甲烷氯化物废水治理工艺的技术应用

在氯碱工业加工过程中会产生大量的甲烷氯化物废水,废水中含有大量的甲烷氯化物,该类废水不易处理,极大地影响了后续废水处理工作的开展。本文以某司甲烷氯化物具体试验为例,探讨高分子吸附剂在甲烷氯化物废水处理过程中的应用,在利用高分子吸附剂进行吸附的同时通过蒸汽吹脱使树脂中富集下来的甲烷氯化物得到分离回收,从而实现了废水的资源化,达到治废与资源利用的双重效果。     

磁性膨胀石墨对甲基橙模拟废水的吸附脱色

膨胀石墨对甲基橙有极强的吸附脱色效果,但因其具有高分散、质轻等特点,在水体环境中存在难回收的问题,使其应用受到限制。为了增强膨胀石墨的可回收性,对磁性膨胀石墨的制备进行了研究,并考察其对甲基橙的吸附脱色效果,探讨了影响因素。利用SEM、XRD和磁滞回线对其微观形貌和磁性能进行了表征。结果表明,脱色率随着温度的升高而增大;对甲基橙的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式;最佳制备条件下,磁性纳米粒子在膨胀石墨表面负载效果良好,其饱和磁化强度为58.87 emu/g,在外加磁场下可被快速回收。     

电渗析法处理造纸黑液回收碱的试验研究

进行了单阳膜电渗析法从造纸黑液中回收碱液试验，结果表明该法回收吨碱的电渗析电单耗可稳定在３０００ｋＷｈ左右，比氯碱厂生产烧碱和黑液燃烧法回收碱的能耗都低。当回收终点ｐＨ为７时，Ｎａ＾２＋回收率为５０％，阳极黑液含Ｎａ＾＋为５０００￣７０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，可直接回用于生产工段。而本试验所采用的钛涂镣电极使用耐久性欠佳，尚有待改进。但该法仍不失为处理造纸黑液的可选方案。     

液态高炉渣热量回收利用方法及问题

钢铁冶金行业生产会产生大量的高炉渣。高炉渣由于自身温度比较高，含热量丰富，对能源工业来说是一种很好的二次资源。世界上已有一些国家对高炉渣热量的回收利用进行了一定的研究，而国内这方面的研究却很少。详细介绍了近几年国内外对高炉渣热量回收利用的情况，在此基础上，阐述了高炉渣热回收技术需要解决的关键问题和发展趋势。     

不锈钢加工过程产生的固体废弃物的回收与利用

不锈钢加工过程产生固体废弃物——研磨泥和废水处理污泥,其中研磨泥含有Cr、Fe,污泥含有Cr、Ni和Fe等元素。对研磨泥和污泥的物理化学组成和结构进行了分析和测定,在此基础上提出了回收与利用工艺。     

原油挥发气排空的危害及对策研究

大量的原油挥发气一直都被排放到大气中 ,既浪费了能源 ,也污染了环境。本文在分析了排空的巨大危害之后 ,对回收方法进行了探讨 ,提出了利用匹配式多级喷射器进行回收的有效方法。     

利用回收石墨制备的氧化石墨烯及其吸附性能

以浮选法从脱硫渣中回收的石墨为原料,采用HUMMERS法制备氧化石墨烯,并以阳离子艳红为目标污染物对氧化石墨烯的吸附性能进行研究。研究表明从脱硫渣中回收的石墨为鳞片石墨,与天然鳞片石墨在晶体结构、形貌等方面无明显差异。2种石墨经氧化后均形成了含有C—OH、—COOH和C—O—C等官能团的氧化石墨烯。氧化石墨烯对阳离子艳红的吸附速率非常快,在5 min后能达到吸附平衡,理论最大吸附量为714 mg·g-1,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温式。     

碱回收工艺废渣——白泥综合治理

碱回收工艺是造纸行业综合治理造纸黑液的一种行之有效的办法。用一吨石灰就能从造纸黑液中回收一吨烧碱,经济效益十分显著。但随之而带来的问题是每回收一吨造纸黑液约要产生一吨白泥废渣。白泥呈灰白色浆状,pH 值11～14,主要化学成份见表1,其中碳酸钙约占95%。     

原油挥发气排空的危害及对策研究

大量的原油挥发气一直都被排放到大气中,既浪费了能源,也污染了环境,本文在分析了排空的巨大危害之后,对回收方法进行了探讨,提出了利用匹配式多级喷射器进行回收的有效方法.     

废旧家用电器回收利用及处理处置技术

随着大量家用电器进入报废期,废旧家用电器的资源化回收利用成为一个新的环境问题。介绍了国内外废旧家电的回收利用状况、处理方法和工艺流程,重点介绍了废印刷线路板的处理工艺和废塑料的再生利用,并针对我国的实际问题提出了相应的措施和办法。     

A Comparison of Various Sources of Automotive Emissions

Chlorinated phenolic hydrocarbons are used as intermediate chemicals in the manufacture of 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-acetic Acid) and related herbicides. These chemicals have an unusual odor with an extremely low threshold level of detection and consequently the manufacture and handling of these compounds poses a difficult odor control problem. Chipman Chemical Company at its Portland, Oregon plant has developed a system of fume collection and caustic soda solution scrubbing capable of removing phenolic compounds in the plant exhaust air to an acceptable level from an odor release standpoint. This article describes the development, present status, and projected future improvements of this odor control system.     

Continuous electrocoagulation degradation of oily wastewater with Fe78Si9B13 amorphous ribbons

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The oily wastewater was treated by electrocoagulation with Fe78Si9B13 amorphous ribbons as anode and graphite plates as cathode under such processing...     

Sulfur Dioxide Removal and Recovery from Pulp Mill Power Plants

The use of soda ash liquor to scrub SO₂ rich power plant flue gases was studied using an Airetron pilot scrubber with a maximum capacity of 3000 cfm. The relative effects of the major operating variables— temperature, soda ash concentration, and the gas/liquid flow ratio—on the absorption phenomenon were determined. Orthogonal factorial experiments were used to derive a response function relating mass transfer values to operating variables. The economics of a full scale NSSC installation are discussed.     

Silica removal in industrial effluents with high silica content and low hardness

High silica content of de-inked paper mill effluents is limiting their regeneration and reuse after membrane treatments such as reverse osmosis (RO). Silica removal during softening processes is a common treatment; however, the effluent from the paper mill studied has a low hardness content, which makes the addition of magnesium compounds necessary to increase silica removal. Two soluble magnesium compounds (MgCl₂?6H₂O and MgSO₄?7H₂O) were tested at five dosages (250–1,500 mg/L) and different initial pH values. High removal rates (80–90 %) were obtained with both products at the highest pH tested (11.5). With these removal efficiencies, it is possible to work at high RO recoveries (75–85 %) without silica scaling. Although pH regulation significantly increased the conductivity of the waters (at pH 11.5 from 2.1 to 3.7–4.0 mS/cm), this could be partially solved by using Ca(OH)₂ instead of NaOH as pH regulator (final conductivity around 3.0 mS/cm). Maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal obtained with caustic soda was lower than with lime (15 vs. 30 %). Additionally, the combined use of a polyaluminum coagulant during the softening process was studied; the coagulant, however, did not significantly improve silica removal, obtaining a maximum increase of only 10 %.     

无硫膨胀石墨的制备及吸油性能

通过单因子实验考察了无硫膨胀石墨制备过程中氧化剂及插层剂用量、氧化反应及插层反应时间、氧化反应及插层反应温度对无硫膨胀石墨膨胀体积的影响。通过正交实验确定了制备无硫膨胀石墨的最优条件是:石墨(g)∶浓硝酸(mL)∶30%H2O2(mL)∶乙酸酐(mL)=1∶2.25∶0.25∶0.6,在30℃条件下氧化反应60 min,加入插层剂后在60℃条件下插层反应90 min,此条件无硫膨胀石墨的膨胀体积达317 mL/g使用XPS、FT-IR、XRD和SEM对无硫膨胀石墨进行了表征并对其吸油性能和再生性能进行了研究。结果表明,所制备无硫膨胀石墨对原油和柴油的最大吸附量分别为66.3 g/g和62.7 g/g。吸附原油后的无硫膨胀石墨抽滤再生后首次再生率为49.1%,原油的回收率为64.5%。     

Reconstructed mass-spectrometric pattern for characterization of carbon compounds in smoker's lung in situ

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a major anthropogenic pollutant and contributes to the permanent load of ambient particulate matter in the air, particularly indoors. It is the leading risk factor for premature loss of life due to chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer. Smoker's lung and graphite pneumoconiosis are pathological states characterized by the deposition of carbonaceous particles. METHODS: Mass spectrometry was used to evaluate unstained lung sections obtained in vivo from a heavy smoker and a patient with occupationally acquired graphite pneumoconiosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The composition of carbon compounds deposited in lung tissue samples is demonstrated here for the first time. Thirty carbonaceous-containing microareas from ten biopsies (three areas per biopsy) of lung tissues were analyzed mass-spectrometrically. In each case, the samples were taken from a smoker's lung or those demonstrating a graphite pneumoconiosis. The lung-tissue samples were selected by light microscopy before they were evaporated for mass spectrometry. First-order criteria were anionic and cationic mass peaks which occur within the mass patterns in lung tissues of smoker's lung, although not in graphite pneumoconiosis. Second-order criteria were mass peaks from smoker's lung with standard deviations SD < or = 14% of the mean value. First and second-order mass peaks matched the mass peaks of experimental cigarette-smoke condensate in 9 out of 11 peaks. A software program was developed that enabled fast, automated recognition of the typical mass peaks, and thereby confirmed the histological diagnosis of smoker's lung. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of carbonaceous particles within lung biopsies from a heavy smoker corresponded to the spectra of tobacco condensate and not to the investigated biopsies of graphite peneumoconiosis. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The analyses were performed in order to find out whether mass-spectrometric criteria exist for the differentiation of carbonaceous lung-tissue deposits. Mass spectrometry may be a valuable tool in determining the composition of carbon compounds deposited in human lung tissue. So far, qualitative assessment of the composition of deposits in lung tissue is only possible after the patient is deceased (autopsy).     

四环素在石墨上的吸附行为研究

考察了石墨和四环素的相关性质,并通过静态吸附实验探讨了四环素在石墨表面的吸附行为及其机理。结果表明,四环素在石墨表面的吸附量、四环素的K_(ow)值以及四环素(+,-,0)的形态分布在pH尺度上的变化趋势表现出较高的相似性。据此推断四环素主要通过疏水力作用吸附于石墨表面,该作用力最大值出现在pH=5～6之间,而其他pH条件下,该作用力会随吸附剂、吸附质间静电斥力的增强和四环素自身溶解度的增加而被削弱。     

Quantification and modelling of 2,4-dinitrotoluene reduction with high-purity and cast iron

Cast iron has been used as a reactive material in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for site remediation. While reactions are generally believed to occur on the iron (oxide) surface, a recent study by [Oh, S.Y., Cha, D.K., Chiu, P.C., 2002a. Graphite-mediated reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with elemental iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (10), 2178-2184] showed that graphite inclusions in cast iron can also serve as reaction sites for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). These authors also found that graphite-mediated reduction of DNT has a regioselectivity that is different from that for iron surface. In this study, we quantified the observations reported by Oh et al. and examined the role of graphite in cast iron through numerical modelling. Models containing one and two reaction sites were developed to evaluate the mass transfer, sorption and reaction rates for DNT reduction in batch systems containing high-purity and cast iron. Our simulations showed that the regioselectivity, defined as the ratio of the ortho- and para-nitro reduction rate constants, was 0.37+/-0.04 S.E. (S.E.=one estimated standard error) for iron surface and 3.59+/-0.76 S.E. for graphite surface. In the cast iron-water system, we estimated that at least 66+/-2% S.E. of the DNT was reduced on graphite surface, despite the low graphite content and the lower DNT reduction rate with graphite than with iron. Graphite played such an important role because of the rapid adsorption of DNT to graphite. In the batch experiments conducted by Oh et al., external mass transfer was not rate limiting. Surface reaction was the rate-limiting step for DNT reduction on the graphite surface in cast iron, whereas internal mass transfer and/or adsorption and surface reaction were important for high-purity iron.