聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂对污泥的脱水性能

研究了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂(PDMDAAC-PFS)对活性污泥的脱水性能,考察了投加量、配比和PDMDAAC的特性粘数等对污泥比阻降低和滤液浊度与COD去除的影响,并与PFS、PDMDAAC、PFS与PD-MDAAC联用(分开加入)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPF130)和KHYC型絮凝剂的脱水效果进行了比较.结果表明,PDMDAAC-PFS对污泥比阻的降低和滤液浊度与COD的去除效果最好,但产生絮团的大小和强度比CPF130差,而其中PDMDAAC和PFS的用量分别比单独使用PDMDAAC和PFS减少了一半以上;PDMDAAC与PFS复配,增加了絮凝剂分子聚集体体积,利于在污泥粒子群间吸附架桥.     

混凝好氧颗粒污泥的絮凝剂选择

为选择出适应于混凝好氧颗粒污泥培养的絮凝剂,通过絮凝剂添加量、污泥浓度、搅拌速度、搅拌时间等因子进行L9(3)4正交实验,以COD、浊度去除效果及絮凝颗粒结构为考察因子,研究聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)及壳聚糖的絮凝效果。结果表明,在不同絮凝剂的最佳混凝条件下,PAM的效果最好,壳聚糖次之,PAC最差,但壳聚糖COD随其添加浓度的增加而增加;絮凝颗粒结构中,以PAM的絮凝颗粒效果最好,其结构紧溱而颗粒中间的空隙相对较大,有利于吸附污染物和微生物的生长,适宜作为颗粒污泥培养的絮凝剂。     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂对污泥的脱水性能

研究了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵．聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂（PDMDAAC-PFS）对活性污泥的脱水性能，考察了投加量、配比和PDMDAAC的特性粘数等对污泥比阻降低和滤液浊度与COD去除的影响，并与PFS、PDMDAAC、PFS与PD-MDAAC联用（分开加入）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺（CPF130）和KHYC型絮凝剂的脱水效果进行了比较。结果表明，PDMDAAC-PFS对污泥比阻的降低和滤液浊度与COD的去除效果最好，但产生絮团的大小和强度比CPF130差，而其中PDMDAAC和PFS的用量分别比单独使用PDMDAAC和PFS减少了一半以上；PDMDAAC与PFS复配，增加了絮凝剂分子聚集体体积，利于在污泥粒子群间吸附架桥。     

黑臭底泥处理余水的强化絮凝脱氮

针对黑臭水体疏浚余水氮素难去除问题,在聚合氯化铝(poly aluminum chloride,PAC)为絮凝剂、聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)为助凝剂的基础上,采用新型共价键型絮凝剂(hybrid covalent coagulant,HCC)强化疏浚余水絮凝脱氮过程,并通过超磁分离技术进行固液分离,实现氮素的快速与高效脱除。在优化的复合絮凝剂投加量条件下,该强化絮凝过程可达到氨氮的完全脱除和总氮80%的去除率。动力学研究结果表明,在较短的15min絮凝操作时间内,即可达到较好的氮素去除效果。当初始pH为7.0时,絮凝分散体系具有较低的Zeta电位值,利于有效降低水体浊度。FTIR图谱验证了羟基参与的氨氮絮凝反应,表明NH_3~+为氨氮被絮凝剂絮凝后的主要存在形式。     

二级絮凝-活性炭处理实验室无机废水的效果

采用两级絮凝-活性炭吸附法处理实验室无机废水,研究了该方法对重金属、硫化物、挥发酚、苯胺和浊度等的处理效果。结果表明,在絮凝温度、搅拌、曝气及污水pH值调节范围一定的情况下,硫酸亚铁(FeSO4.7H2O)与聚合氯化铝(PAC)结合的二级絮凝方法能有效地降低污水中的重金属和硫化物等污染物。二级絮凝处理中,使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)对一级絮凝中去除效果不好的Cr6+的去除效果显著,去除率达到90%以上;活性炭对苯胺和硫化物的去除效果最佳,去除率都在90%以上。同时,该方法还有效降低了废水的浊度和色度。因此,是一种快速、低成本和工艺简单的处理实验室废水的有效途径。     

应用加载磁混凝处理微污染河水

实验对比考察了常规混凝和加载磁混凝工艺对微污染河水中COD、浊度和TP等污染物的去除效果,系统研究了混凝剂用量、磁种加载量、搅拌条件和药剂投加顺序等因素对加载磁混凝效果的影响。实验结果表明,加载磁种后沉淀颗粒的体积平均粒径为从常规混凝工艺的50.1μm显著增加到68.6μm;污染物去除效果明显优于常规混凝工艺,尤其对浊度和总磷的去除效果得到了显著的提升;在实验最优条件下COD、浊度和TP的去除率分别达到54.17%、99.28%和75.82%;并且加载磁种后可减少50%以上的混凝剂投加量,同时大大缩短沉淀时间。     

气动絮凝强化处理城镇污染河水

为减轻水体污染,缓解环境压力,对典型城镇污染河水进行气动絮凝实验研究。在设定的实验条件下,以某大学中水站格栅后生活污水稀释配制的水样来模拟典型城镇污染河水并作为实验研究对象,以无机高分子聚合物聚合氯化铁铝(PFAC)为絮凝剂,有机高分子聚合物聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为助凝剂。在此基础上,以浊度、COD、总磷和溶解氧为测定指标,采用连续流的方式进行一系列实验研究。实验结果显示:采用微孔曝气头进行曝气,当混合阶段充气量及絮凝池第一格、第二格充气量分别为1.778 m3空气/m3处理污水量、1.444 m3空气/m3处理污水量和0.622 m3空气/m3处理污水量时,城镇污染河水中污染物的去除效果最佳。其浊度、COD、TP的去除率可分别达93.6%、68.6%和73.5%。此外,在处理效果良好的前提下,沉淀池出水口出水溶解氧含量均能保持在2.29 mg/L左右。     

酸化-复合絮凝法预处理煤化工废水

煤化工废水是一种高浓度难降解的化工废水,需要进行预处理以降低后续深度处理的负荷。在煤化工废水过滤和酸化沉降的基础上,分别选取聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)和明矾(KA1(SO4)2·12H2O)3种絮凝剂对酸化处理后的煤化工废水进行絮凝沉淀实验并比较其处理效果,从而选出最佳絮凝剂PFS,并用PFS配合助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作复合絮凝剂处理煤化工废水;同时探讨了其他两种絮凝剂分别和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复配的效果。研究表明:过滤后废水在p H=3时达到最佳酸化条件;在p H=8时采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)以50∶1质量比复配效果最好,废水COD去除率达到最大77.83%;氨氮、挥发酚和色度也明显降低,其去除率分别达到83.70%、69.01%和95.71%。该最佳预处理方案成本低、操作简单,是一种预处理煤化工废水经济有效的途径。     

化学生物絮凝与化学絮凝工艺处理城市污水--加药量对污染物去除效果的影响

化学生物絮凝工艺是利用将化学和生物协同絮凝作用处理污水的强化一级新工艺.试验通过在不同加药量情况下化学生物絮凝和化学絮凝工艺的中试试验对比研究,得出在相同加药量条件下,化学生物絮凝污染物去除效率均优于化学絮凝工艺10%～20%.在70 mg/L液体聚合氯化铝铁复配0.5 mg/L PAM的加药条件下,化学生物絮凝工艺经过30 min的水力停留时间,在进水CODCr为100～260 mg/L,TP为2～4 mg/L,SS为80～150 mg/L,NH3-N为10～25 mg/L条件下,出水CODCr、TP、SS、NH3-N满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放二级标准.     

搅拌速率和时间对强化混凝去除微污染水中镍(Ⅱ)及有机物的影响

采用静态实验考察了投加高铁酸钾强化混凝的效果,通过控制不同的絮凝搅拌速率、絮凝时间及原水浊度来强化镍(Ⅱ)和有机物的去除。结果表明,絮凝搅拌速度和时间、原水浊度是影响镍(Ⅱ)和有机物的去除效果的重要因素。原水镍(Ⅱ)质量浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、TOC为10 mg·L~(-1),在一级絮凝搅拌速率为200 r·min~(-1)、时间为2 min,二级絮凝搅拌速率为40 r·min~(-1)、时间为10 min,原水浊度为36.7 NTU时,出水剩余镍为0.018 mg·L~(-1),去除率达到98.2%,TOC去除率为58.8%,浊度去除率为73.8%。出水可满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求。高铁酸钾强化混凝可作为给水厂应对镍污染的一种有效处理措施。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.