化学团聚对燃煤细颗粒物的脱除

燃煤电厂排放的烟气中含有大量的微细粉尘,是引起空气中细颗粒物污染的主要来源之一。湿式电除尘器对细颗粒物的捕集率较低,未能有效控制其排放。将化学团聚方法应用到湿式电除尘器中,通过改变化学团聚剂种类、浓度、团聚液pH值等因素,考察化学团聚剂对细颗粒物的凝并效果及除尘效率的影响。研究结果表明:添加化学团聚剂能够促进细颗粒物的凝并,其中羧甲基纤维素钠和黄原胶的凝并效果最佳,粒径在100μm的大颗粒物的增长率分别为8.54%和2.31%;降低团聚液pH值会增强细颗粒物的凝并效果,大颗粒物分别增长了9.66%、3.21%;添加化学团聚剂可提高除尘效率,最佳除尘效率可达到99.76%。在湿式电除尘器中添加化学团聚剂可高效去除燃煤电厂烟气中的细颗粒物。     

湿式静电除尘技术研究及应用

燃煤烟气细颗粒物排放的高效控制是控制雾霾天气的重要手段之一,为此国家颁布了世界上最严格的标准之一:《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223-2011),要求火电厂粉尘排放浓度低于30 mg/m3,重点地区低于20 mg/m3。干式静电除尘器由于反电晕和二次扬尘等问题,对亚微米级颗粒物脱除效率较低,难以完全满足新标准的要求。湿式静电除尘技术(WESP)通过水膜清灰方式代替振打清灰,可有效控制湿法脱硫塔后细颗粒物的排放,实现燃煤烟气细颗粒物的深度脱除。该文详细阐述了湿式静电除尘器在粉尘脱除效率、材料润湿、抗腐蚀特性及多种污染物协同脱除等方面的最新研究进展,重点介绍了湿式静电除尘技术在燃煤电厂中的应用现状,并在此基础上对我国湿式静电除尘技术的发展做了总结和展望。     

预混喷雾增效细颗粒去除的电除尘实验研究

为提高电场对细颗粒物的捕集效率,实现颗粒物超低排放要求,本试验采用喷雾与电场分区设计,搭建了预混喷雾湿式电除尘试验装置,以增强颗粒与液滴之间的凝聚作用,试验探究了电场电压、极板间距、电场风速、喷雾压力及入口浓度等参数对除尘效率的影响规律.结果表明;除尘效率随着电场电压增加,除尘效率提升,增幅先升高后降低,最后趋于平稳;减小极板间距或电场风速,能够提高除尘效率,但降低了处理风量;随着喷雾压力增大,除尘效率先增加后减小,当压力值为6MPa时,除尘效果最佳;粉尘入口浓度对除尘效率的影响程度较低,对于粒径小于2.5μm的颗粒物去除效率最高达98.5%.综上,预混喷雾湿式电除尘效果相比单一喷雾或静电除尘具有显著的增强,对于颗粒物超低排放装置的设计具有重要参考价值.     

烧结除尘灰回用对烧结细颗粒排放的影响

降低烧结烟气细颗粒物排放是控制钢铁烧结领域污染物排放的重要手段。将烧结除尘灰和水洗后的烧结除尘灰以2%比例加入烧结配料中,开展烧结杯实验和烟气细颗粒物组成分析。结果表明:除尘灰和除尘灰中碱金属是影响烟气细颗粒物排放的重要因素,原除尘灰和水洗后的除尘灰配加后的细颗粒物排放值分别为127,90.9 mg/m~3。其中:水洗后飞灰配加下烟气细颗粒物中的碱金属排放较原除尘灰配加下的烟气减少了40%。因此,降低烧结配料中的碱金属将有助于控制烧结烟气细颗粒物的排放。     

基于现场实测的湿电除尘器颗粒物特性变化研究

采用自主设计的固定源细颗粒物稀释采集系统以及根据GB/T 16157—1996方法对陕西关中地区某燃煤电厂湿电除尘器(WESP)进出口的颗粒物开展了现场实测与特性分析。结果表明:WESP对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和颗粒物的脱除效率分别为67.85%、43.57%、40.88%;WESP前后质量浓度峰值均出现在积聚模态,但由双峰(1.764、0.649μm)变成单峰(1.764μm),峰值移至大粒径段,数浓度峰值出现在爱根核模态和积聚模态,但由多峰(0.017、0.129、0.384、1.764μm)变成双峰(0.017、0.073μm),峰值移至小粒径段;经WESP,PM_(2.5)积聚模态大多粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度与数浓度均在下降(如在质量浓度和数浓度下降粒径段中,0.129μm处下降率均最少(均为59.03%)),爱根核模态大多粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度与数浓度均在上升(如在质量浓度和数浓度上升粒径段中,0.017μm处上升率均最少(均为55.36%)),但无论是WESP前或后,PM_(2.5)的主要质量浓度均集中在大粒径段、主要数浓度均集中在小粒径段;WESP对PM_(2.5)中大粒径段颗粒物的去除效果要优于小粒径段颗粒物。     

燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放粒径分布特征

目前细颗粒物区域污染已成为普遍现象,控制燃煤电厂细颗粒物的排放是控制大气中细颗粒物的重要途径之一,而了解燃煤电厂细颗粒物的排放粒径分布及其形成的可能原因和影响因素显得尤为重要.针对浙江某电厂660 MW燃煤机组,在120、100、90和85℃四种不同运行工况下,采用Dekati ELPI+对电除尘器入口和出口以及烟囱60 m横断面处烟尘进行多平台同步采样测试,以研究该电厂所排放细颗粒物的粒径分布特征、不同工况下细颗粒物的排放浓度及其变化规律.结果表明:① 不同工况下,电除尘器出口和烟囱60 m横断面处颗粒物数浓度都主要集中在亚微米态（粒径 < 1 μm）,并随粒径增大而数浓度快速减小.② 随着烟冷器出口烟气温度的降低,烟气经过除尘装置后,无论是颗粒数浓度还是质量浓度均有一定程度的下降,但当烟气温度降至90℃时,继续降温对电除尘器除尘效果的影响基本趋于恒定.③ 无论燃用设计煤还是校验煤,当烟冷器出口烟气温度相对较低时,经脱硫后积聚模态颗粒物质量浓度较除尘后有明显增加;而烟气温度较高时,呈现出脱硫后较除尘后粗模态颗粒物质量浓度增长的现象.④ 当原烟气稀释倍数从7倍增至10倍时,6~27 nm粒径段颗粒物数浓度呈指数倍增长,说明稀释过程主要影响纳米级颗粒物的数浓度.⑤ 燃用设计煤,烟冷器出口烟气温度90℃时,电除尘器对PM₁的去除效果最明显为63.9%~99.8%,可见降低电除尘器入口运行烟温,可促进其对亚微米态颗粒物的捕集率.      

电除尘器中水雾雾化特性及对除尘性能的影响

湿式电除尘器将水雾除尘与电除尘技术相结合,可以有效地对细颗粒物进行收集,抑制了二次扬尘的发生。通过研究电除尘器喷淋系统的雾化特性,以及不同供水压力对水雾荷电的影响,并测得其分级效率。研究结果表明:在供水压力为0.4 MPa时,湿式电除尘器的除尘效率大于99.5%;在喷雾粒径为100μm时,对10μm以下的细颗粒物除尘效率大于92%。通过分析,为湿式除尘器喷淋系统设计提供了依据。     

细颗粒物凝并长大技术研究进展

随着各类高效除尘器的开发与改进,目前96%～99%以上质量的粉尘已能被有效去除,但细颗粒物的去除效率较低,逃逸粉尘中细颗粒物占比高。通过预凝并技术使细颗粒物团聚长大进而提高其脱除效率,是目前除尘技术研究的一个重要方向,对大气污染的防治起到关键作用。细颗粒物预凝并按机理可以分为湿法凝并、电凝并、声波凝并、磁凝并、湍流凝并、光凝并和热凝并等。重点针对上述前4种凝并技术,对国内外最新研究进展进行总结与分析讨论,并在此基础上对各凝并技术的发展前景进行展望。     

燃煤工业锅炉重金属排放特征研究

通过对6台燃煤工业锅炉污染物控制装置前后烟气中重金属浓度进行测试,考察了静电除尘器(ESP)、湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)和脱硫除尘一体化装置对烟气中重金属排放的影响。研究结果表明:ESP对烟气中的重金属有较好的捕集效果,对Pb、Cd、Cr的去除效率均为50%以上,通过对2台工业锅炉烟气中重金属排放测试发现,静电除尘器对Hg的去除率分别为45.70%和29.63%;经WFGD装置洗涤后,烟气中Hg、Pb、Cd的浓度均低于10μg/m3;脱硫除尘一体化技术对Hg、Pb和Cd的去除效果不明显,4号锅炉烟气脱硫后Pb的排放浓度高达65.76μg/m3。ESP+WFGD烟气处理装置较脱硫除尘一体化装备能够更好地控制烟气中重金属的排放。     

雾化特性对湿式电除尘器除尘效率的影响

喷淋系统作为湿式电除尘器的重要组成部分,雾化效果优劣影响着电除尘器的除尘效率。通过雾化性能测试,研究了雾化参数及其他工作条件对湿式电除尘器的电晕放电特性和除尘效率的影响。研究结果表明:湿式电除尘器的最佳工作水压为0.6 MPa,此时雾化效果最好。以燃煤电厂粉煤灰为尘源进行除尘试验,在其他条件相同的情况下,除尘效率随雾滴粒径的减小而增大,随喷淋量的增大而增大。当雾滴粒径为70μm时,除尘效率可达99.57%,能够满足燃煤电厂对细颗粒物的高效去除。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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