武汉地铁二号线名都站深基坑施工期变形监测与分析

地铁车站深基坑监测对于保证基坑的正常施工与周围建筑物的安全具有重要意义。武汉地铁2号线名都站深基坑周边环境极其复杂,在距离基坑10 m的一侧分布有一幢30层高层建筑,另一侧有人员密集的学生公寓楼,结合其监测方案和监测数据,分析了基坑深部水平位移、周边重要建筑物及管线的沉降以及坑内钢支撑的轴力变化情况,并以此为依据对深基坑变形规律进行了研究,结果表明采用深基础形式的高层建筑物比采用浅基础的低矮建筑物能更好地抵抗沉降变形,但高层建筑物对基坑中上部的挤压作用不容忽视。     

基于复杂网络理论的地铁深基坑施工事故致因研究

为构建地铁深基坑复杂系统事故致因网络层次结构模型,根据地铁深基坑施工的特点,分析出地铁深基坑施工的复杂性,找出影响地铁深基坑施工事故的43个因素;通过专家打分,借助复杂网络理论,并运用DEMATEL方法构建了地铁深基坑施工事故致因网络模型,归纳出地铁深基坑事故的基础因素层、中间致因层和近邻事故层,提取了导致地铁深基坑事故的关键致因因素,并分析了地铁深基坑施工致因因素之间的相互关系与重要性;提出相应的建议与措施,对于改善地铁深基坑施工安全水平、降低深基坑施工安全事故具有重要意义。     

武汉地铁2号线矿山法施工区间隧道风险分析及其控制

地铁隧道因地质条件及周边环境的复杂性、不确定性等特点,施工风险较高。本文根据武汉地铁2号线一期工程沿线遭遇的各类不良地质问题,结合工程地质及水文地质条件和周边环境特点,辨识出武汉地铁2号线一期工程矿山法施工区间隧道主要的风险事件并进行了风险分析;同时采用R=P×C的风险定级方法,定量得到各风险事件的风险等级;并根据风险评估的结果,对风险较高的事件提出了具体的风险控制措施,从而确保了工程的顺利进行。该研究可为其他类似工程提供参考。     

地铁盾构隧道施工引起的地表变形特征研究

结合郑州地铁1号线西三环站至秦岭路站地铁区间隧道盾构施工的实际,通过现场监测和数值模拟计算对盾构隧道施工引起的地表变形特征进行了研究。主要研究了地表横向变形和纵向变形规律,从而确定了盾构隧道掘进对横向变形的影响范围,并结合郑州区域性粉土地层的特点,运用有限差分软件FLAC3D建立了地铁盾构施工的三维有限差分模型,对盾构施工引起地表变形发展过程进行了数值模拟计算,从而得出了一些有意义的结论。该研究对确保地铁隧道施工的安全具有重要的意义。     

深基坑多层承压含水层中混合井降水技术优化研究

对于多层承压含水层中的深基坑工程而言,水文地质条件复杂,基坑施工常因隔水层厚度不足或水力坡降过大导致坑底突涌,盲目地进行坑内降水又会造成基坑渗流场突变、基坑内外水位差过大等问题。因此,地下水的有效控制成为基坑开挖成败的关键。以某深基坑降水工程为实例,通过理论计算并结合数值模拟研究了不同承压非完整井的相关参数,包括滤管数量、位置和长度,揭示了相关参数对减压降水效果的影响,优化了隔、降组合降水措施。结果表明:采用混合井双滤管复合结构深井时降水成效显著,且第一、二承压含水层上、下分层滤管长度比接近1∶1时达到最优值,此时理论计算结果与数值模拟结果的相对误差最小,仅为6.81%,故对处于多层承压含水层等复杂水文地质条件下的深基坑工程可结合实际地层结构借鉴混合井分层滤管长度最优比值进行降水设计。     

基于突变级数法的地铁盾构施工安全风险评价

为使地铁盾构施工安全风险评价更科学、合理,在实践的基础上,首先将地铁盾构施工风险划分为工程本体风险、周边环境风险、施工人员作业安全风险、自然风险4大类;然后结合实际工程的特性,采用德尔菲法进行风险结构分解,并对风险部位与风险因素进行耦合分析,构建出地铁盾构施工安全风险评价指标体系;最后以南昌地铁4号线礼庄山站—西站南广场站区间盾构施工为例,将突变级数法应用于该地铁盾构施工安全风险等级评价。结果表明:该项目的工程本体风险、周边环境风险、自然风险为一般风险等级,施工人员作业安全风险为可接受风险等级,并梳理出该项目的主要风险因素。项目实施及监测数据结果表明,该评价方法有效可信,在地铁盾构施工安全风险评价中具有适用性。     

佛山地铁2号线石梁站碗扣式模板支架施工安全性分析与评价

以佛山地铁2号线石梁站碗扣式模板支架工程为研究对象,运用SAP 2000软件分析石梁站、碗扣式模板支架整体稳定承载力,并建立基于不同搭设参数的石梁站、碗扣式模板支架有限元模型;将有限元模拟分析方法与定性分析方法相结合,从模板支架构造体系、材料质量、施工技术和施工现场管理四个方面,建立石梁站碗扣式模板支架施工安全评价指标体系;运用基于结构熵权法的灰色综合评价方法对石梁站碗扣式模板支架施工的安全性进行综合评估,并分析各指标对其安全水平的影响程度大小,得出佛山地铁2号线石梁站碗扣式模板支架施工的安全水平处于合格位置。     

武汉地铁区间隧道地表沉降规律探讨

本文通过对武汉地铁2号线区间隧道地表变形进行连续监测和监测数据的分析,得到了该工程条件下隧道地表沉降的变化规律,并采用有限元数值模拟方法对隧道开挖引起的地表沉降量进行了计算,其结果与监测数据吻合较好,验证了数值模拟方法所得到的地表沉降变化规律的准确性.该研究可为类似工程及地表变形的监控量测工作提供借鉴和指导.     

武汉某深基坑工程变形数值模拟与现场监测的对比分析

为保证深基坑工程的稳定性和安全性,掌握深基坑支护结构及土体的变形规律尤为重要。以武汉某深基坑工程为研究背景,利用MIDAS/GTS三维有限元软件对基坑开挖过程中三种工况下基坑支护桩水平位移、基坑土体水平位移及基坑外地表土体沉降变形特征进行了数值模拟,并与现场实际监测数据进行了对比分析。结果表明:随着基坑开挖深度的增加,基坑支护桩水平位移、基坑土体水平位移、基坑外地表土体沉降量越来越大,需要在施工过程中注意及时处理;模拟曲线与现场实际监测曲线的形状和变形趋势基本吻合,验证了数值模拟结果的合理性,对类似基坑工程的设计和施工具有一定的参考价值。     

北京地铁14号线将用“史上最大盾构机”

专为北京地铁14号线15标段隧道施工而量身打造的国内最大的地铁用盾构机在秦皇岛正式下线，这标志着我目地铁施工技术实现重大突破。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.