大气甲醛稳定碳同位素分析方法研究

利用气相色谱/燃烧/同位素比值质谱(GC/C/IRMS)技术,采用2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)衍生化,初步研究了单体化合物稳定碳同位素方法研究大气甲醛来源问题.根据不同同位素组成的甲醛与DNPH反应,模拟大气采样,具体讨论了甲醛与DNPH衍生化过程的同位素效应及分析方法的重现性与精确度.结果表明,每个甲醛2,4-二硝基苯腙样品分析的最大标准偏差为0.3‰;不同同位素组成的甲醛衍生化产物甲醛2,4-二硝基苯腙与理论值的平均偏差为0.24‰±0.14‰(从0.03‰到0.35‰),小于仪器分析误差0.5‰,该衍生化过程不存在同位素分馏.采用该方法对酒店大厅内外大气甲醛碳同位素组成进行了初步研究,结果表明不同来源的甲醛同位素组成具有显著差异,可以为大气甲醛的来源分析提供非常有效的信息.     

用2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附管涂渍方法测定醛酮类化合物

通过实验确定用2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附管的涂渍方法测定醛酮类化合物;比较了C18柱、佛罗里硅藻土柱及硅胶柱对DNPH的涂渍效率和乙腈对醛酮腙的洗脱效率。结果表明：硅胶柱对DNPH涂渍效率及对醛酮腙的洗脱效率高,是制备2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附柱的最佳填充柱。     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气中甲醛的检测

利用气相色谱分析技术检测了柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)尾气中的非常规排放物--甲醛.通过对不同采样方法和采样条件的比较,设计了采样系统,确定了用吸收液吸收的方法采集尾气中的甲醛.利用尾气中的甲醛与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)酸性饱和溶液反应生成甲醛腙的特性,通过检测甲醛腙的浓度来检测尾气中的甲醛含量.应用本方法检测一台采用DMCC燃烧模式的发动机尾气,结果表明,该方法可准确测量其尾气中的甲醛浓度.检测数据显示,当发动机运行DMCC燃烧模式时,相同转速下同一负荷时喷醇量越大,尾气中甲醛浓度越多;在相同的甲醇对柴油的替代率条件下,负荷越低尾气中甲醛浓度越高.     

螺旋管-高效液相色谱法在线检测甲醛的研究

研究建立了一种大气环境中气态甲醛在线采样分析系统。该系统通过螺旋管液相吸收和高效液相色谱衍生法,实现了对大气气态甲醛的在线分析。大气中的气态甲醛经过在螺旋管内经液相吸收后,与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)吸收液在加热条件下充分反应,衍生产物通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离后进入紫外检测器(UV)进行检测。采样和分析系统通过DasyLab实现自动运行。该方法可实现在线连续检测,时间分辨率为60min,气态甲醛的检测限可达0.10μg/L。将该方法与乙酰丙酮分光光度法(GB/T15516-1995)进行比对实验,两种方法的检测结果线性相关系数R2=0.9815。采用该方法于2007年10月在北京市进行实际采样分析,得到甲醛浓度平均浓度为4.82μg/L,并呈现明显的日变化,夜间最低,中午及午后较高。     

气相色谱——质谱法测定水发海参中的甲醛

用气相色谱-质谱联机,使用特征离子定量法(GC-MS-SIM)测定水发海参中甲醛。摸索了样品提取方法,考察了样品提取时间及衍生条件等因素的影响,确定最佳提取条件为超声波振荡20min,衍生条件为2g/L的2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)作衍生剂,避光反应6h。采用特征离子m/z63和m/z210进行GC-MS检测。结果表明:本法可消除复杂基体的干扰,简便快速,准确可靠,灵敏度高,回收率在86.4%～97.3%之间,检出限为0.1mg/kg。     

上海市大气PM2.5中羰基化合物的研究

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)作为衍生化试剂,高效液相色谱/紫外检测法(HPLC/UV)定量检测上海市大气PM2.5中单羰基和二羰基化合物,共检测出5种单羰基化合物和2种二羰基化合物(乙二醛和甲基乙二醛).单羰基化合物中浓度最高的是甲醛和乙醛,其年平均浓度分别为(1579.47±672.81)ng/m3和(572.02±470.58)ng/m3;二羰基化合物乙二醛和甲基乙二醛的年平均浓度分别为(63.74±54.27)ng/m3和(97.28±39.62)ng/m3.研究发现上海市大气PM2.5中一些羰基化合物具有明显的日变化和季节变化规律:日变化表现为早晚高峰,而季节性变化单羰基化合物是冬天>夏天,二羰基化合物则是夏季>冬季.此外,PM2.5中羰基化合物的浓度还与温度、湿度、质量浓度具有一定的关系.     

环境空气中醛酮类化合物的测定

样品中的醛酮类化合物与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)反应生成稳定的腙类衍生物,乙腈洗脱,高效液相色谱分析。丙烯醛和丙酮能较好的分离,精密度、准确度、灵敏度都很高,适合室内、室外及车内空气样品的测定。     

土壤中多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素特征及其对污染源示踪意义

分析了天津市不同功能区土壤中多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素组成特征、土壤中菲、甲基菲、荧葸和芘的δ^13C值范围分别为-29．5‰～-23．2‰、-39．8‰～-23．4‰、-27．2％～-23．6‰和-28．1‰～-22．6‰,不同功能区稳定碳同位素组成的差异反映了PAHs来源的差异．稳定碳同位素组成特征表明,在研究区内,化石燃料燃烧产物的干-湿沉降是土壤PAHs的最主要来源之一,其它可能的来源有污水携带的油污、农作物茎杆及薪柴不完全燃烧产物等．就具体地点而言,土壤PAHs以二元混合输入为主,据此,运用稳定碳同位素组成的二元复合数值模型对不同来源PAHs的相对贡献率进行了估算     

西安周边河流溶解无机碳浓度及同位素组成初探

通过分析西安周边4条主要河流(浐河、灞河、涝河、黑河)的溶解无机碳(DIC)浓度和碳同位素组成,初步探讨了西安周边主要河流溶解无机碳(DIC)的浓度变化及碳源.结果表明西安周边主要河流DIC浓度的变化范围为0.34～5.66mmol.L-1,平均为1.23 mmol.L-1,自源头到下游,DIC浓度呈现升高趋势.4条河流δ13CDIC值的变化范围在-13.3‰～-7.2‰之间,平均值约为-10.1‰,4条河流整体表现为δ13CDIC值在源头偏负(平均值约为-12.6‰),中下游农耕区δ13CDIC值偏正(平均值约为-9.4‰),靠近入渭河河口的城市区δ13CDIC表现为偏负值(平均值为-10.5‰).DIC浓度与河流DIC碳同位素组成的变化规律揭示了河流溶解无机碳来源的变化,土壤CO2的输入可能是源头水体DIC的主要来源;中下游农耕区河水δ13CDIC值偏正是由于农业区农作物存在C4植被(如:玉米),使得农业区土壤CO2和土壤碳酸盐具有偏正的碳同位素组成,进而导致河流水体具有偏正的δ13CDIC值;靠近河口处具有较低δ13C值,污水的大量输入可能导致河水δ13CDIC表现为偏负.结果表明西安周边河流溶解无机碳浓度和同位素组成变化大致指示了河流从源头到下游过程中DIC的可能来源,可为黄土高原小流域河流无机碳来源示踪研究提供参考.     

南京地区大气PM2.5潜在污染源硫碳同位素组成特征

基于南京地区大气PM_(2.5)潜在污染源,采用EA-IRMS技术分别测定了样品中硫碳同位素组成,并分析不同污染源之间的关联性.结果表明,南京地区煤炭烟灰δ~(34)S值范围为1.8‰~3.7‰,δ~(13)C值范围为-25.50‰~-23.57‰;机动车尾气δ~(34)S值范围为4.6‰~9.7‰,δ~(13)C值范围为-26.32‰~-23.57‰;生物质烟灰δ~(34)S值范围为5.2‰~9.9‰,δ~(13)C值范围为-19.30‰~-30.42‰;扬尘δ~(13)C值为-13.45‰.南京地区煤炭烟灰颗粒物的硫同位素较轻,扬尘的碳同位素较重.对比国内外不同污染源δ~(34)S与δ~(13)C值,南京地区大气PM_(2.5)中的潜在污染源的δ~(34)S与δ~(13)C具有明显的区域性.因此,潜在污染源的δ~(34)S、δ~(13)C值可为南京地区大气PM_(2.5)的源解析提供同位素组成源谱支持.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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