环境水中全氟羧酸及全氟磺酸类化合物(PFCs)的分析

本文采用Agilent 641O LC/MS/MS液相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱建立了水中全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)、全氟癸酸(PFDA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、全氟十二烷酸(PFDoA)等五种全氟羧酸及磺酸类化合物在环境水中残留基测定的高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法,样品前处理采用Agilent SampliQ OPT固相萃取小柱进行浓缩净化,回收率＞50%,五种化合物的线性均大于0.997,对环境水样品的检测灵敏度可达0.2 pg·ml-1.     

长江三峡库区江水和武汉地区地面水中PFOS和PFOA污染现状调查

为了弄清我国重要水系长江三峡库区水中的全氟有机物污染现状,从重庆上游至宜昌的不同江段和武汉地区采集江水样品,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱/质谱仪联机系统选择离子法(HPLC/MS-SIM,PFOSm/z=499,PFOAm/z=413),测定了水样品中的PFOS和PFOA含量。调查结果表明,长江三峡库区江水和武汉地区地面水中均广泛存在着PFOS和PFOA污染。个别地区水样品中PFOS含量大于10ng·L-1,PFOA含量甚至高达111ng·L-1和298ng·L-1。这些结果提示,该水系局部地区可能存在着PFOS或PFOA污染源。     

山东省典型湿地水体和沉积物中全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的污染特征

全氟辛烷羧酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)广泛存在于全球范围内的各种环境介质中,是全氟化合物中最典型的持久性有机污染物.为考察山东省典型湿地中PFOA和PFOS的浓度水平与空间分布特征,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱与WAX固相萃取相结合的方法,检测并系统分析了南四湖流域和东部沿海地区水和沉积物体系中PFOA和PFOS含量状况.研究结果表明,PFOA和PFOS在研究区域全部水样中均被检测出,浓度范围分别为10.49—84.6 ng·L~(-1)和0.49—25.4 ng·L~(-1);其中南四湖流域表层水中污染物的含量高于东部沿海地区,并且污染物浓度从下游到上游呈上升趋势.沉积物样品中PFOA和PFOS的浓度范围(干重)分别为0.09—2.76 ng·g~(-1)和0.17—5.25 ng·g~(-1),其空间分布趋势和水样中的大致相同.与国内外其他地区水和沉积物中PFOA和PFOS含量进行对比,山东省典型湿地中两种污染物的污染水平较高且PFOA污染更为严重.与PFOA相比,水和沉积物体系中PFOS的分配系数更高,并且不同区域间的分配系数存在差异.此外,本文采用熵值法对研究区域内两种污染物进行了初步风险评估,分析结果显示PFOA和PFOS对水生生物和野生鸟类可能存在一定的生态风险,且PFOS的风险较高,考虑到全氟化合物的生物累积性和食物链放大效应,应重视PFOA和PFOS的生态风险.     

台湾儿童血清全氟化合物与血脂关联的性别差异研究

目的:全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)是广泛应用于工业和生活领域的全氟化合物,在人体及环境介质中均可检出。近几年的流行病学研究表明儿童PFOS和PFOA的暴露水平与血脂水平具有相关性。本研究拟进一步研究血清全氟化合物水平与儿童血脂间关联的性别差异。方法:以台湾儿童为研究对象,分析血清中总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三脂(TG)等生化指标与PFOS和PFOA血清水平的相关性。结果:线性回归模型分析表明男生血清PFOS、PFOA水平与血脂水平具有显著相关性。当男生血清中ln-PFOS和ln-PFOA水平每增加1 ng·m L~(-1)时,TC含量分别增高0.51 mg·d L~(-1)(95%CI:0.30~0.72)和6.53 mg·d L~(-1)(95%CI:1.96~11.11),但在女生中则没有观察到血清PFOS和PFOA水平与TC的相关性。趋势分析结果显示,随着儿童血清中PFOS和PFOA水平的增加,男生和女生血脂的TC、LDL和TG含量呈增高趋势。结论:台湾儿童血清PFOS和PFOA水平与血脂水平存在正相关,且在男生中观察到的效应强于女生。     

一次性餐盒材料中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸沥出性研究

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法对一次性餐盒材料中可沥出性全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFPS)进行了研究.分别选取水、3%乙酸(W/W)、15%乙醇(V/V)和正己烷4种浸取液模拟餐盒材料在使用过程中可能接触到的水性、酸性、酒精类和油脂类条件.材料经4种溶液浸提后,浸取液用固相萃取净化和浓缩,目标分析物PFOA和PFOS采用内标法进行定量.研究表明,一次性餐盒材料在模拟条件下中有以PFOA为主的伞氟类化合物从材料中沥出,其中酸性环境对PFOA的浸取率最高(2296 ng·m~(-2)), 为其它3种方法的82.8倍;4种浸提条件下PFPS的沥出率都比较低,浓度仪为0.7 ng·m~(-2)-5.4 ng·m~(-2).     

北京水源地鱼体全氟化合物的暴露水平及其健康风险

全氟化合物(PFASs)作为一类新型的有机污染物,因具有持久性、可长距离传输、生物蓄积性和生物毒性等POPs特性,近年来得到全世界的广泛关注。本文以北京市水源地(密云水库和官厅水库)为研究区域,采用固相萃取(SPE)前处理与高效液相色谱串联质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)相结合的方法,分析测定了鱼样品中包括全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟丁酸(PFBA)、全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)等在内的12种PFASs的含量。利用同位素法确定了不同种类鱼的营养级关系,研究不同营养级中的PFASs浓度及生物放大效应,重点对全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)与全氟辛酸(PFOA)的生态风险以及对人体的健康风险进行评价。结果表明:北京市水源地的鱼体中的PFASs存在不同程度的检出,其中,全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)、全氟癸酸(PFDA)、全氟十一酸(PFUdA)和全氟十二酸(PFDoA)的检出率均达到100%,PFASs总量浓度达1.70~14.32 ng·g~(-1) wet weight(w.w.),PFOS和长链全氟羧酸PFCAs是鱼体中的主要污染物。同位素鉴定水库鱼的营养级层次范围在2.11~4.10,且肉食性鱼类营养级大多高于杂食性鱼类,PFOS沿着食物链生物放大的过程与稳定碳氮同位素富集过程基本同步。此外,采用人均日摄入量法(average daily intake,ADI)评估得到PFOS与PFOA的风险值分别为1.16 ng·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和0.31ng·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),整体低于人均每天可承受摄入量(tolerable daily intake,TDI),结果表明,北京水源地鱼体中PFOS和PFOA含量未达到对生态系统和人体健康具有风险的水平。     

超高效液相色谱-新型串联四极杆质谱法测定环境水体与土壤中的全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸

本文建立了基于超高效液相色谱与新型的Ultivo串联四极杆质谱联用技术测定环境水体与土壤中全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的方法.水样和土壤样品分别经过过滤和提取后,经弱阴离子交换柱富集净化后,采用同位素稀释法进行定量.在0.5—200μg·L~(-1)范围内,PFOA和PFOS的线性响应良好,回归系数大于0.997.水样PFOA和PFOS的检出限分别为0.1 ng·L~(-1)和0.3 ng·L~(-1);土壤检出限分别为4 ng·kg~(-1)和7 ng·kg~(-1). PFOA和PFOS在纯水、地表水和废水基质中的添加回收率分别介于88. 4%—98. 8%和88. 0%—97.3%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)小于14%.二者在空白土、农田土和底泥中的回收率分别介于98.6%—113%和96.8%—111%之间,RSD小于7%.结果表明,该方法灵敏、准确、可靠,可以满足环境水与土壤介质中痕量PFOA和PFOS的监测要求.     

土壤、底泥和活性污泥中全氟化合物的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法

建立了利用高效液相色谱三重四级杆串联质谱分析土壤、底泥和活性污泥中全氟化合物的分析方法.研究采用100%甲醇超声提取的方法对样品进行前处理,样品经提取后再进一步用固相萃取柱净化.结合内标法定量,可以实现对土壤、底泥和活性污泥样品中的12种常见全氟化合物的准确定量分析,且操作简单,对样品检出限可达0.01ng·g-1--0.1ng ·g-1(土壤和底泥,干重,S/N=3).方法对实际样品中全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS)、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)、全氟辛烷磺酞胺(FOSA),7种全氟羧酸(C7-C12,C14)和两种调聚酸(8:2饱和与不饱和调聚酸)都有较好的回收结果,大部分待测物的回收率在75%-127%之间,分析结果表明三类样品中均能检测出一定量的全氟化合物.     

全氟烷基化合物在人体肝脏中的富集特征及其与肝损伤的关系

全氟烷基化合物(polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs,F(CF_2)_n-R)是广泛用于生产生活中的有机污染物,研究发现PFASs的暴露会对人体造成危害.为分析人体肝脏中PFASs的富集特征,本研究采用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)的方法,对天津市31例肝癌患者肝脏中10种PFASs(全氟己烷磺酸PFHxS、全氟辛烷磺酸PFOS、全氟十二酸PFDoDA、全氟己酸PFHxA、全氟庚酸PFHpA、全氟十一酸PFUnDA、全氟壬酸PFNA、全氟癸酸PFDA、全氟辛酸PFOA、全氟戊酸PFPeA)进行检测分析.结果表明,PFOS、PFOA、PFNA、PFUnDA和PFHxS具有较高的检出率(80%);∑PFASs浓度范围为8.97—181.87 ng·g~(-1),其中PFOS的平均浓度最高(40.87 ng·g~(-1)),占∑PFASs的77%;∑PFASs的平均浓度在男性肝脏样品中(64.04 ng·g~(-1))与女性样品中(36.82 ng·g~(-1))存在显著性差异,PFHxS、PFOS和PFDA的浓度在性别上也均呈显著差异,PFOA的浓度与年龄呈显著负相关性.此外,PFOA和PFHpA的浓度分别与肝细胞损伤标志物ALT和GGT之间存在显著正相关性.本研究是国内首次对人体肝脏中PFASs的暴露分析,PFOS是肝脏的主要暴露物;PFASs对男性的暴露风险高于女性,且青年人群PFASs的暴露风险相对较高;另外,浓度水平进行分析,PFASs的暴露与人体肝脏损伤存在统计学关联.     

全氟辛酸和全氟辛基磺酸的光降解技术及机理研究进展

目前,普遍存在于各种环境介质中的全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)造成的环境污染问题已引起全球的广泛关注.PFOA和PFOS具有稳定性、持久性和生物累积性等特点.常规的方法如:超声降解法、电化学氧化法和微生物降解法等,很难将其彻底降解,因此开发有效的PFOA和PFOS降解技术成为了环境领域的研究重点.近年来...     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.