新疆博尔塔拉河流域平原区地表水与地下水水化学特征及转化关系

博尔塔拉河流域地质条件复杂,地表水与地下水转化频繁,研究地表水与地下水水化学特征及转化关系对流域水资源合理开发和配置具有重要意义.基于2021年4～5月采集的15组地表水样和39组地下水样,采用APCS/MLR模型和稳定氢氧同位素与水化学相结合的方法,分析了地表水和地下水水化学类型和氢氧同位素分布特征、水化学组分源贡献...     

天津河水和地下水主要离子特征及成因分析

文章对天津地区主要河流及地下水体进行了系统研究,通过对其水化学特征的分析,以期探讨其水体组成及成因。研究结果表明:(1)天津地区水体的优势阳离子为Na+,阴离子地表水以Cl-和SO42-占主导,地下水以Cl-和HCO3-为主。地表水随河流流向直至入海水体呈现为由HCO3-Na(Ca)型过渡为Cl(SO4)-Na型直至演化为Cl-Na型;地下水体随径流方向(从北至南),呈现为由HCO3-Ca型向Cl-Na型水演化。水体的离子组成和水化学特征均呈现出显著的水平地带分布特征。(2)蒸发-浓缩和岩石风化是天津地区水化学类型的主导因素,且沿径流方向呈现为岩石风化向蒸发-浓缩机制的转换。(3)影响天津河水水化学成分的基岩主要为硅酸盐岩,地下水主要受碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的影响。此外,海水入侵以及离子交换对水体的水化学组成和特征也有重要作用。     

云南省地表水水化学特征及成因

对云南省主要河流、湖泊、水库等地表水的水化学特征及其分布规律进行了分析,简要分析了基本成因和影响因素.     

疏勒河上游地表水水化学主离子特征及其控制因素

在系统收集了疏勒河流域上游河水、地下水、降水和冰雪融水水样的基础上,综合运用描述性统计、Gibbs图和Piper阴阳离子三角图等方法,对疏勒河上游地表水中主离子组成特征及其控制因素进行了分析.结果表明,流域内不同水体(大气降水、河水和地下水)之间的主离子组成以及水化学类型差异显著.河水TDS的变化范围为51.7~432.3 mg·L-1,平均值为177.7 mg·L-1;河水中阳离子Ca2+、Mg2+的百分比为45%和31%,优势阴离子为HCO-3,占阴离子总量的75%,河水的水化学类型主要为HCO-3-Ca2+-Mg2+型;河水中主离子浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间,并且十分接近地下水浓度,说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给;地表水样品的水化学组成落在Gibbs分布模型的中翼偏左端,表明研究区的水化学离子组成受到岩石风化作用和蒸发结晶作用的共同影响,且岩石风化作用对水化学离子组成的影响更加显著.     

雅鲁藏布江流域水化学时空变化及其控制因素

为研究雅鲁藏布江全流域水化学特征及其控制因素,2016年先后采集雅鲁藏布江干流及其支流丰、平、枯三个水期水样212个,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了全流域河水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,河水中阳离子均以Ca²⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺为主;阴离子以HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-为主;TDS平均值为204.51mg/L,矿化度较低;水化学类型以HCO₃·SO₄（SO₄·HCO₃）-Ca·Mg（Mg·Ca）型水为主;雅鲁藏布江主干河流内的主要离子含量变化存在波动且季节性变化显著.空间上,河水中绝大多数离子遵循着先增大后减少的趋势;水化学样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;主成分分析及相关分析表明雅鲁藏布江流域水化学组分受人为影响作用控制,方解石、白云岩的风化及硫酸溶解也起到非常重要的作用.流域三个水期的重金属元素的含量绝大多数能满足地表水I类水体的要求.     

珠江源区小黄泥河流域地表水水化学组成特征及控制因素

为研究小黄泥河流域地表水水化学组成特征及离子来源,服务小黄泥河流域水资源管理,系统采集了小黄泥河干流及支流河水和矿坑水样品,综合利用Piper三线图、Gibbs图解、离子比例系数和数理统计等方法,分析了小黄泥河河水的水化学组成、空间分布特征和主要控制因素,并评估了不同来源对溶质的贡献率.结果表明,小黄泥河流域河水pH值...     

藏东多曲河流域锶富集水化学特征及控制因素

分析高原河流地表水中锶(Sr)富集的水化学特征及其影响因素,有助于指导水资源的合理开发利用和生态环境保护.以金沙江多曲河流域地表水为例,采集地表水样品23组,综合利用相关分析、主成分分析、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析该区地表水中Sr²⁺富集的水化学特征及控制因素,识别主要离子的物质来源.结果表明,多曲河流域地表水阳离子主要以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主.该流域水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,其次为HCO₃-Ca·Mg型.主成分分析揭示了影响多曲河水质演化的3个主成分因子,碳酸盐岩风化溶解是控制多曲河水化学组成的主要因素.ρ(Sr²⁺)超过0.40 mg·L^-1的富Sr水点占样品总量的30.43%.区内分布的闪长岩及花岗岩为多曲河流域Sr²⁺富集提供了物质基础.Sr²⁺与Ca²⁺相关性较高,二者存在伴生...     

泾河支流地表水地下水的水化学特征及其控制因素

为研究泾河支流(黑河流域)的水化学特征及其控制因素,2014~2015年先后采集枯水期及汛期地表水和地下水的水样242个,综合运用Piper三线图、相关性分析和Gibbs图等方法,分析了黑河流域水化学特征,并探讨了黑河流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,研究区水体均呈弱碱性,2014年枯水期地表水和地下水阳离子以Na+为主,分别约占阳离子总量的56%和58%;阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,分别约占地表水和地下水阴离子总量的33%和39%;其它3个时期主要地表水和地下水组成阴阳离子均以HCO_3~-和Na~+为主,约占阴离子和阳离子总量的44%~46%和42%~56%.枯水期地表水TDS在上中游波动较大,汛期地表水和地下水的TDS由上游到下游沿河道逐渐增加.由枯水期到汛期,地表水的水化学类型由Na-Mg-Cl-SO4型转变为Ca-Mg-HCO3型,地下水由Mg-Cl-SO_4型转变为Ca-Na-HCO_3型.水化学样品点大部分分布在Gibbs图左中上部,说明流域水化学离子形成主要受岩石风化和蒸发-浓缩作用的影响,而人类活动对水化学的影响在枯水期较汛期更显著.     

保山市地表水水化学特征分析

根据保山市37个水质监测站的实测资料,分析了保山市地表水水化学基本特征及时空分布规律,得出了保山市地表水各级矿化度、总硬度和各类水化学类型分布情况及所占比例,分别对市内三大干流地表水水化学特征进行了分析,并对成果的合理性进行了讨论。     

保山市地表水水化学特征分析

根据保山市37个水质监测站的实测资料,分析了保山市地表水水化学基本特征及时空分布规律,得出了保山市地袁水各级矿化度、总硬度和各类水化学类型分布情况及所占比例,分别对市内三大干流地表水水化学特征进行了分析,并对成果的合理性进行了讨论。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.