吡嘧磺隆在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解和残留

建立了水稻(糙米、稻壳和植株)、土壤和田水中吡嘧磺隆的残留分析方法.待测样品通过二氯甲烷或二氯甲烷/丙酮(1∶1,V/V)提取,C18固相萃取小柱净化后,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定吡嘧磺隆的含量,并研究了2010—2011年北京、安徽和海南等3地水稻、土壤和田水中吡嘧磺隆的消解动态和残留行为.实验结果表明,对水稻、土壤和田水的添加回收率均在73%—103%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%,在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤、田水中的吡嘧磺隆最低检测浓度(LOQ)为0.005 mg.kg-1,符合残留试验要求.消解和残留试验结果表明,吡嘧磺隆在田水和土壤中的消解符合一级动力学,半衰期分别为5.29—6.42 d和4.99—6.42 d.秧苗期施药,收获时水稻和土壤中均未检出吡嘧磺隆的残留.     

苯达嗪丙酯在土壤和小麦中的田间残留试验

建立了土壤和小麦种子、茎杆中苯达嗪丙酯的残留分析方法.研究了高剂量施药条件下土壤中的消解动态,并测定了土壤、小麦种子和茎杆中的最终残留.苯达嗪丙酯的最低检出限为10ng,在土壤和小麦中的最低检出浓度为0.05mg·kg-1.方法的平均添加回收率为88.7%—103.3%,变异系数为4.3%—16.4%.苯达嗪丙酯的消解动态试验表明:高剂量施药条件下苯达嗪丙酯在土壤中的半衰期分别为2.5d(北京)和3.1d(石家庄);当按推荐剂量施药时,小麦收获前10d,在土壤、小麦种子和茎杆中,北京和石家庄两地均未检出苯达嗪丙酯.     

吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在水稻中的残留分析

本文建立了混合除草剂吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在水稻上的残留分析方法,并研究了其在水稻中的消解动态和最终残留.样品经乙腈超声提取、二氯甲烷液-液分配和Pesticarb/NH2SPE净化后,通过HPLC-UVD检测.该方法对水稻植株、糙米、稻壳和土壤中的吡嘧磺隆最小检出量(LOD)为2.0×10-10g;田水中的吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺最小检出量(LOD)为1.0×10-10g.该方法对水稻植株、糙米、稻壳和土壤中的苯噻酰草胺最小检出量(LOD)为2.0×10-10g.试验结果显示,8%吡嘧·苯噻酰颗粒剂施药量分别为675 g(a.i.)·ha-1(其中吡嘧磺隆为42.2 g(a.i.)·ha-1)和1012.5 g(a.i.)·ha-1(其中吡嘧磺隆为63.3 g(a.i.)·ha-1),施药1次,2010年北京施药后120 d,安徽施药后92 d,湖南施药后70 d收获期糙米、植株、土壤和稻壳中吡嘧磺隆的残留量均低于0.01 mg·kg-1.     

异丙隆在土壤和小麦中的降解与残留

在扬州和聊城两地进行了除草剂异丙隆在小麦上和麦田土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量试验，结果表明，异丙隆在小麦植株和土壤中消解较快，消解半衰期分别３－４ｄ和８－１４ｄ；收获时小麦籽粒中异丙隆残留量小于０．０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。推荐暂定异丙隆在小麦上ＭＲＬ值为０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。２５％异丙性可湿性粉剂，按７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２用量，在次年早春使用，籽粒中异丙隆最终残留量不会超过ＭＲＬ值，对小麦是安全的。     

异丙隆在土壤和小麦中的降解与残留

在扬州和聊城两地进行了除草剂异丙隆在小麦上和麦田土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量试验，结果表明，异丙隆在小麦植株和土壤中消解较快，消解半衰期分别为３～４ｄ和８～１４ｄ；收获时小麦籽粒中异丙隆残留量小于０．０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。推荐暂定异丙隆在小麦上ＭＲＩＬ值为０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。２５％异丙隆可湿性粉剂，按７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２用量，在次年早春（２月）使用，籽粒中异丙隆最终残留量不会超过ＭＲＬ值，对小麦是安全的。     

噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中残留的方法.本方法甜瓜中噻苯隆的平均回收率为90.2%—107.3%,变异系数为3.5%—12.9%;土壤中噻苯隆的平均回收率为81.4%—94.0%,变异系数为3.1%—8.8%.采用田间试验研究了噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中的残留动态.结果表明,河南和山东,噻苯隆在甜瓜中的消解半衰期为0.7—1.2d,土壤中的消解半衰期为4.1—7.6d.在甜瓜上使用0.1%的噻苯隆可湿性粉剂,按照最高推荐剂量和最高推荐剂量的1.5倍,施药一次,收获期距最后一次施药35d,噻苯隆在甜瓜和土壤中最终残留量均小于0.001mg.kg-1.说明噻苯隆为低残留,易降解农药.     

单嘧磺隆正辛醇-水分配系数的测定

本文建立了水中微量单嘧磺隆的测定方法 ,方法的平均添加回收率为 97 6%—1 0 1 93%,变异系数为 0 47%— 3 96%,单嘧磺隆的最小检出量为 2× 1 0 - 9g ,最小检出浓度为 0 0 2 μg·ml- 1 .摇瓶法对单嘧磺隆正辛醇 水分配系数的测定结果表明 ,单嘧磺隆在二次蒸馏水和pH 7 0缓冲液中的Kow分别为 3 90± 0 1 4和 2 1 9± 0 1 4 ,lgKow分别为 0 5 9± 0 0 3和 0 34± 0 0 6,在双蒸水中的测定结果与EPIWIN程序的预测结果一致     

新型除草剂硝磺草酮在玉米和土壤中的残留及降解行为

利用高效液相色谱及田间试验方法,建立了硝磺草酮在土壤、玉米和植株中残留分析方法,研究了硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的消解动态规律以及玉米中的最终残留状况.研究结果表明,在0.1—2.0 mg.kg-1质量浓度范围内,硝磺草酮的仪器响应值与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数达到0.999以上.通过外标法定量(0.01—0.5 mg.kg-1),硝磺草酮在土壤、玉米和植株中的添加回收率分别达到75.10%—97.74%、80.08%—107.43%、86.49%—103.38%,其变异系数分别为4.01%—10.42%、3.44%—9.05%和3.06%—6.97%,在土壤、玉米和植株中硝磺草酮最低检出浓度均为0.001 mg.kg-1,该方法的灵敏度和回收率均可满足农药残留分析要求.在天津和南京开展的两年两地田间试验结果表明,硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学反应模型,硝磺草酮在土壤和植株中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.51—3.83 d和2.97—3.07 d.按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量在玉米上喷施10%硝磺草酮1次,在收获前20 d和收获时采集玉米样品,硝磺草酮最终残留量均低于方法最低检出浓度0.001 mg.kg-1.     

甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在模拟环境中的降解特性

甲酰氨基嘧磺隆是一种新型磺酰脲类除草剂,其在环境中的归趋备受关注.采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在不同土壤中的降解性、水解和光解特性.结果表明,甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在光照强度4000 lx,紫外强度25μW·cm~(-2)的人工光源氙灯条件下,甲酰氨基嘧磺隆的光解半衰期为1.72 h,易光解.25℃时,pH4、pH7和pH9条件下水解半衰期分别为4.17、91.2、97.6 d,50℃时的水解半衰期分别为1 d、4.75 d和14.5 d,温度和p H值对水解速率具有较大影响.甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为10.8、16.6、31.5 d,该药在酸性土壤中降解较快,影响其在土壤中降解速率的主要因素为土壤pH值.     

普杀特在大豆上的残留动态

报道了普杀符在山东、黑龙江两地的残留试验情况。找出了其在土壤中的消解规律，得出其在土壤中的半衰期为８－９ｄ，施药后距收获期间隔天数为９５～１１７ｄ，收获时在大豆、豆秸和土壤中的最终残留量均为未检出。认为普杀特在大豆地正常使用是安全的。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.