Experimental study on the quenching process of methane/air deflagration flame with porous media

This article reports experimental investigation of deflagration flame quenching behavior by porous media. In this study, a semi-vented deflagration chamber with a porous media plate was constructed, taking account of effects of obstacles and porous media materials on the flame quenching process. A high speed video camera was used to image the process and behavior of flame propagation, meanwhile, the gas-phase temperatures and ion currents, upstream, within, and downstream of the porous media, were measured using micro-thermocouples and ion probes, respectively. Results show that methane/air deflagration flame can be quenched by the Al₂O₃ porous media with thickness of 20 mm and pore density of 10 ppi. However, the presence of obstacles along the flame path may lead to significant increase of flame speed, thereby both the decreases of gas-phase temperature and ion current when the flame passes through the porous medium in the case with continuous obstacles are less, eventually the unburnt gases downstream the porous media may be reignited. Compared to Al₂O₃, Al porous media shows superior flame quenching performance because this metallic material has higher thermal conductivity, which makes combusting flame release more heat to the pore walls and adjoining structures of the porous media.     

Experimental study on methane explosion characteristics with different types of porous media

Porous media has a significant effect on flame and overpressure of methane explosion. In this paper, the pore diameter and thickness of porous media are studied. Nine experimental combinations of different pore diameter and thickness on the propagation of flame and overpressure of methane explosion in a tube are analyzed. The results show that the porous media not only can suppress the explosive flame propagation, but the porous media with large pore diameter can cause deflagration and accelerate the transition of flame from laminar to turbulent. The pore diameter of the porous media mainly determines the quenching of the flame. Simply increasing the thickness of porous media may cause the flame to temporarily stop propagating, but the flame is not completely extinguished for larger pore diameter. However, the deflagration propagation speed of flame is affected by the thickness. The attenuation of overpressure by porous media is mainly reflected in reducing the duration of overpressure and the peak value of overpressure. The smaller the pore diameter, the greater the thickness, and the more remarkable the reduction in overpressure duration and peak value. Suitable pore diameter and thickness of porous media can effectively suppress flame propagation and reduce the maximum value and duration of overpressure.     

多孔球形材料阻火抑爆性能影响因素数值模拟研究

为探究影响多孔球形材料阻火抑爆性能的主要因素,采用气体爆炸模拟软件FLACS建立多孔球形结构中湍流燃烧模型,对填充多孔球形材料后丙烷/空气预混气体燃烧爆炸过程进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:多孔球形材料能够有效衰减爆燃压力波、阻隔火焰传播,起到阻火抑爆作用,且压力波衰减程度和火焰阻隔效果与多孔球形材料的尺寸、孔径及填充密度密切相关。当多孔球形材料的直径为25 mm、孔径为3 mm、填充密度为20层时,压力波衰减程度最大,火焰阻隔效果最明显,说明直径和孔径越小,填充密度越大,材料的阻火抑爆性能越强。     

多孔材料对管道内甲烷-空气预混火焰传播的影响

为研究多孔材料对封闭管道内甲烷-空气预混气体火焰传播的影响,设计加工了横截面积为80 mm×80 mm的方形试验管道,运用自发光拍摄技术和动态压力传感器对甲烷-空气预混火焰在该管道内传播过程中形状变化和压力特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,在管道尾部放置3种不同材质的多孔材料时,其对爆炸压力均有一定的抑制作用,聚氨酯泡沫对管道内压力的衰减效果优于聚苯乙烯泡沫和自制泡沫材料。对压力曲线进行一次求导,得出了压力变化速率,结果与空管道实验相比,在放置多孔材料的管道内压力降低的速率更快,时间更短。     

矿用无机固化泡沫充填材料研究及应用

针对井下堵漏风和密闭墙构建时存在的劳动强度大,密封效果差等缺点,研制了一种无机固化泡沫充填材料,通过大量的实验研究了泡沫掺量、水灰比和胶凝剂对材料性能的影响,并对其进行了现场应用。研究结果表明:泡沫掺量的增加和水灰比的增大均能使初凝时间增加,硫铝酸盐水泥充填材料的初凝时间是普通水泥充填材料的31%～44%;抗压强度随泡沫掺量增加而明显降低,硫铝酸盐水泥为胶凝剂时的充填材料抗压强度较大;泡沫掺量为1,2,3倍时的材料密度是未添加泡沫时的40%～46%,23%～33%和18%～24%,可以显著降低劳动强度;硫铝酸盐充填材料在内部孔结构方面优于普通水泥充填材料。研究成果可用于确定最佳的无机固化泡沫充填材料配方,现场应用表明材料密封效果和抗压强度好,具有广阔的应用空间。     

Large eddy simulation and experimental study of the effect of wire mesh on flame behaviours of methane/air explosions in a semi-confined pipe

Preventing the propagation of flames in a pipeline is an effective measure for avoiding gas explosion accidents and reducing losses. To evaluate the effect of wire mesh, acting as a porous media, experimental and simulation studies are conducted to determine the influence of the wire mesh on the dynamics of premixed methane/air flame propagation in a semi-closed pipe. Four different kinds of wire mesh with different numbers of layers are chosen in the experiments and simulation, and the mechanism of wire mesh quenching of the flame is investigated. The experimental and simulation results are consistent. Flames are quenched when 4 layers of 40-mesh or 3 layers of 60-mesh wire mesh are used; however, once the flame propagates through the wire mesh, the risk of methane combustion may increase. The wire mesh becomes the key factor causing flame folds and acceleration, and the greater the number of layers or the larger the mesh size is, the more obvious the folds after the flame passes through the wire mesh. Moreover, the combination of heat absorption and disruption of the continuous flame surface by the mesh causes flame quenching. Wire mesh can effectively attenuate the flame temperature during premixed flame propagation in a pipe, and the attenuated maximum rate reaches approximately 79% in the case of adding 3 layers of 60-mesh wire mesh.     

不同气源压缩气体泡沫灭浮顶罐密封圈火灾性能比较

为评估不同气源压缩气体泡沫扑救浮顶罐密封圈火灾的有效性,通过足尺灭火试验,研究不同工况下压缩气体泡沫对浮顶罐密封圈火灾的灭火性能以及气源类型、挡雨板遮挡对灭火的影响。结果表明:在泡沫溶液供给强度为5 L/（min·m2）条件下,压缩氮气泡沫和压缩空气泡沫均可快速有效扑灭典型浮顶罐密封圈火灾,且灭火后不发生复燃;密封圈挡雨板对泡沫施加和灭火均有较大影响,不利于快速灭火;无论是否设置挡雨板,压缩氮气泡沫的灭火性能均比压缩空气泡沫略有提升,实际工程中有氮气源的场所建议直接采用已有供氮设备作为气源。研究结果对压缩气体泡沫系统工程设计以及在大型浮顶罐工程中的应用具有重要意义。     

Coupling effects of foam ceramics on the flame and shock wave of gas explosion

The coupling of gas explosion flame and shock wave is analyzed. In the gas explosion process, shock wave is affected by the flame directly, and shock wave also induces the flame. Inhibiting explosion can be achieved by the interference between the flame and shock wave propagation. If the coupling effects can be damaged, the adverse effects caused by the explosion should be mitigated and controlled. According to the structure characteristics of foam ceramics, the coupling effects mechanism of ceramic foam on gas explosion flame and shock wave is researched. When the explosion goes through the structure of foam ceramics, the flame can be quenched and the shock wave be attenuated. After the flame is quenched, the supply of precursor shock wave energy is cut off. Due to lack of energy supply, the destructive effects of blast wave will be reduced effectively. Coupling effects of the flame and shock wave can be damaged by the special structure of foam ceramics. Studies suggest that a certain function to represent the structure characteristics of foam ceramics must exist. For a certain material of foam ceramics, the sure porosity δ and the pore diameter d also can be get, which is the key to research and develop foam ceramic suppression technology of gas explosion.     

Critical dimensions of holes and slots for transmission of gas explosions: Some preliminary results for propane/air and cylindrical holes

Critical hole diameters for explosion transmission from a primary virtually closed chamber into an ambient gas cloud were determined. Most of the present experiments were conducted with a 1-l primary chamber. The motivation for the study is two-fold. First, results from this kind of experiment are of direct practical use in further improvement of design and maintenance procedures of “flame-proof” electrical equipment. However, such experiments can also contribute to improvement of the general understanding of the mechanisms of flame propagation in turbulent, premixed gases. The preliminary experimental results presented confirm that the minimum tube diameter for flame transmission depends strongly on the location of the ignition point. The generally accepted limiting values are conservative, in the sense that they can only be approached if the ignition source is located in a narrow zone in the vicinity of the entrance to the transmission hole. This must be taken into account if flame-proof equipment is to be designed on the basis of risk analysis. An observation related to mechanisms of turbulent flame propagation in premixed gases in general was also made. In the case of ignition far away from the transmission hole, i.e. for high gas velocities through the hole at the moment of flame front arrival at the hole, the re-ignition probability for a given hole diameter was in fact higher for off-stoichiometric propane concentrations than for concentrations close to stoichiometry. The average chemical reaction rate in the primary chamber had its peak in the region of stoichiometry, and hence the pressure in the primary chamber at the moment of flame front arrival at the transmission hole entrance, was also at its maximum in that concentration range. Therefore, the average turbulence intensity in the potential re-ignition zone, and hence the rate of entrainment of cold unburnt gas by the hot jet was also at its maximum. Hence, a main reason for the observed effect may be that at stoichiometry more efficient cooling by cold-gas entrainment, compared with at leaner and richer mixtures, more than compensated for the faster chemical reaction.     

防治煤矿火灾的凝胶泡沫材料制备及其性能研究*

为解决纯水玻璃（WG）凝胶泡沫强度低、泡沫稳定性差易破碎,凝胶固水性差等问题。将保水剂和成膜剂引入WG凝胶泡沫中,对水玻璃凝胶泡沫进行优化设计,最终制备出保水性高、泡沫稳定性高、成膜性好的WG凝胶泡沫。研究结果表明:WG凝胶泡沫材料的最佳复配体系是发泡剂为十二烷基醇醚硫酸酯钠（AES）和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)按1∶2比例复配,浓度为0.8%,胶凝剂WG浓度为8%,交联剂NaHCO3浓度为2%,聚丙烯酰胺浓度为0.4%,成膜剂A浓度为1%,保水剂B浓度为0.3%;改性后WG凝胶泡沫具有更加紧密的网状结构,稳定性好,并且具有较好的成膜性,常温下半衰期达40 d;阻化实验表明,100 ℃此凝胶泡沫阻化率高达78.35%,能有效减缓煤的氧化放热速率抑制自燃;煤堆燃烧实验表明,改性后WG凝胶泡沫能有效抑制煤的燃烧,防止煤复燃。     

Limit of safety against flame transmission for sintered metal flame arrester elements in the case of flashback in fuel gas/oxygen mixtures

In autogenous welding, cutting and allied processes, so-called dry safety devices are used to protect the outlet terminals of gas distribution lines. To prevent flame transmission, these units are fitted with sintered metal flame arrester elements. At the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), extensive investigations have been carried out with an experimental flame arrester to determine the limits of safety against flame transmission for sintered metal flame arrester elements in the case of flashback in fuel gas/oxygen mixtures. On the basis of the results of these investigations, it is possible to estimate the pore sizes up to which a sintered metal element can prevent any flame transmission with a given fuel gas.     

预氧化浸水煤体表面结构变化及复燃特性*

为研究预氧化长期浸水煤体孔隙结构变化及贫氧复燃特性,以长焰煤原煤（RC）、浸水煤(S200)、预氧化200浸水煤(O200I200)、预氧化300浸水(O300I200)煤为研究对象,采用N2吸附、电镜扫描、热重实验手段,在21%,15%,10%,5%氧浓度下进行实验分析。结果表明:浸水后煤样比表面积增大,低温氧化最大质量变化率（DTG）较高,促进低温氧化过程煤氧复合反应;预氧化浸水煤样平均孔径增加,初始放热温度较小,总放热量增加,其中O200I200煤样热参数相对较大。随氧浓度增加,各煤样着火点温度减小,活化能增加,O200I200煤样的这2个参数较小;随氧浓度降低,煤样初始放热温度增加,最大放热量与总放热量减小。O200I200煤体孔隙较发达,锁水能力较强,持续升温后氧化能力较强,更易复燃。     

瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性及抑爆方法研究进展

为探究瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性及抑爆机理,本文通过一系列实验,研究瓦斯、煤尘爆炸的速度和温度等特征,提出利用图像相关系数法和辐射测温原理计算火焰传播速度及温度场变化,定量分析影响煤尘爆炸的因素以及产物变化规律,揭示煤尘爆炸的宏微观机制。结果表明:火焰分形维数可以用来反应瓦斯爆炸强度,即当分形维数更接近2.2937时爆炸反应最为强烈,其爆炸过程中自由基最终生成浓度与CH 4初始浓度呈倒U型关系;当量比对煤粉火焰爆炸压力及速度也有一定影响,在最佳当量比的2倍左右时可以达到最大爆炸压力和最大火焰传播速度。另外本文亦采用泡沫陶瓷对瓦斯的多次爆炸和连续爆炸进行抑爆,发现不同厚度和孔隙的泡沫陶瓷具有不同的抑制效果,孔隙较大的泡沫陶瓷对爆炸能量有较好的抑制作用。     

氟碳表面活性剂对空心微珠三相泡沫抗溶抗烧性能影响研究

研究了氟碳表面活性剂添加量、氟碳表面活性剂性质和泡沫液浓度等对空心微珠三相泡沫在油面稳定性的影响,并在模拟燃烧装置上对比了添加氟碳表面活性剂前后三相泡沫的抗烧能力.结果表明,加入氟碳表面活性剂后,三相泡沫在油面的稳定性显著增强,且阴离子氟碳表面活性剂优于阳离子和两性离子表面活性剂.当阴离子氟碳表面活性剂、空心玻璃微珠和蛋白泡沫浓度分别为0.02%、6%和10%时,三相泡沫受热后表面形成黑色致密覆盖层,可有效隔绝热量向内部传递,使抗烧性得到明显提高.     

泡沫金属对甲烷/空气爆燃火焰的淬熄实验研究

为研究多孔材料对甲烷/空气预混气体爆燃火焰的抑制淬熄效果,运用一套自主设计的管道爆炸抑制系统进行实验研究。在实验中运用高速摄像机记录爆燃火焰在穿过多孔材料板时的淬熄过程,采用20,40,60,80PPI (孔目数) 的4种多孔材料,研究不同孔目数的多孔材料对爆燃火焰传播的形态结构、火焰传播速度以及抑制淬熄等特性的影响。结果表明:多孔材料的孔目数对爆燃火焰传播的早期阶段影响较小,爆燃火焰都经历了半球形火焰和指形火焰阶段;当火焰传播到多孔材料板时,孔目数越大对火焰的降速作用越强,80PPI工况下爆燃火焰不能穿过多孔材料板,即发生淬熄。实验结果揭示了多孔材料对火焰的淬熄作用与微孔通道和火焰的相互作用有关。     

Flame propagation behavior of aluminum nanopowder in bulk layer

The flame propagation parameters of aluminum nanopowder in the bulk layer were investigated. The aluminum nanopowder produced by the method of the electrical explosion of wires used in this study. The aluminum bulk layer was ignited by open flame, heated body, or electric spark. The flame propagation behavior is described as a two-stage process: 1) flame propagation over the surface layer and deep into the sample; 2) the thermal explosion mode. It was found that the type of ignition source influences the parameters of the first stage of the combustion. The minimum ignition energy for the aluminum nanopowder bulk layer was measured. The effect of the bulk layer inclination angle on flame propagation parameters was determined. The obtained results can be useful in assessing the fire hazard and organizing safe processes of industrial production during the use, storage, handling, and transportation of metal nanopowders.     

Research on the influence of foaming gas in compressed air/nitrogen foam on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire

Tank fires threaten the lives of people and pollute the environment for their intense radiant heat, rapid fire spread and explosion hazard. Compressed air/nitrogen foam (CAF/CNF), a cleaner fire extinguishing technique used for the tank fire suppression because halogen-based agents were prohibited for environmental reasons. In this work, the influence of foaming gas in CAF/CNF on extinguishing the n-heptane tank fire was firstly investigated. Firstly, it was found that CNF spreads faster with rapid increase in foam thickness, mainly due to its better stability and less evaporation. Secondly, after foam was discharged, there existed a short increase of the combustion intensity, associated with three monotonous regions and two time delays in the whole extinguishing time. The two time delays were caused by Rayleigh–Taylor instability and flame sheet shift, respectively, and the shift distance was larger for CNF. Finally, the influential factors contributing to flame extinction were exhibited to be mainly related to the decrease in liquid burning rate and gas-phase Damkohler number. Among these factors, foam spreading rate and thickness dominated due to coupled chemical and physical extinguishing effects. Resulted from some competitive effects, CNF was slightly more efficient at extinguishing tank fires than CAF.     

金属丝网对甲烷/空气预混火焰管道内传播的影响

为研究管道内金属丝网对甲烷/空气预混火焰传播的影响,通过实验和三维数值模拟研究安装金属丝网的管道内火焰传播特性以及流场、温度场的变化。结果表明:40目4层的金属丝网可以使火焰淬熄,30目4层的金属丝网无法淬熄,但可以使火焰停滞3 ms;大涡模型可以很好地对管道内火焰淬熄现象进行模拟;当火焰穿过30目4层金属丝网时,速度增大,在Kelvin Helmholtz不稳定和Rayleigh Taylor不稳定的耦合作用下形成湍流;金属丝网的目数会影响热量在丝网层中的扩散,当金属丝网为30目4层时,火焰热量扩散快,而当金属丝网为40目4层时,火焰热量扩散慢且温度大幅度衰减,衰减率达到83%。     

不同添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响

为研究不同添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响,对磷酸、硼酸、杨梅单宁阻燃剂3种添加剂处理后的聚氨酯泡沫材料与标准样分别测定氧指数、热值、烟密度等级和热稳定性,并以层次分析法评价阻燃性能优劣。结果表明:4种材料PUF STD、PUF PA、PUF BA、PUF FR的OI、CV依次分别为34.71%、38.59%、35.88%、37.86%,17.4023、16.7037、15.3197、15.0397kJ/g,燃烧时均少烟,热稳定性排序为:TS PA>TS STD>TS FR>TS BA;采用层次分析法分析3种添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响顺序由优到劣为:PUF PA>PUF FR>PUF BA>PUF STD。该结论可为聚氨酯材料阻燃添加剂的选择提供参考方向。     

复配超细粉体三相泡沫的制备与稳定性研究

为改善泡沫灭火剂的高温稳定性和抗复燃性能,将石墨粉、膨润土和空心玻璃微珠按一定比例复配加入泡沫灭火剂中制备防灭火三相泡沫,利用自主设计的实验台架,研究其发泡、稳泡及油面热稳定性等主要性能,分析复配超细粉体对泡沫灭火剂稳定性的影响机理。实验证明,复配粉体的加入可使泡沫灭火剂在高温下的稳定时间延长10倍以上,粉体颗粒会在泡沫表面形成一层致密壳层,增强泡沫的隔热阻燃性能,石墨粉的存在使壳层更加致密且增强了泡沫的流动性,但会对泡沫的发泡性能产生较大的影响,当空心玻璃微珠和石墨粉的添加质量比为5∶2时,整体效果较好。