大气O3浓度升高对2种基因型矮菜豆根际微生物的影响

在模拟的大气臭氧浓度升高环境中,用磷脂脂肪酸方法（PLFA）分析大气臭氧浓度升高和接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对臭氧敏感性不同的2种基因型矮菜豆（臭氧敏感性：S156;臭氧耐受性：R123）根际和菌丝际微生物量及群落结构的影响,旨在明确大气臭氧浓度变化对植物根际微生物的影响,为全面评价臭氧浓度升高对土壤-植物生态系统的影响...     

大气O3浓度升高对2种基因型矮菜豆丛枝菌根(AM)结构及球囊霉素蛋白产生的影响

以臭氧敏感性不同的2种基因型(O3敏感型:S156;O3耐受型:R123)矮菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)为宿主植物,在模拟的大气臭氧浓度升高环境中研究臭氧胁迫对2种基因型植物的AM结构和球囊霉素蛋白产生的影响,旨在了解大气臭氧浓度升高对AM真菌生长和AM结构形成的影响.结果表明,与自然大气臭氧水平(20 nL.L-1)相比,臭氧浓度升高(70nL.L-1)显著降低了S156和R123植物的菌根侵染率,特别是S156植物,下降了43.6%.臭氧浓度升高明显影响了2种基因型植物的AM结构组成,表现在根室和菌丝室外生菌丝量、单位根长丛枝数的大幅下降,以及根室和菌丝室孢子数的显著增加,特别是S156植物变化更为明显;但2种基因型植物的单位根长泡囊数随臭氧浓度变化不显著.臭氧浓度升高对2种基因型植物的菌根际和菌丝际总球囊霉素蛋白量影响不显著,但导致菌根际和菌丝际的易提取球囊霉素蛋白量大幅增加;不过2种基因型植物间差异不显著.本研究表明,大气臭氧浓度升高显著影响植物菌根侵染率、AM结构形成和易提取球囊霉素蛋白的产生,特别是对臭氧敏感型植物影响更大.     

2006~2021年夏半年上海臭氧浓度特征及其大气环流背景分析

基于上海地区2006~2021年逐日臭氧浓度数据以及同期气象要素和美国环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCER）再分析数据,分析了2006~2021年上海地区臭氧浓度变化特征和气候背景,进一步对比分析臭氧浓度异常年份的高空大气环流形势差异,并加入关键气象影响因子建立臭氧浓度月预报模型.结果表明,上海地区全年和夏半年臭氧浓度的平均值均呈现波动式上升趋势,且夏半年臭氧浓度和风速呈显著负相关（相关系数达-0.826）,与静风出现频率以及低云量<20%出现日数呈显著正相关（相关系数分别为0.836和0.724）.当夏半年西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强且位置偏西偏南时,上海易受偏西风异常环流影响,不利于海上洁净空气向上海输送,易引起高浓度臭氧污染.当夏半年地面射出长波辐射偏低时,有利于地面升温,易引起高浓度臭氧污染.加入太阳直接辐射、最高气温和风速作为外生变量的臭氧月预报模型对月预报效果提升明显,均方根误差减少47.7%,相关系数提升11.2%.     

臭氧浓度升高与土壤湿度对农田土壤微生物呼吸温度敏感性的影响

为研究臭氧浓度升高条件下土壤湿度对农田土壤微生物呼吸温度敏感性的影响,采集经过3个生长季臭氧(100 nL.L-1)熏蒸及对照(CK)处理的农田土壤,在不同土壤湿度下研究土壤微生物呼吸对温度升高的响应规律.结果表明,在土壤湿度适宜的情况下,无论臭氧浓度升高处理还是对照处理中的土壤微生物呼吸均与土壤温度呈现出极显著的指数回归关系.就整个培养试验阶段的平均值而言,CK和100 nL.L-1臭氧处理下的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为0.48和0.33μmol.(m2.s)-1,前者比后者高约45%.臭氧浓度升高显著抑制了土壤微生物呼吸速率,并且显著降低了土壤微生物呼吸的温度敏感性.进一步的结果表明,正常土壤中土壤微生物呼吸的Q10随土壤湿度增加(20%～35%)而下降,而臭氧浓度升高改变了土壤中两者间的这种规律.综合本研究中的结果与以往关于土壤呼吸温度敏感性的研究结果,将Q10与土壤湿度(体积含水量)进行回归分析,可见两者间呈现极显著的二次函数关系,由此可推断其最大Q10值对应的土壤含水量在20%～25%范围内.     

天气型对北京地区近地面臭氧的影响

臭氧(O3)是夏秋季北京城市大气光化学污染物中的首要气态污染物,气象因素是影响其浓度水平和变化规律的主要因子之一.2008年7月~2008年9月,在北京市4个站点进行了臭氧、氮氧化物(NOx)和一氧化碳(CO)浓度的同步连续观测,并对同期天气型进行了分类比对分析.结果显示,观测期间,北京地区处于低压前部(主要是蒙古气旋)和高压前部的比例分别为42%和20%,分别是造成臭氧浓度高值和低值的主要背景场.处于低压前部控制时,高温、低湿以及局地环流形成的山谷风造成区域臭氧累积,小时最大值(体积分数)高达102.2×10-9,并随气压的升高以3.4×10-9Pa-1的速率降低,山谷风风向的转变决定了臭氧浓度最大值出现时间,峰值出现在14:00左右;处于高压前部控制时,低温、高湿以及系统性北风造成区域臭氧低值,小时最大值(体积分数)仅为49.3×10-9,系统性北风将臭氧峰值出现时刻推后到16:00左右.北京地区臭氧光化学污染呈现出区域一致性,并与天气型有较好相关,关注天气型结构和演变对预报大气光化学污染具有重要意义.     

京津地区大气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)质量浓度水平和反应活性研究

2006年8月15日—9月15日同时在北京和天津对大气中的非甲烷烃（NMHCs）进行了同步观测,利用最大增量反应活性（MIR）计算了两地NMHCs的臭氧生成潜势以估计其对臭氧生成的影响. 结果表明,北京大气中ρ（NMHCs）平均值比天津高78.0 　μg/m3.用上午的ρ（NMHCs）计算了京津地区臭氧生成潜势,分别为1 470 和814 　μg/m3,其中苯系物对臭氧生成的影响最大,分别占总臭氧生成潜势的75%和73%,其次是烯烃（占13%和11%）和烷烃（占12%和16%）. 比较两地ρ（NMHCs）和NMHCs的反应活性可知,北京地区大气中NMHCs的组成比天津的稳定,且其反应活性强于天津. 结合臭氧浓度发现,北京地区大气的氧化能力比天津强.      

北京城区臭氧日变化特征及与前体物的相关性分析

对2012年12月至2013年11月北京城区12个自动空气监测子站的臭氧及其前体物的浓度进行了分析,探讨北京城区臭氧浓度的日变化特征以及与前体物的关系.研究发现,北京市城区臭氧在5~8月份维持相对较高浓度,其他月份则较低.臭氧浓度呈现单峰型分布,基本在15:00、16:00达到峰值;同时臭氧呈现较明显的“周末效应”,即周末臭氧浓度高于工作日浓度. CO、NO、NO2和NOx等前体物多呈现双峰型分布,与O3均呈显著的负相关性,相关性在夏季较低.通过大气氧化剂OX和NOx的拟合方程发现,冬季北京市城区OX在白天受区域O3影响相对较大,在夜间受局地NOx污染影响相对较大.计算了在理想情况下的城区NO2光解速率,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的平均值分别为0.180,0.209,0.169,0.149min-1.在白天臭氧的高浓度时段城区O3、NO和NO2体现出近似光化学平衡态的特征.     

低浓度SO2长期暴露下菜豆的生长发育和气孔反应

本研究采用连续搅拌槽反应器系统(CSTR)对菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)进行低浓度SO_2长期暴露试验.结果表明,SO_2在植物可见伤害阈值以下抑制了莱豆生长,叶片气孔阻力随SO_2浓度的增加而增加.植物一旦脱离SO_2污染的环境,气孔就恢复到正常水平.切除子叶的菜豆生长明显受抑,但对SO_2敏感性和留子叶菜豆相同.     

麦田O3浓度的长期变化及其对冬小麦干物质和产量损失的估算

近地层臭氧污染及其对作物产量和粮食安全的负面效应已成为国内外广泛关注的焦点之一.利用2014~2016年冬小麦主要生长季期间臭氧浓度和气象因子观测资料,分析了麦田臭氧浓度、AOT40的变化特征.根据Pleijel等2007年修正的气孔导度模型,模拟了冬小麦气孔导度的变化,并与实测值进行对比验证,同时结合通量模型,计算了冬小麦气孔臭氧通量.此外,利用前期课题组建立的模型,估算了臭氧对冬小麦干物质累积和产量的影响.结果表明:臭氧浓度在冬小麦生长季期间从前期到后期逐渐增加,并呈现明显的单峰型日变化特征.从2014~2016年的每年3月1日~5月31日,平均臭氧浓度分别为36.2、37.7和33.6 n L·L~(-1),AOT40值分别为17.08、17.90和11.84μL·(L·h)~(-1).Javis气孔导度模型可以用来模拟本地区冬小麦的气孔导度,模型解释了实测气孔导度81%的变异性.2014~2016年冬小麦气孔臭氧吸收通量分别为9.36、9.32和8.65 mmol·m~(-2).在近3年臭氧浓度平均水平下,近地层臭氧会使冬小麦产量减少18.03%,干物质累积减少19.31%.     

京津冀地区臭氧浓度时空变化特征

为研究京津冀地区臭氧浓度的时空变化,文章利用2014年6月-2018年5月中国环境监测总站臭氧浓度数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区臭氧浓度平均水平不断增高,不同区域增速差异明显,高值区出现由单中心向双中心的转变且逐渐形成了日益明显的沿海臭氧高浓度分布带;(2)臭氧浓度的季节性差异显著,春、夏两季较秋、冬两季臭氧浓度高,其中夏季最高,冬季则缺乏高值区;(3)不同城市的年均臭氧浓度分布模式不同,大部分城市核密度估计峰值对应臭氧浓度20μg/m~3;(4)臭氧浓度的日内变化基本遵循周期性单峰型变化规律;(5)不同城市臭氧浓度超标天数差异显著,变化趋势可分为稳定增长型、突变增长型和稳定型。     

Protecting the photosynthetic performance of snap bean under free air ozone exposure

Tropospheric ozone(O_3) is a major air pollutant and causes serious injury to vegetation. To protect sensitive plants from O_3 damage, several agrochemicals have been assessed,including cytokinin(e.g., kinetin, KIN) and ethylenediurea(EDU) with cytokinin-like activity.In higher plant, leaves are primarily injured by O_3 and protective agrochemicals are often applied by leaf spraying. To our knowledge, the mitigating abilities of EDU and KIN have not been compared directly in a realistic setup. In the present research, impacts of elevated O3(2 × ambient O_3, 24 hr per day, for 8 days) on an O_3 sensitive line(S156) of snap bean(Phaseolus vulgaris), which is often used for biomonitoring O_3 pollution, were studied in a free air controlled exposure system. The day before starting the O_3 exposure, plants were sprayed with a solution of EDU(300 ppm), KIN(1 mmol/L) or distilled water, to compare their protective abilities. The results demonstrated that 2 × ambient O_3 inhibited net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, increased the minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state, decreased the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and led to visible injury. KIN and EDU alleviated the reduction of the photosynthetic performance, and visible injury under O_3 fumigation. The plants sprayed with EDU showed greater ability to mitigate the O_3 damage than those sprayed with KIN. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging may have detected more precisely the differences in O_3 response across the leaf than the conventional fluorometer.     

Effects of simulated acidic rain applied alone and in combination with ambient rain on growth and yield of field-grown snap bean

Field-grown snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar ‘Provider’) plants were treated with simulated acidic rain applied either alone or in combination with ambient rain and the effects on growth and yield were determined. In plots where ambient rain was excluded, a retractable canopy was activated to shield the crop. Four levels of acidity at pH values of 5.0, 4.2, 3.4 and 2.6 were applied in four replicate treatments and the experiment was conducted in two successive years (1981 and 1982).In plots that received only simulated rain, yield was not adversely affected by acidic rain; in 1981, a positive linear relationship was present between acidity of simulated rain and yield, but in 1982, no effect was found. In contrast, in plots that received both simulated and ambient rain, a negative linear relationship between acidity in simulated rain and yield was observed in both years. Changes in yield were due to effects on the number of pods per plant. Vegetative mass and size of pods were unaffected by acidity in simulated rain in either experimental condition. Apparently, acidic rain has no detrimental effect on growth or yield of snap bean, especially under conditions of normal water supply. Plant response to acidic rain, however, was altered by the presence of ambient rain. Consequently, previous research performed without exclusion of ambient rain should be re-evaluated, and current research should provide for control of water supply as well as deposition of hydrogen ions and other components in rain.     

2020年中国大气臭氧对慢性阻塞性肺病死亡影响的疾病负担分析和健康经济学评价

大气臭氧暴露对人群慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)的影响不断加剧.为评价大气臭氧暴露对COPD的不良影响,量化与大气臭氧暴露相关的COPD死亡负担以及相应的健康经济损失,本研究收集了2020年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)臭氧浓度高峰季(4—9月)数据、社会经济及人口数据,基于已有研究中确立的大气臭氧暴露与COPD死亡的暴露-反应关系,以世界卫生组织2021年提出的臭氧浓度高峰季平均值(60μg/m³)为参考,分别估算我国大气臭氧暴露的COPD归因死亡人数和经济损失.结果表明：(1) 2020年我国大气臭氧暴露的COPD总死亡风险比为1.12[95%CI (95%置信区间)为1.00～1.21].(2) 2020年我国大气臭氧暴露的COPD归因死亡人数为10.12×10⁴人(95%CI为0.00～17.49×10⁴人).(3) 2020年我国大气臭氧暴露造成的COPD的健康经济损失为2 131×10⁸元,占GDP的0.21%.研...     

臭氧对蚕豆外部形态的影响及叶绿素a的表征作用

本文通过臭氧对蚕豆急性伤害的研究，描述了蚕豆遭受臭氧急性伤害的反应症状，并阐明蚕豆叶片叶绿素a的变化对蚕豆受害程度的表征作用。     

Interactive effects of ozone and powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)

Interacting effects of ozone at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ppm and powdery mildew infection were studied with respect to the growth, flowering and fruit-setting of bottle gourd, and ozone injury, fungal colonization, conidia size and germination. Intermittent exposure in closed-top chambers to ozone at 0.1 or 0.2 ppm, and infection by Sphaerotheca fulginea, each caused significant suppressions of plant growth, flowering and fruit-setting. Fungal colonization was increased by exposures to 0.05 ppm ozone, but decreased by 0.2 ppm ozone. Less browning and necrosis (symptoms of ozone phytotoxicity) appeared on the leaves of mildew-inoculated plants exposed to ozone at 0.1 and 0.2 ppm. Conidia collected from plants exposed to 0.1 and 0.2 ppm were smaller, contained fewer fibrosin bodies and showed poor germination in-vitro. Fumigations with ozone at 0.05 ppm increased the germination of conidia collected from the exposed plants or of the conidia directly exposed to ozone on glass slides in microgas exposure cabinets. Distortion and wall rupturing of the conidia were induced by exposure to ozone at 0.2 ppm for 12 h. Ozone at 0.05 ppm and S. fuliginea jointly suppressed the root and shoot growth of bottle gourd significantly more than the sum of individual effects (synergistic interaction). The fungus infection partially protected the plants from injury by ozone at 0.2 ppm, and exposure to ozone at 0.2 ppm inhibited fungal development. Antagonistic reductions of damage to bottle gourd growth by simultaneous mildew infection and ozone at 0.2 ppm were observed. The study revealed that powdery mildew infection may become severe on bottle gourd grown in areas polluted with mild level of ozone (0.05 ppm) whereas, at 0.1 ppm O₃ or more, the disease will be suppressed.     

EflFect of long-term ozone fumigation on growth development and yield of spring wheat in open-top field chamber

The experimental plants were grown in open-top chamber and exposed to 0.26 ppm of ozone for six hrs. per day from seedling stage till ripening. The results showed that the height of plants, rates of earing, flowering, grain forming, ripening and the weight/1000 kernels all declined in fumigated plants in comparison with the controls. The yield lost 76.7%. The actual actions of ozone were that it caused foliar injury and chlorophyll destruction accelerating leaf senescence, reduction of assimilation products. O3 was unfavorable injurious to transport and accumulation of substances to the grains after flowering.     

Relationship of non-methane hydrocarbons and NOx to ozone formation in the atmosphere of Bahrain

The hourly air quality monitoring data for hydrocarbons, NO_x, and ozone were analyzed from two sites; one north of the industrial areas in Sitra and the other one located south on the east coast. The background levels of non-methane hydrocarbons at both sites were in excess of the U.S. federal ambient air quality standard of 0.24 ppm most of the time. The U.S. ozone air quality hourly standard of 0.12 ppm. however, was exceeded twice only at Sitra during high ambient NO _x concentrations greater than 0.15 ppm and high non-methane hydrocarbon levels of 10 ppm. The suitability of introducing the U.S. standard for non-methane hydrocarbons to the region is discussed.     

Catalytic decomposition of low level ozone with gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon

Highly dispersed gold nanoparticles were supported on coal-based activated carbon (AC) by a sol immobilization method and were used to investigate their catalytic activity for low-level ozone decomposition at ambient temperature. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the catalysts before and after ozone decomposition. The results showed that the supported gold nanoparticles prepared with microwave heating were much smaller and more uniformly dispersed on the activated carbon than those prepared with traditional conduction heating, exhibiting higher catalytic activity for ozone decomposition. The pH values of gold precursor solution significantly influenced the catalytic activity of supported gold for ozone decomposition, and the best pH value was 8. In the case of space velocity of 120000 h⁻¹, inlet ozone concentration of 50 mg/m³, and relative humidity of 45%, the Au/AC catalyst maintained the ozone removal ratio at 90.7% after 2500 min. After being used for ozone decomposition, the surface carbon of the catalyst was partly oxidized and the oxygen content increased accordingly, while its specific surface area and pore volume only decreased a little. Ozone was mainly catalytically decomposed by the gold nanoparticles supported on the activated carbon.