厨余垃圾干湿压榨分离-水热炭化技术工程应用研究

以厨余垃圾干湿压榨分离-水热炭化技术的工程应用为研究对象,评估工程的运行效能,分析单位厨余垃圾处理的能耗情况,核算厨余垃圾处理成本。结果表明:该厨余垃圾处理工程日均处理量为115.32 t/d,厨余垃圾平均减量化率达到60.31%。厨余垃圾经干湿压榨分离-水热炭化处理得到的产物为干垃圾和水热炭,含水量分别为68.41%和35.92%,低位热值分别为5029.61 J/g和14424.80 J/g,与未处理的厨余垃圾相比,其燃烧性能大幅提升。厨余垃圾处理的单位能耗为46.26 kW·h/t,其中压榨处理环节的能耗只占总能耗的10.54%,水热炭化处理环节能耗占比最高,达到了72.14%。每吨厨余垃圾的处理成本为386.56元,水热炭化处理的成本占总成本的41.69%。该工程有效地实现了厨余垃圾的减量化与资源化,处理产物在制备垃圾衍生燃料、吸附材料、生物碳基肥料以及土壤改良剂方面具有很好的应用前景,为城市厨余垃圾处理工程建设提供提供了可靠的设计参考与技术支撑。     

污泥水热炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性

为了制备价廉高效的吸附材料,采用污水厂污泥为原料,以水热碳化法（hydrothermal carbonization,HTC）在不同温度（160、190、220和250℃）和不同反应时间（1、4、8和16 h）的条件下,制备出污泥水热炭（hydrochar）并应用于水中亚甲基蓝（methylene blue,MB）的吸附.通过BET、FT-IR和零电荷点等表征手段分析了水热炭的结构和理化性质,并结合批次实验、等温吸附和吸附动力学研究了水热炭对MB的吸附特性.结果表明,在190℃和4 h条件下制备的污泥吸附剂（SS190-4）,其比表面积最大（11.916 m²·g^-1）,对亚甲基蓝（MB）的去除率高达96.44%.当溶液pH趋于碱性时更有利于污泥水热炭对MB的吸附,水热炭投加浓度为0.5 g·L^-1时较为经济合理,当溶液中有共存离子时会抑制水热炭对MB的吸附能力.水热炭对MB的吸附更符合Langmuir等温方程,R²在0.966~0.988之间,在50℃下,水热炭对MB的最大模型吸附量为400 mg·g^-1.其吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,是自发的放热反应.     

城市污泥和浒苔共水热碳化参数响应面优化

日益增多的城市污泥对环境造成了严重的危害,传统处理处置方法在实现无害化和资源化方面仍存在各种挑战。水热碳化技术被认为一种有效处理处置城市污泥的方式,但由于污泥的低碳、高灰特性,限制了水热炭作为燃料的应用。利用高碳、低灰的浒苔和污泥进行共水热碳化有利于解决这一问题。开展了不同水热反应条件下(温度160～280℃,时间30～150 min,污泥占比0～100%)污泥和浒苔的共水热碳化实验,探究了过程参数对于能量回收效率和电能消耗指数的影响规律,并利用响应面法对3个主要因素(温度、时间、污泥占比)进行了优化设计。结果表明,利用Central Composite Design设计建立的响应面模型,拟合程度良好(模型P<0.05,相应的失拟项P>0.05),预测值和实际值偏差较小。污泥占比对于能量回收效率有显著影响(P<0.05),时间是对于电能消耗指数影响极其显著的因素(P<0.000 1),温度对于电能消耗指数的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05)。通过数学模型的优化,得出了达到最佳能量回收效率(0.470)和最低电能消耗(165.61)的最佳条件,分别是反应温度2...     

麦秸水热炭及其改良产物对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响

水热炭的酸性特性及材料吸附性质为其稻田回用及氨挥发损失控制提供了可能.为实现农业废弃物的资源化利用和稻田环境损失控制,本研究以小麦秸秆为原材料,通过土柱模拟试验,考察了麦秸水热炭（WHC）及其水洗改良产物（W-WHC）对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响.结果表明,麦秸水热炭及其改良产物稻田回用能够增加水稻产量,低量添加（0.5%）的增产效应高于高量添加（1.5%）处理.低量添加下,WHC和W-WHC处理的水稻产量分别较对照处理（CKU）增加17.16%和20.20%.结果同时表明,除W-WHC低量添加处理的氨挥发损失量与对照相当,水热炭及其改良产物添加均能够减少稻田氨挥发损失.其中,WHC低量添加和W-WHC高量添加处理的稻田氨挥发损失显著低于CKU处理,NH₃挥发累积排放量分别减少31.01%和17.40%.阶段氨挥发损失结果分析表明,水热炭添加对稻田氨挥发损失的控制效应主要集中在蘖肥期和穗肥期,水热炭添加后蘖肥期田面水氮素浓度的变化和穗肥期田面水pH的改变是秸秆水热炭添加后稻田氨挥发控制的主要驱动因素.结果说明,适宜用量下小麦秸秆碳化还田可以在提高作物产量的同时减少稻田氨挥发损失,是一种适于农业副产物资源化利用的良好方式.     

催化剂在生物质水热碳化过程中的应用研究进展

在追求废弃物资源化利用的过程中,生物质转化技术受到广泛关注。水热碳化法目前被认为是将高含水率生物质转化为生物炭的最有效技术之一,其与传统的热解炭相比,获得的水热炭具有灰分低、热值高、比表面积大、吸附能力强等特点。然而,生物质原料的差异需要更高的能耗优化,以此提高水热炭产率和性能。添加催化剂可以克服这一问题,对提高原料的反应速率及水热炭热稳定性具有重要意义,但少有文献归纳总结催化剂在生物质水热碳化过程中的应用。将催化剂分为盐类、酸类、金属氧化物、沸石和组合催化5种类型,探讨添加催化剂对水热炭产率和理化性质的影响,分析各类催化剂的催化反应机理,总结其在水热碳化中的催化特点,并讨论了催化剂在生物质水热碳化中未来重点研究方向。     

废弃物基水热炭改良对水稻产量及氮素吸收的影响

生物炭农田回用是实现农林废弃物资源化利用和碳封存的有效手段.近年来,水热碳化技术由于在炭产率、能耗及生产过程中的烟气排放等方面显著优于常规热解碳化技术而受到关注.为实现农林废弃物的资源化利用,明确水热炭农田应用对作物生产力的影响,本研究通过原状土柱模拟试验和表征分析,研究了4种不同类型改良水热炭对两种典型土壤的水稻产量和氮素吸收的影响及可能的驱动因素.结果表明,锯末水热炭和秸秆水热炭经物理或生物改良后,在两种类型土壤上均能够增加水稻产量和氮素吸收,减少氮素损失,且其效应不受水热炭添加量影响（5‰,15‰;质量分数）.与对照相比,水热炭添加处理的产量和氮素吸收量分别提高9.2%~20.7%和7.7%~17.0%.高C/N比的锯末水热炭更有利于高肥力土壤水稻氮素吸收量的增加;而低肥力土壤由于限制性因子较多,受水热炭类型的影响较小.通过对水热炭的表征分析发现,其表面养分元素丰富;水洗或生物改良后其表面孔隙结构有较大改善,C元素相对含量明显降低,N和O元素相对含量明显增加,这对养分的固持/供应可能产生影响.因此,水热炭改良后孔隙结构的改变和N、O元素含量的增加可能是其施用后水稻产量和氮素吸收增加的关键驱动因素.结果说明,水热碳化材料改良后应用农田可以在实现农林废弃物资源化利用的同时,提高作物生产力,减少农田氮素环境损失.     

水热炭化温度对稻秆燃料特性影响的研究

采用水热炭化法对稻秆进行预处理,用ICP-OES和元素分析的方法对固相产物(生物炭)的燃料特性进行表征。结果表明:相对于未处理的稻秆,150℃所得的生物炭中氮与硫元素含量分别降低了34%和33%,且生物炭的能量密度随反应温度的上升而升高,250℃所得的生物炭具有最高热值(21.14 MJ/kg)和最低的H/C(0.09)与O/C(0.76)。另外水热炭化可以有效去除稻秆中的主要成灰金属元素,100℃所得的生物炭中钠、钾、镁、钙和铁5种金属元素的去除率均可高达80%以上。同时,水热炭化处理能够明显减轻稻秆燃烧过程中存在的积灰和结渣现象,250℃时所得生物炭的结渣与积灰指数分别降至0.19和3.69。     

改性城市污泥水热炭对铜和镉的吸附实验

水热碳化作为废弃生物质资源化利用的新兴工艺技术,可弥补我国城市污泥资源化处理方式的不足。实验研究了反应温度和时间对污泥水热产物性质的影响,并探究了水热炭通过KOH改性后对溶液重金属的吸附性能。结果表明:提高温度和延长时间有利于提升水热炭稳定程度与吸附性能;综合考量吸附效果与制备成本,确定水热碳化反应温度220℃和反应时间1 h为最佳反应条件;水热炭活化后对溶液中铜和镉的吸附性能良好,饱和吸附量分别达到49. 89,52. 04 mg/g,吸附过程可用Lagergren伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir/Freundlich吸附等温模型进行较好地拟合。     

降解和压缩作用下城市生活垃圾的持水量变化

在自制的城市生活垃圾降解-压缩-渗流仪中开展了5组持水量试验,分别研究不同温度和逐级递增应力条件下新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间的变化,新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量随应力的变化.试验结果表明：在恒定应力条件下,新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间呈指数下降,即MRC=a-b（1-exp（-ct^d））;在应力10kPa和室温（0～27℃）条件下,持水量下降较慢（c=0.003,d=1.18）;在应力10kPa和恒温（40±3℃）条件下,持水量下降较快（c=0.173,d=0.601）;应力从50kPa逐级递增至100kPa、200kPa和400kPa后,持水量分别瞬时下降3.0%、2.3%和1.9%;新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量均随应力的对数呈线性下降,即MRC=m-n×lg（σ）;当应力从10kPa增大至400kPa时,新鲜高厨余、基本降解和新鲜无厨余垃圾的持水量分别从63.0%、46.5%和37.9%下降至46.0%、35.3%和30.4%.通过对比分析国内外持水量试验结果,揭示了在相同应力条件下新鲜垃圾持水量随厨余含量的增加而增大、不同组分老垃圾持水量基本相同的规律.分析了生化降解和应力压缩对新鲜高厨余垃圾持水量的影响机理,并提出了增大新鲜高厨余垃圾脱水速率和脱水量的工程建议.     

水热炭减少稻田氨挥发损失的效果与机制

作为生物质水热碳化的产物,水热炭因其丰富的孔隙结构和官能团等良好的表面特性,在稻田氨(NH_3)挥发减排方面有着良好的应用前景.本研究将水热炭作为一种土壤调理剂施加到稻田土壤中,通过水稻全生育期土柱试验,考察其对稻田氨挥发的影响.试验通过设置3个处理:CKU(不施加水热炭对照)、SHC(锯末水热炭)和W-SHC(水洗锯末水热炭),研究了不同水热炭对田面水pH、田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发排放通量和累积量及单位产量氨挥发排放累积量的影响.其中水热炭和水洗水热炭施加量为0. 5%(质量分数).结果表明,SHC处理显著降低了NH_3挥发累积排放量和单位产量NH_3挥发累积排放量(P 0. 05),相比CKU分别减少了32. 42%和47. 61%. W-SHC处理氨挥发减排效果稍弱,NH_3挥发累积排放量和单位产量NH_3挥发累积排放量相比CKU分别减少了10. 14%和27. 71%.氨挥发减排可能与水热炭的施用导致的田面水pH变化和NH_4~+-N浓度的降低有关.与CKU相比,SHC和W-SHC处理均降低了田面水pH和NH_4~+-N浓度,且在水稻基肥期(BF)和蘖肥期(SF1)影响较明显.土壤脲酶活性受到水热炭施加的显著抑制(P 0. 05),同时土壤氨氧化基因(AOA和AOB)丰度也显著增加(P 0. 05),导致土壤氨氧化作用增强,这对于田面水NH_4~+-N浓度有削减作用.本研究将为实现稻田氨挥发减排背景下的水热炭农业环境应用提供理论和数据支持.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.