低温生物膜和活性污泥的生物活性比较

通过 (5± 1)℃下生物膜系统 (BF)和活性污泥系统 (AS)处理生活污水长达 8个多月的运行 ,对比研究了两系统的生物活性 .结果表明 ,活性污泥不仅生物活性较高 ,而且具有更有利的传质条件 .在水力停留时间HRT =8h的条件下 ,生物膜和活性污泥胞外分泌物中的还原糖含量分别为 1.75 %及 1.9% ,挥发性污泥组分 (VSS)中的ATP含量分别为 1.0 8mg/ g及 1.4 3mg/g ;电镜检测结果表明 ,生物膜结构致密 ,而活性污泥疏松多孔有利于物质传递 .图 5表 2参 14     

群体感应信号分子对Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1生物膜结构及产电性能的影响

电活性生物膜(EAB)是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的重要组成部分.为揭示群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)信号分子在MFC中对EAB的响应机制,在MFC阳极室接种铜绿假单胞菌,添加两种QS信号分子(N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯C4-HSL和喹诺酮PQS),观察其对阳极生物膜形态、结构及MFC产电性能的影响.结果显示:添加终浓度为10μmol/L N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯、喹诺酮的MFC的驯化启动期分别比对照组缩短了290.33 h、169.9h,最高输出电压分别提高了18.18%、22.73%,MFC运行后期传质电阻分别减小了9.77Ω、15.15Ω,绿脓素含量分别提高了20.27%、24.32%;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示添加两种信号分子生物膜的生物量均多于对照组;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)照片显示添加QS信号分子可以明显增大阳极生物膜的厚度并改善活死细胞比例.本研究表明添加QS信号分子显著促进了产电菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1在MFC阳极表面的成膜速率,强化了其生物活性,提高了EAB与电极间的电子传递效率及MFC的产电性能.(图9参21)     

生物栅净化系统生物膜微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

用ERIC-PCR指纹图谱技术分析富营养化水体生物栅处理系统中2个工况7个净化池在不同监测时期微生物群落结构动态变化与主要污染物降解效果变化的关系.结果表明,采用生物栅技术的2～7号净化池的CODCr、总氮、氨氮、总磷的去除率较对照池分别提高了13.3%～58.6%、23.6%～65.8%、15.5%～72.9%和16.8%～76.9%,表明生物栅技术在污染物去除方面起到了重要作用.随着系统的运行微生物多样性指数逐渐增大,工况1第1次和第2次生物膜样品的微生物多样性指数分别为1.77～1.91和1.96～2.35.设置凤眼莲的3个净化池填料生物膜微生物种类较未设置植物的净化池丰富.在工况2中,HRT为7.5h的3号、5号和7号反应池填料生物膜ERIC-PCR指纹图条带数比HRT为4h的2号、4号和6号要多,而根系生物膜上的微生物群落结构受HRT的影响小.研究表明,随着系统的运行,系统中微生物种群多样性指数增加,系统逐渐进入良好的稳定状态.图5表5参9     

漆酶对水中氯酚类物质的去除

利用漆酶对2,5-二氯苯酚(2,5-DCP)、2,6-二氯苯酚(2,6-DCP)、2,4,5-三氯苯酚(2,4,5-TCP)、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)等4种物质进行去除研究,考察了温度、时间、pH及漆酶添加量对去除效果的影响,并基于最佳条件下的去除效果,探讨了底物结构对漆酶转化氯酚类物质的影响.结果表明,温度升高,去除率呈先升高后降低再升高的现象;pH增大,去除率有增加的趋势;漆酶添加量在一定范围内与去除率呈正相关,当添加量高于20%后,去除率降低;在较短时间(0.5 h)内,漆酶对4种氯酚类物质的去除均能达到较好的效果.最佳条件下,漆酶对2,5-DCP、2,6-DCP、2,4,5-TCP和2,4,6-TCP的去除率分别为86.2%、45.3%、98.7%、84.8%;氯原子取代位置与取代数目相比对去除效果具有更重要的影响.     

紫外-发光二极管光催化降解气相甲硫醚的影响因素

采用主波长367 nm的紫外-发光二极管(UV-LED)作激发光源,Degussa P25-TiO2薄膜作催化剂,在平板反应器中模拟了低浓度(8.3mg.m-3)典型恶臭气体甲硫醚(DMS)的光催化降解过程;研究了催化剂负载量、光照强度、温度、相对湿度、体积流速对DMS光催化降解过程的影响规律.甲硫醚的去除效率和反应速率随着催化剂负载量的增加(5.0—36.0μg.cm-2)而增大,其最大去除率可达到97.6%.在本实验条件下,室温21.6℃、相对湿度47.5%要比低温12.1℃、低相对湿度10.9%—29.8%更有利于反应的进行;DMS的反应速率随着体积流速的增大呈现先增大后稳定的趋势,当流速小于3.4×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受传质控制,流速大于6.8×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受反应速率控制,流速在3.4×10-7—6.8×10-7m.3s-1之间时为过渡态.     

海绵铁填料对城市内河污染物质去除

通过水质监测和微生物高通量测序,开展了海绵铁填料对城市内河污染物质去除效果的现场试验研究.结果表明,试验进水COD、NH_3-N、TN和TP分别为16—75 mg·L~(-1)、1.24—9.73 mg·L~(-1)、0.21—22.12 mg·L~(-1)和0.23—1.17 mg·L~(-1),各项水质指标均属于地表水环境质量劣Ⅴ类标准;在经历不同HRT(3—24 h)后,试验出水的COD、NH_3-N、TN和TP的浓度分别降至1—47 mg·L~(-1)、0.01—4.86 mg·L~(-1)、1.1—20.34 mg·L~(-1)和0.03—0.55 mg·L~(-1).当HRT为24 h和12 h时,出水为Ⅱ—Ⅳ类水质,而当HRT为6 h和3 h时,出水水质介于为Ⅱ—劣Ⅴ类之间.其中,HRT为24 h时,COD、TN和TP的去除率最高,分别达到75.86%、90.76%和87.47%,而NH_3-N的去除率在HRT为6 h时最高,为99.29%.微生物群落结构分析显示,海绵铁填料生物膜上的微生物物种丰富度和群落多样性均高于原水,且群落结构较原水更为稳定.随着反应器内部溶解氧的升高,物种丰富度和群落多样性也逐渐增加.     

表流湿地不同植物配置对富营养化循环水体的净化效果

通过构建不同植物配置的表流湿地,研究了表流湿地不同植物配置对富营养化循环水体的净化效果。结果表明,在水力负荷为1.46 m.d-1、平均水力停留时间为24 h条件下,表流湿地整体对TP、TN、CODCr及TSS的单位面积去除速率分别为13.26、57.766、2.44、70.72 mg.m-2.d-1;凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对TP、TN的单位面积去除速率最高,分别为12.82和62.95 mg.m-2.d-1,荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)和水芹(Oenanthe javanica)最低,不同植物配置条件下水体进、出水中TP、TN浓度呈指数相关;供试植物对CODCr的单位面积去除速率随时间延长呈整体下降趋势,荇菜对CODCr的单位面积去除速率最高(P<0.05),为67.14 mg.m-2.d-1,菖蒲(Acoruscalamus)最低(45.43 mg.m-2.d-1);大薸(Pistia stratiotes)和黑三棱(Sparganium stoloniferum)对TSS的单位面积去除速率最低(P<0.05),且不同时间变化幅度较小(22.96～33.95 ...     

给水管网流速对水质和生物膜种群结构的影响

为了解析水流流速对给水管网的影响,采用给水管网模拟系统,动态监测28 d内的水质,对第28日的生物膜进行生物量测定和16S r DNA测序;并利用统计分析方法解析主体水水质和生物膜之间的相互关系.结果显示:在流速为0.5 m/s时,主体水中总有机碳(TOC)最为丰富(5.26±0.17 mg/L),悬浮细菌总数(n)最多[lg(n+1/m L~(-1))=4.79±0.02],综合水质为最差(3.69),而且生物膜细菌总数(n)最大[lg(n+1/cm~(-2))=5.48±0.06];Pearson相关分析显示,不同流速下生物膜细菌总数与主体水水质指标中的电导率(R=0.73,P0.01)、浊度(R=0.87,P0.001)、TOC(R=0.94,P0.001)和细菌总数(R=0.92,P0.001)成正相关,与余氯(R=-0.68,P0.05)成负相关;在低流速(0.1 m/s)和高流速(2.5 m/s)条件下生物膜多样性较高,而在0.5 m/s流速下,生物膜细菌种群多样性处于最低水平;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在生物膜的群落结构中占主导地位.本研究表明给水管网流速影响水质和生物膜种群结构,水质与生物膜种群结构存在相互关系,结果可为管网生物膜的研究提供理论依据.     

生物还原-化学沉淀去除烟气SO2中Na2SO3和硫化物的研究

利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)和金属离子沉淀剂对烟气SO2进行生物还原-化学沉淀去除,考察了碳源类型、乙酸(碳源)浓度、沉淀剂投加量和反应时间对SO2-3去除的影响,研究表明,沉淀剂的加入导致SRB转化产生的S2-能很快生成硫化物沉淀,其它副反应被抑制.乙酸C原子/SO2-3的浓度比为1时,SO2-3去除最大.随着沉淀剂投加量的增加,SO2-3去除率增大.ZnCl2生化反应培养14d后,SO2-3去除趋于完全.FeCl2生化反应培养7d后,SO2-3去除趋于完全.     

无色硫细菌氧化SRB还原硫酸盐产物硫化氢生成单质硫

以人工合成含硫化物废水作为进水 ,采用以陶粒为填料、小试规模的逆流式和顺流式好氧CSB(无色硫细菌 )生物膜反应器 ,在常温 ( 1 7℃～2 2℃ )、HRT为 2 6min、进水pH为 7.0和对反应器中pH不进行控制的条件下 ,研究了利用CSB将水中硫化物转化成单质硫的可行性及条件。实验表明 :为达到硫的最大回收率 ,在硫化物低负荷(NS <6 .1kg/ (m3 ·d) )时建议采用顺流式 ,高负荷 (NS>6 .1kg/ (m3 ·d) )时采用逆流式 ;反应器内的最佳DO值与进水硫化物容积负荷呈线性关系 ,出水pH值和出水pH值的升高值与硫的回收率呈线性关系。此外还研究了反冲洗对生物脱硫效果的影响及尾气中H2 S的生物去除     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central