Sr改性椰壳炭吸附分离CH4/N2的试验研究

针对甲烷气体(煤矿乏风瓦斯)的富集与分离,研究Sr改性椰壳炭在变压吸附和变温吸附过程中的性能。结果表明:1)Sr改性椰壳炭的比表面积明显减小,主要是由于Sr在椰壳炭表面的负载导致孔道堵塞和高温焙烧产生的孔道坍塌;2)在常温变压吸附测试中,Sr改性椰壳炭对CH4的吸附量急剧降低,Sr(NO3)2改性椰壳炭下降了62%,SrCO3改性椰壳炭下降了67%,分离系数也由原来的4.7分别下降至3.0和2.7;3)在程序升温脱附测试中,Sr改性椰壳炭对CH4和N2的吸附峰都减弱,但S(CH4)/S(N2)从1.0升至3.2和4.4;4)Sr改性椰壳炭适合变温吸附分离CH4/N2。     

CTMAB改性沸石及其对对硝基苯酚吸附效果的研究

为提高沸石对水体中有机污染物的吸附效果,采用酸热活化-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性沸石,研究了改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力,探讨了改性条件对沸石吸附能力的影响和改性沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的适宜条件.结果表明,改性溶液中CTMAB的量低于沸石阳离子交换量时,沸石负载表面活性剂的量越大,所得到的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的吸附能力越强; 改性溶液pH值增大,所获得的有机沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的能力也增强.CTMAB溶液的质量分数为1.1%,改性时间为2 h所制备的有机沸石对对硝基苯酚有较高的去除率.在利用已制备的有机沸石处理污水中对硝基苯酚的实际应用中,有机沸石投加量为25 g/L,对硝基苯酚溶液在pH值为6,振荡50 min的条件下,有机沸石对对硝基苯酚的去除率可达98.3%.     

改性沸石去除水中低浓度氨氮的研究

分别利用无机盐、无机酸和稀土对天然沸石进行了改性处理,并从理论上阐述了不同方法对沸石进行改性的机理,提出了改性沸石的最佳制备方法,并采用X衍射的分析手段观察化学处理对载体的影响,探讨了改性沸石对NH4 吸附动力学以及再生实验.研究表明,3种方法均不同程度地提高了沸石去除氨氮的能力,其中利用无机盐改性的沸石的效果最佳,对NH4 的吸附动态符合Freundlich方程,与传统的化学凝聚法和生物法相比,具有工艺简单、高效、经济等优点.无机盐改性沸石制备最佳条件是:溶液中钠离子浓度为0.8 mol/L,在水浴温度70～75 ℃时,按固液比1∶50投加沸石,浸渍时间为2 h,过滤后滤饼在100 ℃下干燥1 h.     

壳聚糖改性沸石吸附废水中铍(Be)的试验研究

含铍(Be)废水主要产生于矿产的开采和冶炼等环节。采用碱性条件下负载壳聚糖的方式制取改性沸石,并分析了其吸附水中Be的特性、影响因素、动力学及等温线。FIR、SEM和XRD表征结果表明,壳聚糖负载于沸石表面,使沸石孔径结构和分布得以改善。两种沸石对Be的吸附在30~50 min内吸附速率最快,分别在120 min和200 min时达到表观吸附平衡,改性沸石达到平衡所需的时间明显缩短;两种沸石对Be的去除率随初始质量浓度增加而降低,当废水中Be质量浓度不超过排放标准的5倍时(≤0.025 mg/L),采用1.0 g/L改性沸石处理可以达到排放标准。准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程拟合沸石对Be的吸附较为准确,而孔内扩散方程拟合结果较差。Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程均能较好地描述沸石对Be的吸附等温过程。pH值在7~9时Be的去除率最高。改性沸石吸附性能受pH值影响较大,这可能是因为负载壳聚糖分子中的羟基(—OH)、氨基(—NH_2)等活性基团对pH值变化较为敏感。     

改性沸石用于饮用水除氟的试验研究

针对存在的氟污染饮用水问题,将天然沸石用NaOH和Al2(SO4)3溶液改性制成除氟材料.静态试验研究表明改性沸石除氟吸附反应快,其最佳pH值范围为5～9,而且对氟离子有较好的离子选择性能.通过动态试验研究发现降低进水流量和原水浓度可以增大滤层的吸附容量.2种再生方式对比试验表明用Al2(SO4)3溶液再生效果优于用NaOH和Al2(SO4)3溶液联合再生.     

痕量邻苯二甲酸酯在有机沸石上的等温吸附研究

用一定量的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠混合对天然沸石改性,制备了CTMAB改性沸石和SDS/CTMAB改性沸石两种有机改性沸石.采用静态吸附法研究了水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯在天然沸石、CTMAB改性沸石、SDS/CTMAB改性沸石上的等温吸附情况和吸附机理.结果表明,天然沸石对邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附等温线呈非线性,为表面吸附;两种有机沸石的等温吸附曲线呈线性,主要为分配作用所致,分配作用的大小与有机碳含量、改性的表面活性剂种类有关.     

改性沸石吸附氨氮及电化学再生研究

研究了改性沸石对氨氮的吸附效能、动力学机制以及电化学再生效果。间歇和连续试验结果表明:沸石经改性后,能高效去除水中的氨氮,其吸附等温式更符合Langmuir模型,沸石、改性沸石的饱和吸附量分别为8.09 mg/g和13.55 mg/g,沸石的钠型改性能显著提高吸附容量约40.3%;颗粒内扩散是改性沸石吸附氨氮的控制性步骤,可以利用Vermeulen的内扩散模型进行描述;利用电化学再生吸附饱和后的沸石,再生液为NaCl溶液,阳极涂覆RuO2-Ti,再生时间为3h,可高效地再生沸石,无二次污染物排出,对环境冲击较小。     

OTAC改性沸石对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性研究

采用化学沉淀法用十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)改性天然沸石,研究了改性沸石(O-Z)对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。O-Z表征结果显示:改性后其表面粗糙程度、孔隙度和比表面积均增大。吸附实验结果显示:在T=25℃、Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度20 mg/L、O-Z投加量0. 1 g、吸附时间12 h、pH=2时,OZ对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量达到3. 22 mg/g; O-Z对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附数据与准二级动力学模型的线性相关性显著;与Langmuir等温方程拟合良好,说明该吸附是单分子层吸附;热力学分析反映吸附过程是自发的、吸热反应。     

HDTMA改性沸石同步去除氨氮和磷酸盐的效果及规律研究

天然沸石具有去除阳离子氨氮的作用,但不具有去除阴离子的作用.用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)对天然沸石进行改性.在静态条件下,利用天然沸石及改性沸石对模拟污水中氮磷的去除效果和规律进行了研究.结果表明,天然沸石对氨氮的去除率在75％以上,对磷几乎没有去除.HDTMA改性后的沸石对氨氮的去除率有所下降,但在5％之内;对磷酸盐的去除有明显提高,最佳改性剂质量浓度为30 g/L.随污染物质量浓度增加,改性沸石的吸附量增大,最后缓慢趋于平衡;吸附平衡数据与Langmuir等温吸附模型十分吻合.正交试验结果显示,混合溶液中各目标污染物之间没有相互干扰作用.氨氮的绝对浓度是改性沸石对氨氮吸附最主要的影响因素,表面活性剂质量浓度是改性沸石吸附磷酸盐最重要的影响因素.在污染物配比、污染物浓度级别、改性剂质量浓度分别为30:5、1和30 g/L时,改性沸石对磷酸根的去除率最大,为56.6％,同时氨氮的去除率高达93.6％.     

改性沸石去除水中氟化物性能研究

以盐酸和氯化铁溶液为活性剂,用高温活化的方法将天然斜发沸石进行改性,对模拟含氟废水进行静态吸附试验,研究改性沸石对水中氟化物的吸附性能,考察了沸石粒径、投加量、吸附时间、pH值、初始质量浓度对氟化物处理效果的影响.结果表明,在活化沸石粒径为0.25～0.38 mm,用量为1.0g/100 mL,不调节酸碱度的条件下,常温下吸附2h,氟化物的去除率可达83％.绘制的吸附等温线较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温方程.     

构建区域性安全科技支撑体系的探索

笔者针对特定区域安全生产的特点,提出了构建区域性安全科技支撑体系的宏观构架。其主要思路为根据地域、产业、经济、环境等条件的不同和各地安全生产形势、重大事故类型的特点,针对一个特定区域,尤以江苏省区域为背景,也可扩展至整个华东地区,在国家法律法规的框架内,探讨其区域性安全生产科技支撑体系,研究高危行业特别是危险化学品安全监测预警技术平台、安全生产监管的科技服务平台、重大危险源监控技术平台、应急救援技术支撑平台等四大平台的建设思路。     

油气管道完整性管理技术及其进展

阐明油气管道完整性管理的概念、技术内涵及意义。提出油气管道完整性管理的技术流程;指出油气管道完整性管理应包括油气管道的GIS和数据库、风险评价、基于风险检测、适用性评价、管道地质灾害评估、管道维护决策及应急响应等关键技术;评述了国内外油气管道关键技术的研究进展。对进一步完善和发展管道完整性管理技术,加快管道完整性管理法规和标准体系的建设提出了合理化建议。     

关于华北科技学院创建安全科技特色的探讨

创建鲜明的安全科技办学特色不仅是华北科技学院的生存战略,更是发展战略。创建安全科技特色是一项复杂的系统工程,要从宏观、中观和微观3个层面,从资源协同、能力协同和部门协同3个角度,从近期、中期和远期3个阶段创建安全科技特色。创建学院安全科技特色的具体措施主要包括五方面的内容开创和建设以安全技术及工程为主的特色优势学科;引进和培养具有安全科技特色的教师队伍;正确处理教学、科研、安全培训三者的关系;建立和形成支撑安全科技特色的规章制度;营造和突出具有安全科技特色的校园文化。     

环氧乙烷生产装置的安全分析与评价

综合运用道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法,事故树分析以及事件树分析对环氧乙烷生产装置进行安全评价,定量地得出装置的危险程度,定性地分析了各危险因素的大小以及系统中各元件的故障率对事故发生概率的影响程度,并提出了改进措施.结果表明,该装置的危险程度很大,必须加强安全生产管理,采取有效措施控制氧气的浓度,从而降低危险性等级,保证生产安全.     

7FA临界灭火浓度的测定及7FA/BTP协同灭火作用研究

作为氢氯氟烃、氢氟烃和全氟烃的理想替代物,七氟环戊烷(7FA)因其具有环境友好性和环状结构而极具发展潜力.首先构建了临界灭火体积分数测定平台,采用杯式燃烧器法测得7FA熄灭乙醇火焰的临界灭火体积分数为8.4％.其次,为了规避其灭火体积分数稍高的缺点,将7FA和一溴三氟丙烯(BTP)按照一定的物质的量比进行了混合,结果表明,在7FA中加入少量的BTP可以显著提高其灭火能力并将其临界灭火体积分数降低到6％以下.最后,在此试验基础上对构建的理论预测模型的可靠性进行了验证,得出7FA与BTP之间存在协同灭火作用.     

中远船务构筑特色安全文化的探索与实践

本文主要阐述了在企业核心价值理念孵化牵引下生发的安全文化理念,总结和提炼了具有企业特色的“严、细、真、实、慎”的安全文化,并从制度建设、行为规范以及体现执行力的十大主要措施上,进行了比较系统的论述,对进一步促进企业安全文化建设提出了4个方面的对策。     

Winter storm-related injuries in Oklahoma, January 2007

Introduction

A January 2007 ice storm occurred in Oklahoma, causing power outages and hazardous travel conditions. The objective of this investigation was to describe the nature of winter storm-related injuries among Oklahoma residents, to determine populations at risk, and to inform prevention-planning personnel.

Methods

Winter storm-related injuries were a temporarily reportable condition; all acute-care hospitals and the state medical examiner logged storm-related injuries and deaths during January 12 − 30, 2007. Medical records were retrospectively abstracted.Risk of injury was described by demographic group, injury type, and mechanism.

Results

Among 6,047 persons experiencing winter storm-related injuries, 74% were injured in falls, 13% in motor-vehicle collisions (MVCs), 8% while sledding, 1% by unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 1% in cleanup activities, and 3% by other mechanisms. Median age of injured persons was 39 years. Persons aged ≥ 40 years were 1.4 times more likely to experience falls as the cause of injury than those aged < 40 years, and falls were twice as likely as other mechanisms to cause fractures among persons aged ≥ 40 years. Injured persons aged < 40 years were 2.2 times more likely to experience MVC-related injuries, and 19 times more likely to experience sledding-related injuries than persons aged ≥ 40 years.

Conclusions

Younger persons were more likely injured in MVCs and sledding incidents, whereas older persons were more likely to experience falls and fractures.

Impact on industry

Prevention messages for winter storm-related injuries should target winter-driving safety tips to younger adults and precautions regarding falls to older adults.     

OGFC面层在公路隧道防火中的作用

研究了OGFC路面在隧道防火中的应用,并分析了其防火效果.OGFC沥青混合料孔隙率高达15%～25%,可以把泄漏在OGFC路面层的液体燃料迅速排入道路两侧边沟.本文对比分析了OGFC/SMA/AK三种沥青混合料的排油速率和饱油孔隙率.通过室内马歇尔试件的汽油燃烧试验和隧道内燃料泄漏模型的计算分析,发现OGFC面层的排油防火效果非常好.     

Effects of the California graduated driver licensing program

PROBLEM: On July 1, 1998, in an effort to ameliorate the problem of high teenage driver crash rates, California implemented a graduated driver licensing system (GDLS). METHOD: Data on injury crashes of 16- and 17-year-old drivers from a pre-GDLS year were compared with data from two post-GDLS years. Per-capita crash rate ratios were adjusted for changes in crash rates of 25- to 34-year-old drivers, who were unaffected by the GDLS. Prevented numbers and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: Fatal or severe injury crash rates were significantly lower during each of the two post-GDLS years (adjusted rate ratios (RR)=0.72 and 0.83, for 2000 vs. 1997 and 2001 vs. 1997, respectively). Significant rate reductions were observed for all crash types, particularly for struck object (RR=0.71 and 0.80, for 2000 vs. 1997 and 2001 vs. 1997, respectively) and non-collision (RR=0.63 and 0.72, for 2000 vs. 1997 and 2001 vs. 1997, respectively). Minor injury crash rates were also lower during post-GDLS years (RR=0.87 and 0.90, for 2000 vs. 1997 and 2001 vs. 1997, respectively). Percent reductions were notably larger during the hours of the late night driving restriction (midnight-5 a.m.) (RR=0.79 and 0.87, for 2000 vs. 1997 and 2001 vs. 1997, respectively). SUMMARY: The implementation of the California GDLS was followed by large reductions in the rate of injury-producing motor-vehicle crashes. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This evaluation supports previous evidence that GDLS is an effective countermeasure to adolescent motor-vehicle crashes and their associated injuries. States with a traditional licensing system may prevent adolescent driver crashes by adopting a GDLS. Future studies should examine factors that influence teenager compliance with GDLS provisions and identify approaches to improving compliance.     

Work domain analysis for air traffic controller weather displays

INTRODUCTION: Adverse weather conditions have a major impact on National Airspace System (NAS) operations. They create safety hazards for pilots, constrain the usable airspace for air traffic control (ATC), and reduce the overall capacity of the NAS. A system-wide dissemination of weather information to controllers could theoretically improve safety and efficiency. PROBLEM: However, it is currently unclear what weather information would be beneficial for tactical operations. Furthermore, no previous research has empirically evaluated optimal presentation designs for ATC weather displays. Ill-designed weather displays can cause safety hazards by presenting redundant information (i.e., by increasing the cognitive load) and display clutter (e.g., by interfering with the visual extraction of traffic data). METHOD: In the present paper, we outline our use of cognitive work analysis (CWA) techniques for the assessment of weather information needs for terminal controllers. RESULTS: Specifically, we describe how the CWA modeling tools helped us reveal instances in the terminal domain where weather information is lacking or insufficiently disseminated. We used our CWA results to drive the development of weather display concepts and to set up a high-fidelity simulation capability. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: By means of high-fidelity simulations, we can empirically evaluate controller weather information needs in order to propose weather displays for increased aircraft safety and efficiency of terminal operations.