循序间歇式活性污泥法处理造漆工业废水

循序间歇式废水生物处理工艺(SBR工艺)集进水、厌氧、好氧、沉淀于一池,改变其运行程序不仅可去除有机物,还能达到脱氮除磷效果。 试验结果表明,工艺的运行周期为22h(其中进水1h,进水和厌氧搅拌6h,好氧14h,沉淀及排水各2h),进水COD浓度在1000—4000mg/L时,COD去除率为84％以上,最高达96％。另外,水文还分析了有机物的去除特点。     

高效厌氧折流板反应器分区进水的启动实验

分区进水厌氧折流板反应器内设填料,以二沉池活性污泥接种挂膜培养厌氧酸化菌,反应器四个格室的进水比为4:3:2:1,以单侧进水ABR作比较。实验研究了在HRT=8h,有机负荷约为0.8kgCOD/m·3d,运行15d后,改变运行参数为HRT=4h,在条件相同的情况下,实验第23d后,分区进水ABR反应器的出水COD效果好于单侧进水。在运行60d时COD去除率平均保持在35%,可认为分区进水ABR的启动成功。     

间歇式活性污泥法处理味精工业废水的研究

研究了间歇式活性污泥法处理味精工业废水的操作运作条件，实验结果表明，采用非限制曝气进水方式为宜；在进水时间为1h ,反应时间为6h，泥水比为1，污泥负荷＜0.2kgCOD/kgMLSS,pH=6-7条件下运行，可高效降解废水中的有机物，COD的去除率达90％以上；废水中所含高浓度的硫酸盐对SBR处理系统无影响。     

水解酸化-SBR工艺处理果汁废水的研究

采用水解酸化-SBR工艺，对浓缩果汁生产废水处理进行了试验研究，结果表明：当进水COD浓度为3500～5000mg／L，pH为6．5～7．5，在水解酸化池水力停留时间为8h，SBR反应池MLSS浓度3500～4000mg／L，进水15min，曝气7h，沉淀1h，出水15min的条件下，出水COD去除率保持在97％以E，SS去除率达93％以上。且以水解酸化作为预处理单元可去除果汁废水中的SS达78％以上，为后续SBR工艺的稳定运行创造有利条件，提高组合工艺的整体效果。     

ABR处理滞头废水试验研究

以去除蛋白后的滞头废水为基质对厌氧折流板(ABR)反应器处理效果进行研究,分析了ABR反应器的工艺特征和运行稳定性,同时对反应器各格室颗粒污泥特性进行分析.结果表明:ABR反应器在(35±1)℃,HRT为32 h,进水COD浓度由500 mg/L逐步提高到5 000 mg/L,运行稳定后,COD去除率保持在90％以上;...     

间歇式曝气生物滤池对焚烧垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的研究

为了提高焚烧垃圾渗滤液深度处理的脱氮效率,构建并启动了间歇式曝气生物滤池(IABF).在曝气阶段停止进水、停曝阶段进水的运行方式下,考察了曝气停曝时间比、运行周期、水力停留时间、碳氮比和气水比对反应器脱氮效率的影响.结果表明,在曝气停曝时间比为1:1,运行周期为1h,水力停留时间8h,COD/TN为4:1,气水比5:1的条件下,IABF取得最佳脱氮效率,平均出水TN可达到19.39 mg·L-1,NH4+-N为9.48 mg·L-1.TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为87.5％和84.1％,出水水质达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》.     

厌氧折流板反应器处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性研究

采用固定水力停留时间(HRT)、逐步提高进水土霉素(OTC)浓度的方式,考察了四格室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理土霉素废水的潜能和运行特性,以期为工程实践提供理论指导和技术参考.结果表明,ABR在pH=7.00~7.50、(35±1)℃、HRT=24 h、进水初始COD为2000.0mg·L-1的条件下启动,经49 d的运行,在进水COD为4500.0 mg·L-1、OTC为0.1 g·m-3·d-1、pH=7.20条件下达到了稳定状态,系统COD去除效率稳定在95.0%左右.在维持进水COD和HRT不变的条件下,通过增加进水OTC浓度的方式将OTC的负荷分阶段提高为1.0、3.3和5.0g·m-3·d-1的过程中,ABR对OTC的去除率略有下降,从59.9%降低到了57.7%,而对COD的去除率则始终保持在95%上下.可见,ABR处理土霉素废水具有有效性和运行稳定性,是值得深入研发的土霉素废水处理工艺.     

间歇曝气生物滤池生物除磷性能研究

通过间歇曝气、连续进水的运行方式使生物膜系统交替处于厌氧/好氧状态,据此研究了不同进水挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)质量浓度、运行周期以及反冲洗条件下生物滤池的生物除磷性能.实验中以模拟生活污水为处理对象,滤池水力停留时间为1.3 h,进水流速为5 L.h-1,气水比为8∶1,进水平均COD负荷、氨氮负荷和磷酸盐负荷分别为4.7、0.41和0.095 g.(L.d)-1.结果表明,在一个运行周期内生物滤池能有效实现释磷和吸磷;当进水VFAs质量浓度(以COD计)为100 mg.L-1、运行周期为6 h时,生物滤池除磷性能最佳,曝气阶段滤池出水磷去除负荷可达0.059 g.(L.d)-1,同时COD和氨氮的去除负荷分别为3.8 g.(L.d)-1和0.28 g.(L.d)-1,出水平均磷、COD和氨氮质量浓度为1.8、43.6、8.7mg.L-1,滤池中存在一定程度的氮流失;中止反冲洗使生物滤池除磷性能迅速下降,2 d后滤池除磷效率低于40%,随即恢复反冲洗使滤池除磷效果出现短暂增强,再经2 d反冲洗后除磷效率又回到原有水平.可见,在间歇曝气、连续进水的运行方式下生物滤池成功实现了生物除磷并具有较好的磷负荷去除效果,充足而稳定的进水VFAs质量浓度、适当的运行周期以及较高频率的反冲洗有利于滤池的生物除磷性能.     

间歇式潜流人工湿地中COD、NH_4-N动态变化特征

采用酸化、两段间歇流人工湿地处理生活污水。废水经酸化预处理后 ,COD平均去除率 30 % ,NH4 N平均去除率 13 6 3%。第 1段人工湿地为潜流 ,周期 12h ,进水 6h ,排水 6h ,水力停留时间 (HRT) 3d ,COD去除率 6 0 %～ 80 % ,最高达 88 5 6 % ;NH4 N去除率 5 0 %～ 70 %。第 2段人工湿地为下行流 ,周期 2 4h,进水 12h ,排水 12h ,HRT 1d ,COD平均去除率 5 3 2 % ;NH4 N平均去除率大于 99%。对第 1段湿地中COD、NH4 N空间变化的研究表明 ,间歇运行所产生的大气复氧对COD、NH4 N的去除具有明显的强化作用。COD的去除基本不受温度影响 ,而NH4 N的去除受温度影响较大     

多点分区进水厌氧折流板反应器运行效能研究

以4格室单侧进水厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)为对照,研究了分区进水对ABR运行效果的影响.结果表明,在室温条件下,HRT=4 h时,单侧进水ABR对溶解性COD去除率为30%,而分区进水ABR对COD的去除率平均为35%,最高可达45%,COD去除率平均提高5%以上.分区进水ABR各室内生物种群主要以兼性水解酸化菌为主,同时亦存在产甲烷菌.分区进水避免了反应器第1格室内有机负荷过高,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)过度积累的弊端,改善了反应器后部格室有机基质不足的现象,增强了反应器内微生物的活性,提高了对污染物去除的能力.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.