城市街道机动车污染扩散模型研究动态

城市道路机动车排放污染扩散的研究主要有2个方面：城市尺度的街道交通大气污染扩散研究和微尺度的街道峡谷大气污染扩散研究，重点介绍国外城市街道峡谷的机动车污染扩散的3种主要研究方向；实地测量法、物理风洞实验和数值模拟法的现状与进展。     

城市建筑密集区污染物铅垂方向扩散数值模拟

采用ADMS系列大气扩散模型对城市建筑密集区大气污染物铅垂方向扩散规律进行数值模拟研究。模拟前,以现场实测结果对模型进行验证。模拟中,采用ADMS-Urban扩散模型获取模拟计算结果、采用ADMS-Industrial扩散模型绘制相应的风场图。在特定的气象参数组合下,通过对敏感建筑各层不同高度处NMHC贡献浓度的模拟计算,得出相关规律,以此提出对应的管理和控制措施,研究方法及研究成果对其他建筑密集的城市区域的大气污染扩散研究具有一定借鉴和推广价值。     

延安路机动车排气污染物扩散街道峡谷扩散模式

根据上海市延安路车辆行驶工况和路旁建筑物特征,基于流体动力学理论,对延安路典型路段的大气污染扩散情况建立了城市街道峡谷扩散模型,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行的模拟和分析。对上海市的街道形状与汽车排放污染扩散情况进行讨论。     

WRF-Fluent耦合模式的构建及其对城市大气扩散的精细化模拟

为了准确刻画城市环境中的复杂建筑结构对大气运动和污染物输送及扩散过程的影响,结合中尺度模式WRF和微尺度模式Fluent构建了单向耦合的WRF-Fluent模式,并将其应用于榆中县城区高架源排放情景下大气扩散的模拟研究.基于城市气象/示踪外场试验期间获取的气象数据对WRF模式的模拟性能进行验证,发现WRF能够为Fluent提供比较准确的随时间变化的气象驱动场.在此基础上,将榆中县城区三维几何模型嵌入到WRF-Fluent中,对城区内的流场及污染烟羽的时空演变过程进行精细化模拟,并将模拟结果与实测示踪物浓度数据进行比对.结果显示,WRF-Fluent模式可以很好地描述城区内的复杂三维风场结构以及污染烟羽随时间的动态变化特征,而且模拟的地面和城市冠层顶浓度最大值基本位于观测值的0.3~3倍之内,这表明构建的WRF-Fluent模式具有较好的模拟性能,可作为一种有效的工具应用于实际城市规划和空气质量改善以及环境风险评估等方面的研究.     

建筑扰动条件下大气流动与扩散的CFD模拟

用FLUENT模式对中性大气、单个建筑的气流扰动情况进行模拟,并以风洞试验数据检验模拟效果;将模拟方法应用于类似城市建筑阵列条件的大气污染扩散问题,并且与现场示踪试验比较. 结果表明:FLUENT对建筑扰动条件的平均风场模拟效果良好,FAC2(模拟值与试验值之比在0.5~2之间的比例)在水平与垂直风速下分别达到77.9%与61.0%;对湍流特征量的模拟偏差稍大,K(湍流动能)虽总体偏小,但FAC2仍达到了54.6%. 选择湍流闭合的标准K-ε(ε为湍流动能耗散率)方案、重整化群K-ε方案和雷诺应力模型方案对结果的影响均不大. 采用FLUENT模拟了类似城市街区建筑阵列条件的大气扩散个例, 模拟结果反映了建筑扰动导致的扩散烟流轴线相对于平均风向的非常规偏移,并且扩散浓度与示踪试验结果相符较好,下风向32与63m处的侧向模拟浓度峰值的相对误差分别为72.5%与36.9%. 相比于高斯模式ISC3,FLUENT对复杂建筑阵列条件的扩散模拟结果更符合实际,如污染物向上风向扩散以及在建筑物周围堆积与绕流的现象. FLUENT扩散模拟还显示:近源处相邻建筑街道峡谷中的最大浓度沿下风向“阶跃”式减小,排放源所在街道峡谷中的最大浓度可比相邻街谷中的高几倍甚至1个数量级以上.      

城市街道峡谷气流和污染物分布的数值模拟

应用计算流体力学(CFD)软件中的FLUENT软件模拟了典型城市街道峡谷中的气流和污染物分布状况.建立的模型包括不同形状的建筑物所构成的街道峡谷和存在高架桥的街道峡谷.研究结果表明:①不同形状的建筑物改变了街道峡谷内的风和湍流分布,从而对街道峡谷内污染物的分布产生很大的影响,在几何比例相同的街道峡谷里,建筑物外形越趋向于流线型,街道峡谷里污染物的地面浓度越小;②高架桥对街道峡谷内污染物浓度的影响取决于高架桥相对于街道峡谷的高度和宽度,高度越高、宽度越窄的高架桥其地面污染物的浓度越低;③ FLUENT软件对街道峡谷大气环境的模拟结果基本合理,可用于研究城市大气环境问题.      

环境空气动力学

X169200601255街道峡谷中及上方反应性污染物扩散和传输的研究:大漩涡模拟=Astudyofthedispersionandtrans portofreactivepollutantsinandabovestreetcanyons-alargeeddysimulation[刊,英]/JacobBuker…∥At mos.Environ..-2004,38(39).-6883～6892国图X169200601256城市街道峡谷中大气污染扩散的测量和三维模拟=Measurementsandthree-dimensionalmodelingof airpollutantdispersioninanurbanstreetcanyon[刊,英]/M.Y.Tsai…∥Atmos.Environ..-2004,38(35).-5911～5924国图X169200601257模拟街道峡谷中苯浓度的简易半经验方法=A simp…     

高架桥对街道峡谷内大气颗粒物输运的影响

随着我国城市汽车保有量的迅速攀升,城市中心区域的空气质量与生态环境急剧恶化.利用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,研究了3种H/W(街道建筑物高度/峡谷宽度)下高架桥对街道峡谷内颗粒物扩散的影响.建立了街道峡谷内机动车尾气中颗粒物扩散模型,并给出了边界条件.采用标准k-ε模型与离散相模型对街道峡谷内部气流运动、颗粒物扩散及浓度分布进行了模拟计算,并计算了高架桥对风场及颗粒物扩散的影响.结果表明:H/W越大,街道峡谷内颗粒物浓度越高,同时颗粒物平均滞留时间越长.相对于没有高架桥的街道峡谷,高架桥附近区域风场变化明显,但对建筑物墙壁、地面及峡谷顶层处影响较小.街道峡谷内存在高架桥时,在墙壁较低处颗粒物浓度增加.      

环境空气动力学

X169 200501312 街道峡谷中汽车排放的CO气体扩散特性的数值模拟/陈朗…(北京理工大学爆炸灾害预防、控制国家重点实验室)//安全与环境学报/北京理工大学.-2004,4(4).-70-73 环图X-142 为了研究平行街道中汽车排放的污染气体扩散特性,本文采用RaNG k-ε湍流模型和污染气体扩散方程对几种不同结构的平行街道进行了二维数值模拟,得到厂峡谷内的流场和质量浓度场分布。结果表明,与单个街道峡谷相比,平行街道内污染气体扩散特性有很大不同,通过增加街道单侧建筑物的高度,可使污染气体容易扩散,减少污染气体在峡谷巾的聚集。图9参8 X169 200501313 基于高斯线源模式的主要尾气扩散模型综述/王文…(北京交通大学交通运输学院)//交通环保/     

环境科学基础理论 环境空气动力学

X169200700743城市街道峡谷气流和污染物分布的数值模拟/蒋德海(南京大学大气科学系)…∥环境科学研究/中国环科院.-2006,19(3).-7~12环图X-6应用计算流体力学(CFD)软件中的FLUENT软件模拟了典型城市街道峡谷中的气流和污染物分布状况.建立的模型包括不同形状的建筑物所构成的街道峡谷和存在高架桥的街道峡谷.研究结果表明:①不同形状的建筑物改变了街道峡谷内的风和湍流分布,从而对街道峡谷内污染物的分布产生很大的影响,在几何比例相同的街道峡谷里,建筑物外形越趋向于流线型,街道峡谷里污染物的地面浓度越小;②高架桥对街道峡谷内污…     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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