苦咸水脱盐的纳滤技术的研究

着重考察纳滤装置对苦咸水中Cl-、Mg2+、Ca2+的去除作用以及影响纳滤膜工作的因素。结果表明:(1)0.60MPa为纳滤膜最佳的操作压力;(2)温度对产水通量和离子去除率有很大影响,宜控制在20℃;(3)纳滤膜运行周期为12h,影响纳滤膜产水通量的主要因素是苦咸水中的部分离子结垢;(4)纳滤膜对苦咸水中的Ca2+的去除率为90%,Mg2+的去除率为78%,Cl-的去除率为44%,可见纳滤膜对不同价态离子的去除效果不同,对二价和高价离子的去除率明显高于一价离子;(5)纳滤膜的酸洗效果远好于碱洗,同时酸洗可去除膜表面的无机盐离子且不会破坏纳滤膜的产水性能。     

血液的成分

血液是人和动物体内不可缺少的重要组成部分，血液中有那些成分呢。血液的组成大体为：第一是血球，约占45％，包括红血球、白血球、血小板，其中红血球大概占45％中的40％，红血球含有14％的血红素（Hb），     

变化的常数

有些东西亘古不变，物理学家将它们称之为自然常数。这些量，如光速C，牛顿的万有引力常数G和电子质量me，被认为在宇宙的任何时间、任何地点都是恒定不变的。它们构成了建立物理学理论的支柱，它们定义了宇宙的结构。物理学在不断对其值作更精确测量的过程中得以进步。     

蒽的高效降解菌的固定化小球的制备及其降解特性

旨在利用固定化高效降解菌小球去除水中蒽,充分发挥累托石的吸附和生物降解的协同作用,以累托石、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)作为固定化载体材料,硼酸和氯化钙作为交联剂,将蒽的高效降解菌包埋制备固定化微生物小球.考察了累托石用量、PVA投加量、海藻酸钠用量、氯化钙用量、微生物包埋量和交联时间等因素对微生物小球活性的影响,通过正交实验确定了微生物小球的最佳制备条件.结果表明,制备固定化微生物小球的最佳条件为:累托石2.5%,PVA 12%,SA 0.3%,CaCl24%,交联时间28 h,微生物包埋量10%.对40 mgJ/L的蒽溶液,游离微生物在50 h后开始发挥明显的降解作用,经过68 h蒽的去除率达到35.65%;而固定化微生物小球经过9 h即可使蒽的去除率达到81.8%,23 h后葸的去除率可达100%.固定化微生物小球对水中蒽的去除机理与吸附-降解工艺的机理类似,即固定化微生物小球类似于一个一体化的微型反应器,经过迟滞期后,在该反应器内同时发生吸附和降解作用.     

废水的硝化作用

硝化作用是废水生物脱氮中的关键。本文介绍了硝化作用的生化反应、硝化细菌的类群、硝化反应动力学和影响硝化作用的主要环境因子：溶解氧、ｐＨ、温度和毒物。     

废旧电路板制备的酚醛树脂的研究

废旧电路板中的树脂与碳酸钙共同加热,获得气体、固体和热解油3种热解产物.以电路板的热解油为原料、以热解过程中产生的氨气为催化剂,可以合成醇溶性热解油酚醛树脂,经分析测试表明,其组成、结构和固化特征与常规工业生产的氨催化酚醛树脂的性能相近,主要性能指标:粘度、游离酚浓度和胶合强度等均可达到醇溶性酚醛树脂产品的质量要求.     

增强的UV-B辐射对陆地生态系统的影响

本文根据最近的文献,回顾了ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射对陆地生态系统的影响。ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射影响植物物候、形态和次生代谢,从而改变生态系统的物种结构、竞争性平衡、食物链、植物病原体、物质循环、真菌移殖与叶片分解。植物物候、形态和次生代谢的变化是ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射调控影响生态系统的重要途径,具有重要的生态学意义。虽然我们已经适当了解了ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射对植物作用的机理,但由于温室内植物个体水平的短期响应与野外条件下生态系统的长期响应具有明显的差异,到目前为止还不能预测ＵＶ－ Ｂ辐射影响生态系统的精确后果,有时甚至连变化方向也不能预测。因此,必须强调生态系统对ＵＶ－ Ｂ 辐射长期响应的野外研究的重要性。     

奇异的放射性

X射线只是19世纪90年代才第一次让人惊喜地发现，之后，在科学界引起更大反响的奇异射线也被发现了。法国物理学家享利·贝可勒尔认为：荧光可能产生X射线，于是他将采集到的荧光化合物用黑纸包好，放到摄影底片上，再放到室外，期望阳光的照射，能使它们发出荧光，产生能够穿过纸张，并把底片染黑的X射线。     

建立完善的环境工程导向和监督机制的思考

分析了目前环境工程建设中存在的问题，提出了建立完善有效的环境工程导向和监督机制思路和对策。     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death,age, and season

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM) of median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO2; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O3; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO2 (daily maximum concentration for O3, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM10 and SO2. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O3. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death,Age, and Season

Abstract

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 μg/m³ particulate matter (PM) of median diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO₂; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O₃; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO₂ (daily maximum concentration for O₃, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM₁₀ and SO₂. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O₃. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验，研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM；当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时，污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％；且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段，污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大，但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大，当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后，反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时，建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型，其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Experimental and statistical validation of SPME-GC-MS analysis of phenol and chlorophenols in raw and treated water

A procedure based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated in order to analyse 10 phenols in water samples. The optimised conditions were obtained using polyacrylate fibre (PA), 20ml of sample volume, 10% NaCl, pH 4.0 and direct extraction at 35 degrees C and 1000rpm, for 40min. The linear range and quantification limits for these compounds by SPME-GC-MS were defined. An evaluation of the main uncertainty sources of this method is included, which allows expanded uncertainties in the 9.4-35% range for the majority of the compounds. The main source of uncertainty is associated with matrix effects. The validated method is suitable for monitoring the production and distribution of potable water and was used, in field trials, for the analysis of samples from main intakes of water (surface or underground) and from water supply system of a large area (Lisbon and neighbour municipalities).     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.