城市河道底泥的固化处理及机理探讨

针对城市河道底泥的资源化利用问题,开展底泥固化处理作为填筑土的研究。研究表明,单独使用水泥作为固化剂,底泥固化强度随着水泥添加量增加而增强;当部分水泥被高炉矿渣替代时,早期固化底泥的强度降低,但随着固化时间延长,强度有明显提高;当添加少量石灰时固化底泥的强度显著增加。在试验范围内,用5%水泥,20%高炉矿渣和5%石灰(与底泥的质量比)作为固化剂,养护90 d后固化底泥强度达到最大,无侧限抗压强度和内聚力分别达3.3 MPa和224 KPa,可满足填筑土要求。对固化底泥的重金属浸出毒性进行了分析,表明掺入固化剂对底泥中重金属浸出起到一定的抑制和固定作用,固化底泥的重金属浸出浓度,远低于我国危废标准限值。利用SEM、XRD及EDS分析手段,观测固化底泥的微观结构,结果显示:固化底泥中水化硅酸钙CSH(Ca O·Si O2·n H2O)和水化铝酸钙CAH(Ca O·Al2O3·n H2O)等,随固化时间延长而显著增加,表明CSH和CAH等水合物形成,有利于固化强度提高。     

污泥生物炭对矿区河道受污染疏浚底泥中重金属的固化效果

为研究污泥生物炭对矿区河道受污染的疏浚底泥中Cu、Pb和Cd的固化效果,以市政污泥为原料在500℃缺氧条件下制备污泥生物炭,结合扫描电镜、FTIR和XPS等表征手段,分析污泥生物炭投加比对疏浚底泥中3种重金属形态分布和固化效果的影响。结果表明：污泥生物炭的投加可提高疏浚底泥中重金属的稳定化形态,投加比为1.0%时,疏浚底泥中Cu、Pb和Cd稳定态(可氧化态和残渣态)占比分别提高了37.7%、42.9%和42.4%。污泥生物炭主要通过络合反应和沉淀作用固化重金属,经污泥生物碳固化后,底泥中Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度分别由处理前的0.8763,0.0574,0.0185 mg/L降低到0.2527,0.0106,0.0013 mg/L,浸出浓度低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅲ类标准限制,处理后的疏浚底泥可进行资源化利用,基本不会产生重金属二次溶出的风险。     

有机-无机复合固化剂合成及重金属污染底泥固化研究

疏浚重金属污染底泥由于具有含水率高、强度低等特性,无法直接作为工程材料应用,并且会对环境造成污染。设计合成了一种丙烯酸-苯乙烯磺酸共聚物(AA-SSS),并与水泥和纳米水化硅酸钙(早强剂)混合,开发了一种有机-无机复合固化剂。探究了有机-无机复合固化剂对底泥固化抗压强度和重金属离子稳定化的影响,并分析了其机理。结果表明：有机-无机复合固化剂对底泥固化强度增强效果显著,在10%水泥、1%AA-SSS、2%早强剂添加量下,底泥固化1 d的抗压强度为0.85 MPa,相比未加固化剂,提高了467%。在该条件下,底泥中的Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺、Cr³⁺的浸出浓度分别从7.05,8.32,4.40,7.12 mg/L降至2.68,2.61,0.68,2.05 mg/L,经固化稳定化后底泥酸浸出液中重金属浓度均低于危险废物鉴别标准值。水泥水化产物加强了淤泥颗粒之间的胶结,并包裹固定金属离子,同时AA-SSS和纳米水化硅酸钙可以分散和促进水泥水化,并通过静电作用和吸附作用固定金属离子。研究表明有机-无机复合...     

河道底泥重金属污染模块化异位治理工程实例研究

该项工程主要处理山东省某河道约5.94 km范围内的中、重度重金属污染底泥,处理规模约145 000 m~3,施工顺序包括河道工程疏浚、淋洗筛分、脱水减容、稳定固化、尾水处理、底泥处置六部分内容。工程完成后,目标河段底泥中重金属含量满足《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)二级标准,工程排放尾水中重金属浓度满足《山东省半岛流域水污染物综合排放标准》(DB37/676-2007)一级标准。该工程的成功实施为河道水质安全提供了有力保障。     

DTCR协同水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥的研究

采用二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTCR)为添加剂协同水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥,以抗压强度和颗粒固化体(粒径￡9.5mm)浸出毒性为指标确定水泥和DTCR的最优配比.通过酸雨条件(pH 3)下对颗粒固化体和整个固化体的浸出试验来评价固化/稳定化的效果.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和环境扫描电镜(ESEM)分析了固化/稳定化机理.结果表明,固化/稳定化的最优配比为水泥掺入量为50%(干底泥),DTCR掺入量为2%(干底泥).其固化体7d抗压强度为1.03MPa,颗粒固化体中重金属Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd的浸出浓度分别为0.105,4.65,0.232,0.123mg/L,能够达到安全填埋要求.酸雨条件下(pH 3)对颗粒固化体和整个固化体浸出研究表明,水泥、DTCR固化/稳定化底泥效果更好;XRD和ESEM分析表明,固化/稳定化的机理主要是水泥在水化反应时,能够形成水化产物Ca(OH)2、水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)和钙矾石(AFt),将重金属废物包容,并逐步硬化形成具有一定强度的水泥固化体.     

河道疏浚底泥资源化再利用的研究进展

城市河道建设或整治过程中都会产生大量疏浚底泥,由于河道疏浚底泥的特殊性质,如何开发其剩余价值,实现废弃物的资源化再利用成为该行业的研究热点。本文对近年来河道疏浚底泥的资源化再利用方法进行总结与分析,并对该领域未来的发展方向提出了建议。     

LMB8菌株产微生物絮凝剂用于河道疏浚底泥快速脱水的研究

河道疏浚会产生大量疏浚底泥,其水分含量很高,不利于处理和二次利用。而将微生物絮凝剂用于河道疏浚底泥快速脱水,具有高效、无毒、无二次污染的特点。对菌株LMB8进行产絮凝剂优化培养后,将其所产微生物絮凝剂用于河道疏浚底泥快速脱水。实验结果表明,当底泥泥浆(含水率为93%)体积为100 m L,p H值为9,助凝剂Ca Cl2溶液投加量为5 m L,LMB8菌株发酵液的最适投加量为3 m L时,LMB8菌株产絮凝剂对河道疏浚底泥泥浆的絮凝率最高可达83.1%。LMB8菌株所产絮凝性物质中含有多糖,不含有蛋白质,具有热稳定性。LMB8菌体本身则不具有絮凝性,其有效絮凝性物质是该菌体在发酵过程中产生的胞外分泌物。     

基于生态修复的河湖环保清淤关键问题研究

在当前水环境综合治理中,底泥清淤疏浚是清除湖泊和河道内源污染、减少污染物释放的重要措施之一。该文基于环保清淤的基本概念,分析了环保清淤与传统工程疏浚的区别,并介绍了环保清淤在中国的发展现状和存在的问题。从底泥调研与分析评估、清淤深度控制、清淤方式及清淤设备选择、底泥脱水与固化、尾水处理与排放标准控制和底泥资源化方式等方面对环保清淤的关键问题进行了深入讨论分析。研究结果可为城市湖泊水质修复和黑臭水体治理工程环保清淤方案的比选设计提供一定借鉴和参考。     

河湖疏浚底泥处理处置与资源化利用技术进展及展望

河湖环保疏浚处理工程会产生大量的疏浚底泥,底泥中含有氮磷营养盐、重金属、有机物等多种环境污染物,若不予以合理的处理处置,将对生态环境造成严重的二次污染。系统介绍了河湖疏浚底泥的化学组成特征,综述了河湖疏浚底泥调理、脱水、固化、稳定化、异位修复等常规处理方法的优缺点和适用性,总结了现有的河湖疏浚底泥资源化利用途径,并针对污染河湖疏浚底泥处理处置技术研究现状及存在的问题,从生态风险评估、新型处理技术发展和绿色资源化利用产业、质量基准和技术规范构建等方面展望了河湖疏浚底泥处理的后续重点研究方向。     

疏浚底泥改良土壤理化性质促进芦苇快速定植研究

采用盆栽实验考察了湖泊疏浚底泥和河道疏浚底泥不同利用方式下对土壤基底性质的改良进而促进水生植物芦苇快速定植扩繁效果.试验结果表明,湖泊底泥在竹炭改良利用方式下(L-A实验组)可提高芦苇单位面积分蘖数增长率,最高可达(3.06±0.36) m~(-2)·d~(-1),在与绿化土壤混合利用方式下(L-M实验组)可提高芦苇株高,最高达(155.5±0.7) cm;而河道底泥在与绿化土壤混合利用方式下(R-M实验组)芦苇的单位面积分蘖数增长率和株高效果最优,分别可达(4.76±0.18) m~(-2)·d~(-1)和(139.5±3.5) cm.分析原因发现,施加底泥可以明显降低土壤容重,并提高有机质和磷含量,从而促进芦苇分蘖数增长率的提高.基底微生物群落多样性和群落中Micrococcaceae(微球菌)的丰度也显著提高,进一步证实了施加底泥可以改良基底理化性质从而促进芦苇快速定植.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.