影响大肠菌群革兰氏染色的几个因素

无论在地表水环境质量评价还是在医院污水综合排放标准中,大肠菌群都是一项很重要的指标.在对大肠菌群测定过程中,革兰氏染色又是一步很重要的鉴定阶段,革兰氏染色的正确性直接关系到能否正确判断该菌落是不是大肠菌群,而革兰氏染色正是一门难以掌握的最基本的细菌学实验技术.现通过纯培养一株大肠杆菌(Escherchiacoli)并进行多种条件下的革兰氏染色,以观察革兰氏染色受哪些因素影响.     

粪大肠菌群酶底物法在环境监测中的应用研究

粪大肠菌群作为水体粪便污染的指示菌，对地表水的水质监测评价具有重要作用。采取较为精确、快速的粪大肠菌群检测方法，对控制流行疾病的发生和传播有重要的科学意义。从粪大肠菌群的检测意义、监测方法、标准化应用情况等方面进行归纳分析，提出推广和标准化酶底物法监测粪大肠菌群的迫切性。     

粪大肠菌群快速测定——纸片法的应用

采集苏州具有代表性的地表水水体22个点位的样品,进行粪大肠菌群的测定方法比较,结果表明,《粪大肠菌群快速测定--纸片法》适于测定受粪便污染程度较轻的湖泊水体.但是,该方法的培养时间对阳性管率有明显影响,认为16 h～18 h是比较理想的培养时间.     

杭州西湖水体粪大肠菌的监测及环境意义

粪大肠菌群指数是综合评价城市污水,尤其是生活污水污染的一个重要指标.作者于1999.1～1999.7时杭州西湖水体的FC进行了监测,结果表明西湖受到了生活污水的污染,特别是三条入湖溪流污染程度十分严重.三条溪流的FC指数超出我国地表水Ⅲ类标准的10倍.水体中FC指数同TN、TP浓度呈高度正相关.     

延长初发酵培养时间对大肠菌群结果影响分析

阐述了将《大肠菌群多管发酵法》(GB/T 4789.28-2003)初发酵时间24 h延长至48 h的原因,通过对139份不同种类样品进行大肠菌群总数检测,发现有12份样品增加了大肠菌群数,表明延长初发酵培养时间,可以增加迟缓发酵大肠菌群成员检出.指出迟缓发酵大肠菌群在44.5 ℃培养时,均无产酸产气现象,表明引起迟缓发酵的大肠菌群不属于粪大肠菌群成员.     

粪大肠菌群酶底物法在环境应急监测中的应用

结合国外粪大肠菌群的酶底物检测方法，针对某次突发环境污染事件，用酶底物法和标准方法多管发酵法同步检测受污染地表水中的粪大肠菌群，讨论酶底物法在应急监测中检测粪大肠菌群的适用性。结果表明，两种方法的测定数据显著相关，没有统计学差异（ P＞0．05）。相对于多管发酵法，酶底物法特异性强，检测时间短，二次污染少，符合应急监测的要求。     

五里湖——梅梁湖区水污染与防治

通过对五里湖，梅梁湖水质近５年（１９８９－１９９３）每年６次的监测资料分析，五里湖为（４－５）类水质的水体，属重营养化水体，梅梁湖为４类水质的水体，属富营养化－重营养化水体，近几年来富营养化程度在加剧，范围在扩大，通过五里湖，梅梁湖富营养伦原因分析以及水质在分析，提出了五里湖－梅梁湖水污染防治措施。     

十管发酵法测定水中总大肠菌群

目前，测定水中总大肠菌群多用国际上流行的多管发酵法，我国常用15管或12管发酵，工作量较大，消耗原材料较多。今通过试验建立了十管发酵法（简称该方法），原理与多管发酵法相同，比五管发酵法的准确度高，适用于生活饮用水、水源水、地表水和废水中总大肠菌群的测定。     

纸片法快速测定水质总大肠菌群

简要介绍了纸片法测定水质总大肠菌群的操作方法，并通过６个实验室的验证试验，研究了纸片法与现行标准方法（多管法）的一致性。结果表明，２种方法的测定结果基本一致，无显著性差异，但纸片法测定周期比多管法缩短了２ｄ，仅需１ｄ即可。     

纸片法快速测定水质总大肠菌群

简要介绍了纸片法测定水质总大肠菌群的操作方法，并通过１２个实验室的验证试验，研究了纸片法与现行标准方法（多管法）的一致性，结果表明，两种方法的测定结果基本一致，无显著差异，但纸片法测定周期比多管法缩短了２ｄ，仅需１ｄ时间。     

五管发酵测定粪大肠菌群的研究

通过实验摸索出粪大肠菌群的一种五管发酵法。该方法检测下限为9个/L,适用于地表水和废水中粪大肠菌群的测定。     

A Comparison of Bacterial Indicators and Methods in Rural Surface Waters

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends the use of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci as indicators of enteric pathogens in fresh waters; however, fecal coliform analyses will remain important by virtue of the large amount of historic data collected in prior years. In this study, we attempted, in a real-world situation (i.e., a rural inland watershed in the Piedmont of South Carolina) to compare different bacterial indicators and methods to one another. We compared fecal coliforms, enumerated by membrane filtration with E. coli, enumerated by a commercialized enzyme substrate method and observed E. coli/fecal coliform ratios of 1.63 and 1.2 for two separate tests. In the same watershed, we observed an E. coli/fecal coliform ratio of 0.84 when we used the commercialized enzyme substrate method for both enumerations. Given these results, users of such data should exercise care when they make comparisons between historic membrane filtration data and data acquired through the use of the more modern enzymatic methods. Some sampling and side-by-side testing between methods in a specific watershed may be prudent before any conversion factors between old and new datasets are applied.     

海南红沙港海水中细菌污染调查与评价

于2006年4-6月在红沙港海域进行了四个航次调查,对海域中5个站位的海水样品进行了细菌学检测.结果表明,四个航次海水粪大肠杆菌群超标率最高为40%,异养细菌总数超标率均达60%以上.四个航次海水粪大肠杆菌单项污染指数平均值分别为0.755、1.792、2.215和0.578,异养细菌总数单项污染指数平均值分别为1.54、2.73、24.04和6.11.生物统计学分析显示,粪大肠杆菌群与异养细菌总数存在一定的正相关关系,其相关系数r2=0.439 9.红沙港海水已受到粪大肠杆菌和异氧细菌污染.     

Linking on-farm dairy management practices to storm-flow fecal coliform loading for California coastal watersheds

How and where to improve water quality within an agricultural watershed requires data at a spatial scale that corresponds with individual management decision units on an agricultural operation. This is particularly true in the context of water quality regulations, such as Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), that identify agriculture as one source of non-point source pollution through larger tributary watershed scale and above and below water quality investigations. We have conducted a systems approach study of 10 coastal dairies and ranches to document fecal coliform concentration and loading to surface waters at the management decision unit scale. Water quality samples were collected on a storm event basis from loading units that included: manure management systems; gutters; storm drains; pastures; and corrals and lots. In addition, in-stream samples were collected above and below the dairy facilities and from a control watershed, managed for light grazing and without a dairy facility or human residence and corresponding septic system. Samples were analyzed for fecal coliform concentration by membrane filtration. Instantaneous discharge was measured for each collected sample. Storm runoff was also calculated using the curve number method (SCS, 1985). Results for a representative dairy as well as the entire 10 dairy data set are presented. Fecal coliform concentrations demonstrate high variability both within and between loading units. Fecal coliform concentrations for pastures range from 206 to 2,288,888 cfu/100 ml and for lots from 1,933 to 166,105,000 cfu/100 ml. Mean concentrations for pastures and lots are 121,298 (SE=62,222) and 3,155,584 (SE=1,902,713) cfu/100 ml, respectively. Fecal coliform load from units of concentrated animals and manure are significantly more than units such as pastures while storm flow amounts were significantly less. Compared with results from earlier tributary scale studies in the watershed, this systems approach has generatedwater quality data that is beneficial for management decisions because of its scale and representation of current management activities. These results are facilitating on-farm changes through the cooperative efforts of dairy managers, regulatory agency staff, and sources of technical and financial assistance.     

舟山市海洋贝类生物体内的细菌学研究

对浙江省舟山市各区县海洋贝类体内细菌数量及优势细菌种类进行了初步研究。根据2004年8月的采样和实验室分析,结果表明,贝类生物体内的优势种为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、欧文氏菌属等,一些能够诱发疾病的如杀鲑气单胞菌、溶藻弧菌、腐败假单胞菌等的出现应当引起重视。对生物体内的细菌数量检测发现,弧菌和粪大肠菌群数量都比较高,弧菌的测值范围为50个/克~1.8×104个/克,几何平均为9.3×102个/克;粪大肠菌群的测值范围为2.0~23个/克,几何平均为12.0个/克,超国家海洋生物体内粪大肠菌群二类标准,超标率为91.7%。     

大肠菌群革兰氏染色技术的实验研究

针对影响革兰氏染色正确性的几个因素，通过比较实验，研究了在大肠菌群测定过程中菌龄、细菌密集程度、媒染时间、脱色程度等因素对革兰氏染色正确性的影响，从而得出一最佳革兰氏染色条件组合，并提出了确证革兰氏染色技术操作正确的方法。     

水中粪大肠菌群检测方法的比较

采用标准菌株、实际水样和国际标准样品，比较纸片快速法与多管发酵法的一致性。标准菌株试验表明，两种方法在粪大肠菌群的定性检测上没有显著性差异；实际水样试验表明，纸片快速法的检测结果略低于多管发酵法，但两种方法检测结果的回归关系显著；国际标准样品试验表明，两种方法的精密度与准确度均无统计学意义上的显著性差异。