Effects of lignin on nitrification in soil

The effects of two lignins isolated from black liquor from pulping process on nitrification in soils after addition of urea,(NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 were investigated by incubation at 20 or 30℃ for 7 or 14d.The effects of lignin on nitrous oxide emissions from soil were also detenmined.Results showed that both lignins were more effective for inhibiting nitrification of NH4^ -N as(NH4)2SO4 of(NH4)2HPO4 as compared to urea-N.The effectiveness of lignin on nitrification was markedly affected by different soil type and temperature.Nitrous oxide emissions from soil declined when lignin was used.Urea plus 20 and 50 g/kg lignin reduced N2O emissions by about 83% and 96%,respectively,while(NH4)2HPO4 plus 20 and 50g/kg lignin respectively reduced emissions by 83% and 93%.Because of its low cost and nonhazardous characteristics,lignin has potential value as a fertilizer amendment to improve N fertilizer efficiency.     

不同有机物料对土壤N2O排放的影响与调控

通过向土壤施加15N标记的莴笋残体(处理R)、废纸浆(处理P)及二者混合物(处理RP),并利用不同的压力使其成为3种不同容重处理的土壤样本,进行密闭培养,定时测定土壤N2O排放量及土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 的动态变化,以探讨N_2O的产生与调控机制.结果表明,8d N2O释放量为R处理最大,RP处理其次,P处理最小.短期内(8d)R处理N2O释放最大量为空白对照(CK)的15倍,增加了土壤反硝化作用;P处理在同期内不能增加N2O释放量,证明这种废纸浆可少量(<2.5%)施用于农田中.RP与CK、P处理比较,可以刺激微生物活性和增加土壤反硝化作用;与R处理相比较,可以增加氮的固定.增加有机质的添加量使同一容重水平的RP处理N2O释放量高于R处理.70%的土壤样本随容重增加N2O释放量增加.土壤容重的增加同时影响了废纸浆的分解速率和土壤溶液中NO3-与NH4 浓度.     

Soil moisture determines the effectiveness of two urease inhibitors to decrease N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emission

Among the mitigation strategies to prevent nitrogen (N) losses from ureic fertilizers, urease inhibitors (UIs) have been demonstrated to promote high N use efficiency by reducing ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. In the last few years, some field experiments have also shown its effectiveness in reducing nitrous oxide (N₂O) losses from fertilized soils under conditions of low soil moisture. An incubation experiment was carried out with the aim of assessing the main biotic mechanisms behind N₂O emissions once that the UIs N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamid (NBPT) and phenil phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) were applied with Urea (U) under different soil moisture conditions (40, 60 and 80 % water-filled pore space, WFPS). In the same study we tried to analyze to what extent soil WFPS regulates the effect of these inhibitors on N₂O emissions. The use of PPDA in our study allowed us to compare the effect of NBPT with that of another commercially available urease inhibitor, aiming to see if the results were inhibitor-specific or not. Based on the results from this experiment, a WFPS (i.e. 60 %) was chosen for a second study (i.e. mesocosm experiment) aiming to assess the efficiency of the UIs to indirectly affect N₂O emissions through influencing the pool of soil mineral N. The N₂O emissions at 40 % WFPS were almost negligible, being significantly lower from all fertilized treatments than that produced at 60 and 80 % WFPS. When compared to U alone, NBPT+U reduced the N₂O emissions at 60 % WFPS but had no effect at 80 % WFPS. The application of PPDA significantly increased the emissions with respect to U at 80 % WFPS whereas no significant effect was found at 60 %. At 80 % WFPS, denitrification was the main source of N₂O emissions for all treatments. In the mesocosm study, the application of NBPT+U was an effective strategy to reduce N₂O emissions (75 % reduction compared to U alone), due to a lower soil ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) content induced by the inhibitor. These results suggest that adequate management of the UI NBPT could provide, under certain soil conditions, an opportunity for mitigation of N₂O emissions from fertilized soils.     

Effects of a new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate （NO3^-- N） and potassium （K） leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate （ASN） （（NH4）2SO4 and NHaNO3） or urea could reduce NO3^--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium （NH4^＋-N） leaching increased slightly. In case of total N （NO3^--N＋NH4^＋-N）, losses by leaching during the experimental period （40 d） were 37.93 mg （urea）, 31.61 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 108.10 mg （ASN）, 60.70 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg （urea）, 21.05 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 37.86 mg （ASN）, 31.09 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4^＋ -N and low levels of NO3^--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in less potassium leached, but the difference was not significant except the treatment of ASN and ASN＋DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

Effects of the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4 -N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N NH4 -N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31. 09 mg (ASN DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 -N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in potassium leached less, but the difference was not significant except the treatment ASN and ASN DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system

Influence of packing media on nitrogen removal in a subsurface infiltration system was studied. System A was filled with loamy soil and system B was filled with mixed soil of 75% red clay with 25% cinder. Both systems were fed with sewage at the same hydraulic loading of 2 cm/d at continuous operation mode. The same excellent removal performances of COD and T-P could be achieved in both infiltration systems with removal rates about 85% and 98%, respectively. In system A, NH4^ -N removal rate was as high as 96.5% and T-N removal rate was relatively much lower as 55.7%. And in system B, NH4^ -N removal rate was as low as 75.4% and T-N removal rate was relatively much higher as 75.5 %. The difference was attributed to different soil oxidation-reduction condition that was greatly influenced by soil texture in subsurface infiltration system. Loamy soil led to oxidative condition that was favorable to nitrification and disadvantageous to denitrification. The results were just adverse to the system filled with clay. Intermittent operation was adopted to improve nitrogen removal in system B. NH4^ -N removal rate could be increased to about 95% and T-N removal rate could be increased to about 90% at intermittent operation mode in system B. Analysis of nitrogen removal mechanisms indicated that nitrification-denitrification was the primary nitrogen removal path in subsurface infiltration system and crop uptake was another important nitrogen removal way, It was the key to improve the total N removal performance that a suitable packing soil was available to present favorable oxidation-reduction condition for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils with different pH

N₂O fluxes as a function of incubation time from soil with different available N contents and pH were determined. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured to indicate soil respiration. A 144-hr incubation experiment was conducted in a slightly acidic agricultural soil (pH_H2O 5.33) after the pH was adjusted to four different values (3.65, 5.00, 6.90 and 8.55). The experiments consisted of a control without added N, and with NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fertilization. The results showed that soil pH contributed significantly to N₂O flux from the soils. There were higher N₂O emissions in the period 0-12 hr in the four pH treatments, especially those enhanced with N-fertilization. The cumulative N₂O-N emission reached a maximum at pH 8.55 and was stimulated by NO₃^--N fertilization (70.4 μg/kg). The minimum emissions appeared at pH 3.65 and were not stimulated by NO₃^--N or NH₄⁺-N fertilization. Soil respiration increased significantly due to N-fertilization. Soil respiration increased positively with soil pH (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The lowest CO₂-C emission (30.2 mg/kg) was presented in pH 3.65 soils without N-fertilization. The highest CO₂-C emissions appeared in the pH 8.55 soils for NH₄⁺-N fertilization (199 mg/kg). These findings suggested that N₂O emissions and soil respiration were significantly influenced by low pH, which strongly inhibits soil microbial nitrification and denitrification activities. The content of NO₃^--N in soil significantly and positively affected the N₂O emissions through denitrification.     

Nitrogen transformation in maize soil after application of different organic manures

IntroductionAnimalwastesareusuallyappliedtosoilasorganicmanure .Applicationoforganicmanuretoarablelandisrecommendedforrecyclingvaluablenutrientresources .However ,ifimproperlyused ,organicmanuremaybecomeasourceofenvironmentalproblems ,suchasgreenhousegasemissions ,ammoniavolatilizationandNO- 3 Nleachingintogroundwater (Williams ,1999) .Nitrateleachingfromarableland ,whichcausescontaminationofgroundwater,hasbecomeamatterofworldwideconcern .Therearemanydocumentsontheeffectsofchemicalfertilizer…     

控释尿素对黄河故道沙性潮土N2O排放的影响

建立田间原位试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了常规尿素及其与硫包膜和聚氨酯包膜控释尿素配施(比例分别为30%∶70%、 50%∶50%和70%∶30%)对黄河故道沙性潮土玉米生长季氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响.研究发现:常规尿素处理N_2O排放量(以N计,下同)为1.78 kg·hm~(-2),排放系数为0.38%;与之相比,配施30%、 50%和70%硫包膜尿素处理的N_2O排放量分别降低了1.12%、 22.5%和11.2%,排放系数下降2.63%～26.3%.相反,配施聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增加N_2O排放量0.02～0.41 kg·hm~(-2),其中70%聚氨酯包膜尿素处理增幅最大,达到23.0%.回归分析表明,各处理N_2O排放通量与10 cm处土温、土壤NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与土壤孔隙含水量和溶解性有机碳含量无显著关系.与常规尿素相比, 50%常规尿素+50%硫包膜控释尿素处理玉米产量略有增加,而30%常规尿素+70%硫包膜尿素处理稍微降低了玉米产量,但不显著(P0.05).因此,控释肥减缓土壤N_2O排放以及对作物产量的影响主要受控于包衣材料.     

添加不同 N源条件下典型除草剂对土壤呼吸和 N2O排放的影响

通过室内土壤培养实验,采用间歇密闭培养-气相色谱法研究了添加不同N源条件下我国典型旱地除草剂对农田土壤呼吸和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在添加（NH4）2SO4氮源条件下,莠去津和百草枯对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）.草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,是对照的78.5%,N2O的排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）,仅表现为均值降低了20.1%.苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,是对照的1.1倍,对N2O排放也无显著影响（P〉0.05）.乙草胺显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,分别是对照的1.1和1.5倍.在添加尿素的条件下,莠去津和乙草胺对土壤呼吸和N2O排放无显著影响（P〉0.05）.百草枯显著促进了N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,是对照的1.4倍,却对土壤呼吸无显著影响（P〉0.05）.草甘膦显著抑制了土壤呼吸（P〈0.05）,仅为对照的82.5%,对N2O的排放却无显著影响（P〉0.05）.苯磺隆显著促进了土壤呼吸和N2O的排放（P〈0.05）,其分别是对照的1.3和1.6倍.鉴于不同除草剂对不同微生物生理代谢影响的复杂性,其对温室气体的作用和影响还需长期田间试验研究.     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical wheat field under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

Minimizing soil ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission factors (EFs) has significant implications in regional air quality and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions besides nitrogen (N) nutrient loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of different N fertilizer treatments of conventional urea, polymer-coated urea, ammonia sulfate, urease inhibitor (NBPT, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)-treated urea, and nitrification inhibitor (DCD, dicyandiamide)-treated urea on emissions of NH₃ and GHGs from subtropical wheat cultivation. A field study was established in a Cancienne silt loam soil. During growth season, NH₃ emission following N fertilization was characterized using active chamber method whereas GHG emissions of N₂O, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were by passive chamber method. The results showed that coated urea exhibited the largest reduction (49%) in the EF of NH₃-N followed by NBPT-treated urea (39%) and DCD-treated urea (24%) over conventional urea, whereas DCD-treated urea had the greatest suppression on N₂O-N (87%) followed by coated urea (76%) and NBPT-treated urea (69%). Split fertilization of ammonium sulfate-urea significantly lowered both NH₃-N and N₂O-N EF values but split urea treatment had no impact over one-time application of urea. Both NBPT and DCD-treated urea treatments lowered CO₂-C flux but had no effect on CH₄-C flux. Overall, application of coated urea or urea with NPBT or DCD could be used as a mitigation strategy for reducing NH₃ and N₂O emissions in subtropical wheat production in Southern USA.     

交替冻融对东北典型土壤浸提液碳氮污染指标的影响

以黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土为例,试验研究了交替冻融对土壤溶解性污染物的影响.结果表明,15次交替冻融后(在-20和20 ℃进行冻融处理),黑土浸提液的ρ(COD_Cr)下降了36%,水稻土浸提液上升了8%,暗棕壤浸提液未出现明显变化;黑土浸提液的ρ(NH₄+-N)下降了22%,水稻土浸提液上升了84%,暗棕壤浸提液未出现明显变化;黑土和暗棕壤浸提液的ρ(NO₃--N)分别上升了1.3和1.1倍,而水稻土未出现明显变化.土壤浸提液ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)的变化主要取决于土壤含氧水平,有氧条件下浸提液的ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)降低而ρ(NO₃--N)升高,缺氧条件下则相反.土壤浸提液的ρ(TN)主要取决于土壤C/N,冻融后黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土浸提液的ρ(TN)分别上升了30%,35%和39%.      

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

农业废弃物对土壤中N_2O、CO_2释放和土壤氮素转化及pH的影响

用一种丹麦农业土壤作为供试材料，在室内培养条件下探讨了施用４种常见农业废弃物（猪粪泥浆、牛粪泥浆、黑麦秸秆、小麦秸秆）对土壤中Ｎ_２Ｏ、ＣＯ_２释放和土壤氮素转化及ｐＨ的影响。试验结果表明，施用４种农业废物均会明显增加Ｎ_２Ｏ、ＣＯ_２释放量。培养２周后，土壤中Ｎ_２Ｏ的释放量分别为：猪粪＞牛粪＞黑麦秸秆＞小麦秸秆；ＣＯ_２的释放量为：黑麦秸秆＞小麦秸秆＞牛粪＞猪粪。施用４种农业废物均会显著促进ＮＯ_３－Ｎ的转化和ＮＨ_４－Ｎ、ＮＯ_２－Ｎ的累积。施用４种废物均会改变土壤ｐＨ，其中施用秸秆的２个处理中ｐＨ显著降低，但施用牲畜粪便的２个处理中ｐＨ则稍微升高。     

黄绵土N2O排放的水分效应及动力学特征

通过室内模拟试验,研究湿度对西北地区黄绵土N2O排放的影响.结果表明:在试验温度下,随着土壤湿度增加,土壤N2O捧放量增加;但土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS)为20.67%时例外.此时黄绵土对空气中N2O有吸附现象,即在低含水量时,黄绵土有可能是N2O的汇.在试验设计的土壤湿度范围内,15℃条件下土壤N2O排放的最大水分效应区间在49.18%～57.86%(WFPS)之间,20℃条件下在38.14%～49.18%(WFPS)之间,25℃、30℃和35℃时累积量湿区在20.67%～38.14%(WFPS)之间,即随着温度的升高,N2O的最大水分效应区间提前.土壤N2O累积排放量(y)动力学曲线符合修正的Elovich方程(P<0.01),随着湿度的增加,表观排放速率(b)增大,25℃、300C和35℃时,N2O初始排放量(a)也随着湿度增加而增大;15℃、20℃和25℃时,土壤湿度(20.67%～57.86%WFPS)对农田土样N2O排放总量的作用表现为线性关系,30℃和35℃时表现为对数关系.     

曝气灌溉条件下土壤N2O排放特征及影响因子分析

为了明确曝气灌溉下土壤N₂O排放特征及主要影响因子,实验设置了2个灌水量（70%和90%田间持水量）和2个增氧水平（5,40mg/L）,采用静态箱法和qPCR技术对土壤N₂O通量及土壤关键功能基因进行测定,研究不同灌水量和增氧水平对土壤充水孔隙度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位（Eh）、矿质氮及氨氧化古菌（AOA）、氨氧化细菌（AOB）和反硝化基因（narG和nosZ）的影响.结果表明：培养过程中,各处理N₂O排放通量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,于灌溉后1d达到峰值;曝气量和灌水量的增加可显著增加土壤N₂O的排放通量和排放峰值.灌溉造成土壤含水量增加的同时,降低了土壤溶解氧和Eh;曝气可提高土壤溶解氧和Eh,改善土壤通气性（P<0.05）,而对土壤充水孔隙度无显著影响.土壤充水孔隙度、Eh、NO₃^--N含量是曝气灌溉下驱动土壤N₂O排放的主要理化因子.曝气显著增加了AOA的基因拷贝数,且N₂O排放与AOA的基因拷贝数呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.研究结果为进一步明确曝气灌溉对土壤N₂O排放的影响机制和曝气灌溉模式下农田N₂O排放管理提供支撑.