复合酶生物促进剂强化生物处理模拟PVA废水研究

采用连续流活性污泥系统(以下简称系统)处理模拟聚乙烯醇(PVA)废水,对比了投加复合酶生物促进剂的加药系统与对照系统对PVA降解效果的差异,讨论了复合酶生物促进剂强化作用的原因,并通过动力学角度深入分析了PVA降解过程.结果表明,投加复合酶生物促进剂可以有效提高PVA的去除率.加药系统平均PVA去除率为94.4%,平均COD去除率为92.8%,较对照系统分别提高了2.1%和2.6%.模拟PVA废水在系统内的降解过程符合Monod模型,胞外聚合物降解PVA模拟废水遵循一级反应动力学.加药系统PVA半饱和常数和最大比降解速率为112.4 mg/L和0.589 h-1,对照系统PVA半饱和常数和最大比降解速率分别为142.6 mg/L和0.509 h-1.投加复合酶生物促进剂可以减少胞外聚合物糖类含量,强化PVA降解酶等胞外蛋白质的分泌.胞外聚合物构成的改变是复合酶生物促进剂强化生物降解模拟废水中PVA的根本原因.     

生物强化技术提高SBR系统对低温苯胺废水处理能力的研究

为了考察高效菌株生物强化效能,解决低温条件下含苯胺废水处理效果差的问题.选择实验室筛选的高效低温苯胺降解菌JH-9为研究对象,考察了其苯胺降解能力和絮凝特性,并采用生物强化的方法将其投加到SBR反应系统中,考察其对提高系统低温条件下(12℃)含苯胺废水的处理能力的改善.结果表明:JH-9细菌在初始苯胺浓度为250 ms/L的培养液中培养52 h,去除率可达100%,其对石化废水中的其他污染物也有一定的降解能力,并且具有产絮能力.将其应用于SBR的强化系统对提高系统低温条件下(12℃)对苯胺去除效果很有效,针对含有苯胺174 mg/L的石化废水,强化系统对苯胺的去除率达到97.8%.除此以外该菌对系统TOC的去除、污泥的MLSS、MLVSS、SV等指标均有一定改善,利于保证系统快速启动和稳定运行.     

低温降解苯胺高效菌群的筛选及特性研究

在低温下对吉林化工厂污水处理厂曝气池活性污泥、低温生活污水处理系统曝气池活性污泥、实验室菌种库保存的高效菌剂以及以上三者的混合样等4种样品进行了变温培养、驯化,筛选到一组低温降解苯胺高效菌群--吉化污泥.该菌群对苯胺初始浓度不高于800 mg/L驯化培养基中苯胺的降解率可以达到100%,当初始苯胺浓度升到1000 mg/L时,去除率也能保持在60%以上;菌胶团形成能力较强,菌胶团形成指数达到21.2%;并且在高岭土絮凝试验中表现出很强的生物絮凝能力.该菌群的生长温度范围为5-35℃,最适培养温度15℃,属于耐冷菌群.适合作为生物强化菌剂投加到低温苯胺类废水生物处理系统中,提高处理系统的净化能力.葡萄糖作为共代谢基质对低温苯胺生物降解有促进作用,而无机氮源作用不明显.     

基于HPLC的厌氧 好氧生物降解工艺处理模拟苯胺废水的研究

采用改进的好氧-厌氧方法处理苯胺废水,研究了各个操作变量梯度包括苯胺浓度、硝基苯浓度等对苯胺废水处理的影响,并加入硝基苯作为影响参数。实验结果表明,各个变量均在不同程度上影响苯胺废水的处理。经过厌氧-好氧处理后,COD降到200 mg/L以下;提高苯胺浓度时,COD值增大;进水TOC浓度为167.80 mg/L,去除率为79.6%;加入硝基苯与苯胺的降解具有协同作用。在厌氧温度35～40℃,好氧温度28～32℃条件下,进水COD在4 000～6 000 mg/L,苯胺浓度180～250 mg/L左右,处理后出水COD值达到200～500 mg/L,苯胺4.5～6.5 mg/L左右,去除率约85%以上。出水水质可达到《污水综合排放标准（》GB 8978-1996）的排放标准。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理硝基苯废水的研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)中温处理含硝基苯废水,研究了工艺条件和硝基苯的降解特点.试验结果表明:在进水COD浓度为2088 mg/L,硝基苯浓度为16.8 mg/L,反应温度为35℃,停留时间为24 h条件下,ABR能有效处理硝基苯废水,COD去除率为86.4%,硝基苯去除率为91.1%;在厌氧条件下,硝基苯降解为苯胺,但苯胺很难再进一步分解;硝基苯的去除历程推断为先吸附后分解.     

两相分配式生物反应器处理高盐废水中的苯酚

采用新型两相分配式生物反应器(TPPB)和前期研究得到的高效苯酚降解菌对高盐废水中苯酚的降解进行研究,研究中确定煤油为反应系统的最佳有机溶剂,并考察了废水苯酚含量、废水盐度以及搅拌器搅拌速度对苯酚降解的影响。结果表明,反应系统能正常降解苯酚含量为1 000～2 500 mg/L的高盐苯酚废水;反应系统在含盐量为100 g NaCl/L、搅拌速度为50 r/min的运行工况条件下,降解时间缩短为52 h,总酚去除率为20.58 mg/(L.h)。     

膜萃取处理高浓度工业苯胺废水

大连市某药业公司生产中产生的高浓度苯胺废水可生化性极差,传统工艺处理该废水难度大,且不能回收利用苯胺.采用膜萃取工艺处理该废水,工艺运行稳定,苯胺去除率高.实验结果表明,在进水流量为3.05 L/d、反应温度为50 ℃、萃取液pH≈1、膜管长18 m条件下,进水苯胺质量浓度为33 081 mg/L时,苯胺去除率稳定在97%以上.进行经济核算,每吨废水净收益为103.84元.     

新型生物强化A2/O系统在苯胺废水处理中的应用

针对常规A~2/O系统中污泥菌群泥龄不平衡、易受有毒物质毒害而难以有效处理苯胺类废水的问题,采用经驯化并固定的包埋菌对A~2/O系统进行强化。考察了常规A~2/O系统和生物强化A~2/O系统对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效能,且研究了强化前后系统微生物的响应情况。结果表明:随着常规A~2/O系统随进水中苯胺组分的提高,脱氮能力明显下降,TN去除率由76.46%下降到34.28%,NH_4~+-N去除率由97.63%下降到31.82%;在包埋菌强化后,A~2/O系统TN和NH_4~+-N去除率分别恢复至73.09%和93.30%,同时能有效处理60 mg·L~(-1)苯胺。污泥微生物响应结果显示,生物强化A~2/O系统中活性污泥的比好氧呼吸速率(SOUR)和胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显上升,说明污泥活性增强,抵御有毒物质能力提高。污泥微生物在属水平上,Zoogloea(动胶菌属)、Flavobacterium(黄杆菌属)和Brevundimonas(短波单胞菌属)等具有硝化和反硝化功能的菌属在强化后的相对丰度增加,这表明系统脱氮能力得到增强。生物强化A~2/O系统实现了苯胺类工业废水的有效处理,可为工程应用提供参考。     

厌氧-好氧工艺处理制药废水的中试研究

将由厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)、移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)和膜生物反应器(MBR)组合而成的厌氧-好氧工艺用于处理制药废水的中试研究.试验结果表明,当原水SS平均值为1000 mg/L,COD为10 000 mg/L,NH3-N为500 mg/L时,出水浊度、COD和NH3-N分别为3 NTU、500 mg/L以及10 mg/L以下,去除率分别为98%、95%和98%以上.     

微氧环境下硝基苯废水的处理效果

采用微氧条件下的序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理硝基苯废水。研究结果表明,在水力停留时间(HRT)为24h,曝气量为600mL/min的条件下,反应器对硝基苯的平均去除率为100.00%,对其共存污染物COD、氨氮也有较好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为97.78%和78.55%,对TN和TP的去除效果相对较差,其平均去除率仅为24.18%和19.09%。气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析表明,硝基苯降解的主要中间产物为苯胺,说明反应器中硝基苯首先是通过还原途径降解为苯胺,苯胺再进一步被降解为CO2、H2O和NH3。考察了不同曝气量(200、400、600mL/min)条件对处理效果的影响,结果表明,曝气量的降低直接导致了反应器中DO浓度的降低,导致COD、苯胺的去除效果变差。曝气量由600 mL/min降低至200 mL/min,COD平均去除率由97.78%降低至82.09%,出水苯胺平均质量浓度由0mg/L升至15.04mg/L。     

Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in sequencing batch reactors augmented with immobilized mixed culture

2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) degrading mixed culture was immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol jel beads and supplemented to sequencing batch reactors (SBR) to treat 2,4-DCP containing wastewater. Impacts of bioaugmentation level on the performance of bioaugmented systems were studied. Results show that inoculum size affected the start-up time of the SBR systems. For the non-augmented SBR system, nine days was needed for the system to start-up, whereas it only took six, four, three and two days for the SBRs with 1.9%, 3.7%, 5.6% and 9.3% immobilized culture, respectively. In addition, bioaugmented SBR systems demonstrated stronger capacity to cope with high 2,4-DCP shock loading than the control system. The control SBR failed to treat 2,4-DCP at 166 mg/l in influent, while the SBR with 1.9% inoculation could successfully cope with 2,4-DCP at 166 mg/l, but failed at 250 mg/l, and the SBR with 3.7%, 5.6% and 9.3% immobilized culture could successfully degrade 250 mg/l 2,4-DCP in feed. Furthermore, the contributions to the removal of 2,4-DCP by the introduced and indigenous culture in an augmented SBR system at various operation stages were investigated. It was found that augmented culture played the primary role in degrading 2,4-DCP at the beginning of system start-up, but after one-month operation, both the indigenous and the introduced culture posed strong ability to degrade 2,4-DCP.     

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor system for swine wastewater treatment

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was evaluated for its ability to remove carbon and nitrogen from swine wastewater. The SBR was operated on four, six-hour cycles each day, with each cycle consisting of 4.5 hours of “React,” 0.75 hours of “Settling”, 0.75 hours for “Draw” and “Fill.” Within each cycle, an amount of wastewater equivalent to about 5% of the reactor volume (5,500 litres) was removed and added. The SBR system was able to remove 82% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and more than 75% of nitrogen. Even though the SBR effluent, with an average effluent BOD₅ of about 588 mg L^{? 1}, did not meet the discharge criteria, it enabled a reduction of the land base required for land application of swine wastewater by about 75%. Results indicated that the SBR system was a viable method for the treatment of swine wastewater.     

Development of functional composts using spent coffee grounds,poultry manure and biochar through microbial bioaugmentation

Spent coffee grounds (SCG), poultry manure, and agricultural waste-derived biochar were used to manufacture functional composts through microbial bioaugmentation. The highest yield of tomato stalk-based biochar (40.7%) was obtained at 450°C with a surface area of 2.35 m² g^?1. Four pilot-scale composting reactors were established to perform composting for 45 days. The ratios of NH₄⁺–N/NO₃^?–N, which served as an indicator of compost maturity, indicate rapid, and successful composting via microbial bioaugmentation and biochar amendment. Moreover, germination indices for radish also increased by 14–34% through augmentation and biochar amendment. Microbial diversity was also enhanced in the augmented and biochar-amended composts by 7.1–8.9%, where two species of Sphingobacteriaceae were dominant (29–43%). The scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were enhanced by 14.1% and 8.6% in the fruits of pepper plants grown in the presence of the TR-2 (augmentation applied only) and TR-3 (both augmentation and biochar amendment applied) composts, respectively. Total phenolic content was also enhanced by 68% in the fruits of the crops grown in TR-3. Moreover, the other compost, TR-L (augmentation applied only), boosted DPPH scavenging activity by 111% in leeks compared with commercial organic fertilizer, while TR-3 increased the phenolic content by 44.8%. Composting facilitated by microbial augmentation and biochar amendment shortened the composting time and enhanced the quality of the functional compost. These results indicate that functional compost has great potential to compete with commercially available organic fertilizers and that the novel composting technology could significantly contribute to the eco-friendly recycling of organic wastes such as spent coffee grounds, poultry manure, and agricultural wastes.     

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor system for swine wastewater treatment

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was evaluated for its ability to remove carbon and nitrogen from swine wastewater. The SBR was operated on four, six-hour cycles each day, with each cycle consisting of 4.5 hours of "React," 0.75 hours of "Settling", 0.75 hours for "Draw" and "Fill." Within each cycle, an amount of wastewater equivalent to about 5% of the reactor volume (5,500 litres) was removed and added. The SBR system was able to remove 82% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and more than 75% of nitrogen. Even though the SBR effluent, with an average effluent BOD5 of about 588 mg L(-1), did not meet the discharge criteria, it enabled a reduction of the land base required for land application of swine wastewater by about 75%. Results indicated that the SBR system was a viable method for the treatment of swine wastewater.     

超声波处理回流剩余污泥对SBR工艺的污泥减量效能

在SBR中试系统中,采用较高声能密度较短时间的超声波处理剩余污泥后回流至系统连续运行20 d的方式进行污泥减量,通过分析测定系统MLSS、累计排泥量以及系统出水水质指标,考察了系统污泥减量效果及污泥回流对系统污水处理效果的影响。结果表明,对SBR系统2/3的剩余污泥用声能密度为1 W/mL的超声波预处理6 min后回流至SBR系统。SBR系统最终需处置的污泥量减少了45.64%,获得了理想的污泥减量效果。污泥回流后SBR系统对SS、COD、TN以及NH4+-N的去除效果均无明显变化,仅出水TP含量略高于对照的SBR,出水水质仍能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级B标准。     

微生物制剂强化SBR处理系统

应用固定化生物催化剂(IBC)进行SBR处理系统强化实验,考察了IBC的投加对SBR的处理效果和活性污泥的影响。结果表明,投加IBC能够提高SBR的污染物处理效率,相对于对照组,实验组的COD、NH3-N、BOD5和TP去除率分别提高了9.75%、19.36%、6.28%和28.09%。实验组和对照组SVI变化不大,投加微生物制剂IBC并没有显著提高活性污泥的沉降性能。但实验组活性污泥的OUR、SOUR和SBI均高于对照组,这表明IBC的投加提高了SBR中污泥活性,且优化了活性污泥中微生物群落结构。     

Bioaugmentation with butane-utilizing microorganisms to promote in situ cometabolic treatment of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethene

A field study was performed to evaluate the potential for in-situ aerobic cometabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) through bioaugmentation with a butane enrichment culture containing predominantly two Rhodococcus sp. strains named 179BP and 183BP that could cometabolize 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-dicholoroethene (1,1-DCE). Batch tests indicated that 1,1-DCE was more rapidly transformed than 1,1,1-TCA by both strains with 183BP being the most effective organism. This second in a series of bioaugmentation field studies was conducted in the saturated zone at the Moffett Field In Situ Test Facility in California. In the previous test, bioaugmentation with an enrichment culture containing the 183BP strain achieved short term in situ treatment of 1,1-DCE, 1,1,1-TCA, and 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA). However, transformation activity towards 1,1,1-TCA was lost over the course of the study. The goal of this second study was to determine if more effective and long-term treatment of 1,1,1-TCA could be achieved through bioaugmentation with a highly enriched culture containing 179BP and 183BP strains. Upon bioaugmentation and continuous addition of butane and dissolved oxygen and or hydrogen peroxide as sources of dissolved oxygen, about 70% removal of 1,1,1-TCA was initially achieved. 1,1-DCE that was present as a trace contaminant was also effectively removed ( 80%). No removal of 1,1,1-TCA resulted in a control test leg that was not bioaugmented, although butane and oxygen consumption by the indigenous populations was similar to that in the bioaugmented test leg. However, with prolonged treatment, removal of 1,1,1-TCA in the bioaugmented leg decreased to about 50 to 60%. Hydrogen pexoxide (H₂O₂) injection increased dissolved oxygen concentration, thus permitting more butane addition into the test zone, but more effective 1,1,1-TCA treatment did not result. The results showed bioaugmentation with the enrichment cultures was effective in enhancing the cometabolic treatment of 1,1,1-TCA and low concentrations of 1,1-DCE over the entire period of the 50-day test. Compared to the first season of testing, cometabolic treatment of 1,1,1-TCA was not lost. The better performance achieved in the second season of testing may be attributed to less 1,1-DCE transformation product toxicity, more effective addition of butane, and bioaugmentation with the highly enriched dual culture.     

原位臭氧氧化对活性污泥系统硝化和反硝化作用的影响研究

将厌氧序批式间歇反应器(ASBR)和序批式间歇反应器(SBR)串联组成污泥减量新工艺,着重探讨了对SBR段进行原位臭氧投加时,臭氧氧化作用对系统硝化和反硝化能力的影响,并以不投加作为对照。结果表明,将臭氧原位投加到ASBR—SBR组合工艺的SBR段,臭氧投加量为0.027g(以每克MLSS计),每隔3个周期再次投加、连续运行40d,试验组SBR段臭氧投加当期出水COD去除率为86%,比对照组下降了9百分点,但臭氧氧化细胞内大量有机物进入混合液中,为反硝化作用提供了外加碳源,对污泥反硝化能力的提高起到了一定的促进作用;试验组部分硝化细菌由于臭氧的强氧化作用而失去活性,但是随着剩余污泥量的减少,系统的污泥龄延长,有利于硝化细菌的生长,使得系统的硝化能力基本未受影响;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水NO2--N平均浓度比对照组的高18.9%,但经过3个周期的运行后,其SBR段出水NO2--N平均质量浓度降低至7.57mg/L,基本与对照组持平;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水NO3--N的平均浓度高于对照组,但经过3个周期的运行后,试验组出水NO3--N平均浓度低于对照组;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水TN和对照组的出水TN平均去除率分别为65%和75%,但试验组再经过3个周期的运行后,出水TN平均去除率可以达到72%。可见,原位投加臭氧并未对SBR段的硝化和反硝化能力产生明显的影响。     

Immobilized cell augmented activated sludge process for enhanced nitrogen removal from wastewater.

The immobilized cell augmented activated sludge (ICAAS) system combines a cell immobilization technique and an offline enricher-reactor for the bioaugmentation of the activated sludge system to improve treatment performances. In this study, enhanced nitrogen removal using ICAAS was investigated. Laboratory-scale, offline, batch enricher-reactors were used to maintain nitrification and denitrification activities of coimmobilized nitrifiers and denitrifiers used to augment a laboratory-scale completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS) treating synthetic wastewater. Cellulose triacetate was the media used to entrap nitrifiers and denitrifiers at a 2:1 mass ratio. The ICAAS augmented with the coimmobilized cells between 5 and 20% by volume gained 24 +/- 5% higher nitrogen removal than a control CMAS, which provided nitrogen removal of 28 +/- 7%. The ICAAS scheme is a viable alternative for upgrading existing activated sludge systems to gain better nitrogen removal. .     

水解溶菌酶污泥减量过程中的微生物群落变化

利用水解溶菌酶对SBR系统中的剩余污泥进行减量。通过与未加水解溶菌酶的相同系统对比,研究了水解溶菌酶作用下的SBR系统中剩余污泥的减量效果与微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在50 d的运行期内,水解溶菌酶作用下的SBR系统中剩余污泥减量总计达到76.3%,同时该系统对COD与TN的平均去除率分别为88.2%与53.8%。通过PCR-DGGE分析可知,随着运行时间的增加两系统微生物群落结构的差异逐步明显,SBR系统中原有的部分优势微生物在水解溶菌酶的作用下逐渐减弱。另外,对微生物群落的部分优势细菌进行克隆测序和系统发育树分析,通过鉴定获得的7条细菌的16S rDNA序列,它们分别与放线菌和杆菌同源性在97%以上。