效氮(NH+4-N和NO-3-N)含量以及土壤p H值.结果表明,生长季初期和生长旺季土壤有效氮均以NH+4-N为主,NO-3-N含量较低,其中NH+4-N含量占无机氮含量的96%以上.随着增N时间的延长,同生长旺季相比,增N对生长季初期0~10 cm土壤NH+4-N影响较为明显,且主要受施N类型影响.与此相反,生长旺季0~10 cm土壤NO-3-N含量高于生长季初期.N输入对生长季初期和生长旺季土壤NO-3-N影响较为明显,且低N处理更倾向于促进0~10 cm土壤NO-3-N的富集.随着时间的延长,土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N对增N的响应都由前期的不显著向后期的显著转变.增N对生长季初期和生长旺季0~10 cm土壤p H值影响显著,其中低N处理的土壤和生长旺季阶段土壤p H值相对较低.随着增N时间的延长,土壤p H值对增N的响应也由前期的不显著向后期的显著转变.长期持续的增N处理已经使大兴安岭寒温带针叶林0~10 cm土壤产生了明显的酸化.     

花卉废物和牛粪联合堆肥中的氮迁移

以花卉废物和牛粪为原料,进行了温度反馈的通气量控制联合堆肥中的氮迁移中试研究.采用自制的静态好氧床进行一次发酵,过程控制采用温度反馈通气量控制方法,发酵周期20d;采用周期性翻堆进行物料二次腐熟,腐熟周期40d.研究了堆肥过程中总氮、有机氮、无机氮、氨氮、硝氮等氮素形态转化随时间的变化特征及温度反馈的通气量控制对氮迁移的影响.结果表明:堆肥初期的氨化作用和反硝化作用显著,氮素总量损失累计达41.98%,其中主要是有机氮的损失,99.95%的氮损失发生在一次发酵阶段;氮素损失主要是在pH和温度较高条件下的氨气大量挥发造成的.对通风进行有效控制、提高物料C/N及添加酸性物质有望减少N损失.对于C/N较低,硝态氮含量较高的物料堆肥,NH₄⁺-N≤0.04%、NH₄/NO₃≤0.16不能作为腐熟度指标.     

Phytoplankton community from Lake Taihu, China, has dissimilar responses to inorganic and organic nutrients

To evaluate the response of phytoplankton from Lake Taihu to di erent types of nutrients, the phytoplankton responses were measured after adding inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) or decomposed algal scum (Microcystis spp.) into the lake water. Both types of nutrients promoted an increase in phytoplankton biomass as determined by chlorophyll a and algal wet weight. The addition of decomposed algal scum resulted in a significantly greater phytoplankton response than the addition of inorganic N and P alone. The dissolved inorganic N and P in the inorganic nutrient treatment were found not limit phytoplankton growth. The higher algal biomass obtained in the treatment with decomposed algal scum indicated the importance of other organic nutrients besides N and P such as trace elements, as well as the importance of the form of N since the levels of ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N) from the decomposed algal treatment were actually higher than that of the inorganic N and P addition. Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria), Scenedesmus spp. (Chlorophyta) and Synechocystis spp. (Cyanobacteria) were the dominant taxa in the control, inorganic N and P treatment, and the decomposed algal scum treatment, respectively. Microcystis never bloomed in response to both types of nutrient additions indicating that the bloom propagation is not solely related to nutrient additions, but may be related to the absence of selective grazing from zooplankton.     

辽东湾氮磷营养盐变化特征及潜在性富营养评价

根据2002-06～2002-09之间4个航次的调查资料,阐述了辽东湾海域氮磷营养盐的时空变化特征,并对氨氮NH₄⁺-N、硝酸态氮NO₃^--N和亚硝酸态氮NO₂^--N、磷酸盐PO₄^3--P和pH及盐度进行了相关分析,对海域进行了潜在性富营养化评价.结果表明:该海域氮磷营养盐随月份和空间的不同呈现不同的变化规律,近岸海域受径流影响较大,海区中间则是海洋生物化学过程影响较大.N/P值从6月初的52.5上升到7月初的60.6,在9月初又降到39左右,都远大于Redfield值16.氮磷营养盐和pH及盐度表现出不同的相关关系,如在6月NO₂^--N和pH的相关系数高达0.93.4个航次中辽东湾总氮值为212.0μg/L,磷酸盐值为10.1μg/L,N/P(原子比)为50.77,潜在性富营养化评价结果为:辽东湾在调查期间为磷限制中度营养盐区.