催化臭氧氧化法处理甲醛废水

用异丙醇钛盐表面改性法制备TiO2／SiO2催化剂，对甲醛废水进行催化臭氧氧化处理。通过比表面积的BET测定法、X射线衍射和拉曼光谱等分析方法对TiO2／SiO2催化剂进行了表征，考察了TiO2／SiO2催化剂加入量、臭氧流量及溶液pH等因素对甲醛催化臭氧氧化效果的影响。实验结果表明，在SiO2表面，TiO2微晶粒子以锐钛矿型高度分散；在甲醛质量浓度700mg／L、COD1000mg／L、TiO2／SiO2催化剂加入量2．0g、臭氧流量2．5mg／min、溶液pH8．5的条件下，催化臭氧氧化反应30min后，甲醛质量浓度由700mg／L降至39mg／L，COD去除率认到87．5％．     

负载MnO2陶瓷膜催化臭氧氧化处理石化污水反渗透浓水

采用陶瓷膜催化臭氧氧化技术处理石化污水反渗透浓水.考察了MnO2/Al2O3陶瓷膜和Al2O3陶瓷膜对臭氧分解率、羟基自由基浓度以及水中有机物处理效果的影响.实验结果表明:MnO2/Al2O3陶瓷膜能够显著提高臭氧分解率,生成的羟基自由基浓度相比单独臭氧体系提高了21.2％;在臭氧投加量为50 mg/L时,MnO2/A...     

活性炭负载铈催化剂的制备及其催化性能

采用浸渍法以活性炭(AC)为载体负载CeO2制备了Ce/AC催化剂,考察了AC材质和Ce负载量(Ce与AC的质量比,下同)对Ce/AC催化剂催化臭氧氧化邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)效果的影响.实验结果表明,以椰壳AC为载体的催化剂催化性能好,Ce的最佳负载量为0.2%.Ce/AC催化剂催化臭氧氧化DMP 60 min后,DMP去除率达99%,TOC去除率达68%;Ce/AC催化剂催化臭氧氧化对氯苯甲酸(P-CBA)60 min后,P-CBA去除率达94%,TOC去除率达64%,均明显好于以AC为催化剂催化臭氧氧化和单独臭氧氧化效果.吸附动态实验结果表明,Ce/AC催化剂具有较好的稳定性,反应780 min后DMP去除率稳定在71%左右.     

CeO_2/三维石墨烯催化臭氧氧化降解刚果红

采用原位氧化还原法制备了三维石墨烯负载型CeO_2催化剂(CeO_2/3D GN),采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、比表面积和零电荷点测定等方法对其进行了表征,并考察了CeO_2/3D GN非均相催化臭氧氧化降解水中刚果红染料的影响因素。表征结果显示:CeO_2/3D GN具有相互连通的三维网络结构;CeO_2纳米颗粒均匀地分散在石墨烯片层中;比表面积为190.89 m~2/g;零电荷点pH_(zpc)为7.36。实验结果表明:CeO_2/3D GN非均相催化臭氧氧化体系比单独臭氧氧化体系对刚果红溶液的脱色率提高了60.56百分点;连续5次重复利用CeO_2/3D GN,刚果红溶液脱色率为96.50%~98.00%;在臭氧流量为20 mg/min、催化剂投加量为1.5 g/L、初始溶液pH为7.00的最佳工艺条件下反应15 min,刚果红溶液脱色率可高达94.65%。     

负载型催化剂催化氧化处理H酸废水

采用浸渍法制备了负载型Fe2O3 / SiO2 催化剂,将其用于催化氧化法处理高浓度H 酸模拟废水,考察了催化剂制备条件对催化剂活性和稳定性的影响.实验结果表明,适宜的催化剂制备条件为:硝酸铁溶液浓度1.1 mol / L,焙烧时间6 h,焙烧温度600 C.以H2O2 作为氧化剂,采用适宜工艺条件下制备的催化剂催化氧...     

活性炭催化臭氧氧化水中诺氟沙星

以椰壳基活性炭为催化剂,采用催化臭氧氧化工艺降解诺氟沙星(NF),优化了工艺条件,评价了催化活性,并对反应机理进行了探讨。实验结果表明:活性炭催化臭氧氧化工艺的优化条件为臭氧通量80 mg/h、初始NF质量浓度15.0 mg/L、反应温度25℃、初始NF溶液p H 5.0;在该优化条件下反应60 min时,TOC去除率达51.5%,较单独臭氧氧化的32.5%和单独活性炭吸附的11.5%有明显改善;在活性炭催化臭氧氧化工艺中臭氧氧化与活性炭吸附之间存在一定的协同作用,活性炭具有较好的催化活性;活性炭催化臭氧氧化工艺对NF的去除主要是基于臭氧的直接氧化作用。     

催化臭氧氧化技术及其应用

催化臭氧氧化技术作为一种绿色、环保、高效的高级氧化技术被广泛应用于难生物降解废水的深度处理。本文介绍了非均相催化臭氧氧化技术的原理;分析了反应体系pH、载体种类、活性金属种类和负载量、臭氧投加量及反应时间等因素对催化臭氧氧化效果的影响;对比了臭氧和催化臭氧氧化技术对不同废水的处理效果;总结了近年来国内催化臭氧氧化技术的实际应用情况。指出：影响催化臭氧氧化技术工业应用的主要问题是臭氧产生效率和催化剂的催化效率。     

催化臭氧氧化—生物活性炭吸附组合工艺处理反渗透浓水

采用催化臭氧氧化—生物活性炭吸附组合工艺处理反渗透(RO)浓水,比较了4种催化剂催化臭氧氧化的性能,优化了初始RO浓水pH、臭氧氧化时间、生物活性炭柱空床停留时间(EBRT)等工艺条件。实验结果表明:以WP-01为催化剂催化臭氧氧化RO浓水时无需调节废水pH;臭氧氧化反应5 min时RO浓水的BOD5/COD达0.28,可生化性得到显著改善;WP-01催化剂重复使用30次其催化活性没有明显下降;生物活性炭吸附单元的EBRT控制在30 min左右,可确保出水COD稳定在50 mg/L以下,符合GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准;催化臭氧单元处理每吨RO浓水的电费约为1.22元。     

制备条件对CoOx-TiO_2催化臭氧性能的影响研究

讨论了不同钴离子掺杂比例和不同焙烧温度对Co Ox-Ti O2催化臭氧降解草酸性能的影响,并通过X射线衍射对不同条件下制备的催化剂进行了晶型的分析对比。通过实验可知,钴离子的掺杂有效提高了催化臭氧降解草酸的性能,最佳的Co/Ti摩尔掺杂比例为1/30。随着制备温度的升高,Co Ox-Ti O2催化剂的Ti O2晶型由锐钛矿相向金红石相过渡,焙烧温度为500℃时制备的混合晶型催化剂具有最好的催化效果。通过X射线荧光光谱分析和X射线光电子能谱分析的表征分析,钴元素较多分布在催化剂的表面,以Co Ti O3的形态存在;催化剂的钛元素有Ti3+和Ti4+两种价态,分别占28.33%和71.67%。     

纳米α-MnO2催化臭氧氧化降解水中双酚A

采用水热法制备了纳米α-MnO₂催化剂,并通过XRD和SEM技术对催化剂的成分和形貌进行了表征。采用纳米α-MnO₂催化剂催化臭氧氧化降解水中的双酚A（BPA）,考察了初始溶液pH、催化剂加入量和反应温度对BPA去除率的影响。实验结果表明,纳米α-MnO₂催化剂催化臭氧氧化降解BPA的最佳工艺条件为：催化剂加入量100 mg/L,初始溶液pH 8.5,反应温度18 ℃。在此最佳条件下处理质量浓度为10 μg/mL的BPA溶液120 min,BPA去除率为96.4%。回收洗涤后第二次使用的催化剂的BPA去除率为80.5%,第三次使用的催化剂的BPA去除率为74.1%,催化剂的活性随重复使用次数的增加而缓慢降低,活性较稳定。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.