基于人工神经网络的半连续式混合厌氧消化产气量预测

研究采用BP神经网络和模糊神经网络(FNN)模型对逐步提高有机负荷的半连续式餐厨垃圾和猪粪混合厌氧消化试验进行日产气量预测.结果表明,BP神经网络模型的预测准确率为77.63％,FNN模型为82.33％,2种模型均可用于产气预测,但FNN模型在传统神经网络模型基础上加入了模糊控制,可提高其准确率,更适用于混合厌氧消化产气量预测.     

基于灰色模型和模糊神经网络的综合水质预测模型研究

水质状态变化趋势预测研究对水资源管理和维护具有重要的现实意义。提出了一种将灰色模型和模糊神经网络相结合的水质预测模型。首先基于改进的灰色模型预测出水体中各理化因子在未来一段时间内的指标变化,然后采用T-S模糊神经网络对各单因子的预测值进行数据融合,构建水质变化综合趋势预测模型,预测出下一时间段的水质整体状态指标。实验表明,这种方式用来预测湖泊水质变化趋势具有可行性;与BP网络模型相比,基于T-S模糊神经网络系统的模型具有预测精度高、模型系统稳定等优越性。     

推流式反应器厌氧消化浮萍和猪粪混合物

使用带隔板的推流式反应器(体积约为4 m3),对浮萍与猪粪(干重比1:1,湿重比7:1)的混合物、猪粪进行为期50 d的中温厌氧消化产气性能比较研究,结果表明,在有机负荷为3.5 g(VS)/(L·d)时,浮萍与猪粪(干重比1:1,湿重比7:1)混合物的VS产气率为0.31 L/g,COD转化率为63.2％,反应器容积产气率为1.00 m3/(m3·d)；猪粪的VS产气率为0.28 L/g,COD转化率为57.1％,反应器容积产气率为0.71m3/(m3·d).进料COD和SS的平均浓度分别为19.19 g/L和14.28 g/L,推流式反应器对其平均去除率分别为59.7％和68.7％.由此说明,带隔板的推流式厌氧反应器对浮萍和猪粪的混合物有较好的厌氧消化能力,浮萍与猪粪混合物的厌氧消化性能优于猪粪.     

金属离子对有机垃圾两相厌氧系统中UASB处理效果的促进作用

在"水解溶出 UASB反应器"处理城镇有机垃圾的两相厌氧系统中,向UASB反应器进水中添加K、Mg、Fe、Co、Ni 5种金属离子的组合促进剂,通过对UASB反应器容积负荷、产气量、产甲烷量在添加组合促进剂前后的比较,研究了组合促进剂(K、Mg、Fe、Co、Ni)对有机垃圾浸出液厌氧消化过程的促进作用.试验结果表明,添加组合促进剂后,反应器的平均容积负荷从12.89 kg COD/m3·d提高到17.79 kg COD/m3·d;平均污泥负荷从0.82 kg COD/kg VSS·d提高到1.07 kg COD/kg VSS·d.此外,平均每千克COD产气量为392.5 L,比添加组合促进剂之前增大了6.4%;而平均每千克COD产甲烷量为297.5 L,比添加组合促进剂之前增大了10.5%.对于氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、pH及碱度来说,在添加组合促进剂之后则无大的变化.     

HRT对固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响

为了考察水力停留时间(HRT)对炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响,在进水COD分别为20 000~25 000 mg/L和40 000~45 000 mg/L2个浓度范围下,研究了不同HRT对反应器运行效果的影响。结果表明,通过HRT的调整,在达到相同有机负荷(OLR)下,进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L的COD去除率和产气量,明显比进水COD为40 000~45 000 mg/L的运行效果好;进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L,HRT为14 h,相应的OLR为41.09 kgCOD/(m3.d)时,COD去除率仍然维持在68%以上,沼气容积产气率达到14.55 m3/(m3.d)。炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器具有较高的COD去除率、产气效率以及抵抗低pH、高负荷冲击的能力,运行过程中没有发生反应器堵塞的现象。     

2种不同性能炭纤维载体的固定床厌氧反应器运行效果比较

分别采用炭纤维(CF)和活性炭纤维(ACF)作为固定床厌氧反应器的生物膜载体,以不加任何载体的相同规格的反应器为对照,在中温(35±1)℃、连续进料条件下处理高浓度糖蜜废水,实验历时165 d,比较评价了2种不同性能的炭纤维作为载体的固定床厌氧反应器的运行性能。结果表明,CF和ACF均是较好的微生物附着的载体材料,具有较强的处理高负荷有机废水和抵抗pH冲击的能力,能显著地提高反应器运行系统的稳定性。具有高比表面积的ACF较之CF更易于微生物固着并挂膜。对照在进水COD超过20 000 mg/L,相应OLR为8.35 kg COD/(m3·d)时,系统开始酸化。而以CF和ACF为载体的反应器能在进水COD高达70 000 mg/L,相应的OLR分别为36.85和39.06 kg COD/(m3·d)的高有机负荷下运行,且系统的pH更稳定。对照及以CF和ACF为载体的反应器的最高容积产气率分别为4.33、17.12和16.12 m3/(m3·d);165 d的累积产气量分别为5 665.4、22 675.8和26 112.8 L,后2者的产气量分别是对照产气量的4.0和4.6倍。     

常温条件下2种厌氧折流板反应器处理淀粉废水的启动实验

为了研究厌氧折流板反应器在常温下的启动情况,在22.5～30.2℃条件下,对不加填料的5隔室厌氧折流板反应器和加填料的4隔室复合式厌氧折流板反应器同步进行了启动实验。实验用水为高浓度淀粉废水,两反应器采用相同的启动策略,即梯度增加进水COD浓度与降低水力停留时间相结合的方式。两反应器有效容积均为47.8 L,启动初始负荷为0.6 kg COD/(m3.d),逐渐增加到10 kg COD/(m3.d)。实验表明,经过6个阶段87 d的运行,反应器启动完成,并成功培养出颗粒污泥,两反应器对COD的去除率都能达到85%以上。在启动过程中两反应器对COD的去除效率相近。     

青岛市菜市场垃圾的高温厌氧消化研究

在中试规模下进行菜市场垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测消化过程中的产气情况和消化液的pH、可溶解性COD(SCOD)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、NH3-N、碱度等变化,确定菜市场垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析对菜市场垃圾进行高温厌氧消化处理的可行性.结果表明,在中试规模下,菜市场垃圾高温厌氧消化的最高有机负荷可达6.2...     

大中型湿垃圾半干法全混式厌氧反应器的运行性能、微生物特性及经济性评价

随着湿垃圾产生量的持续增加,大中型高效湿垃圾厌氧发酵工程发展迅速。以上海某生态园有机质固废处理项目为研究对象,对项目中有效容积分别为7 160、4 150 m³的大型、中型半干法全混式厌氧反应器(CSTR)的运行性能及微生物群落结构特征等进行了系统研究。结果表明,稳定运行期间,大型、中型半干法CSTR平均有机负荷总体接近,平均值分别为2.02、2.04 kg/(m³·d);大型半干法CSTR平均产沼率为914 Nm³/t(以进料中单位质量挥发性固体(VS)产生的标况下沼气体积计,下同),显著高于中型半干法CSTR的696 Nm³/t(P<0.01)。两种规模CSTR中的污泥浓度、上清液溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)和挥发性脂肪酸等均无显著差异,SCOD去除率均可达90%以上。两种规模的CSTR中,微生物在门水平上的多样性分布无显著差异(P>0.05),均以厚壁菌门、盐杆菌门、拟杆菌门为主。大型、中型半干法CSTR进料收益分别为91.3、62.8元/m³,随着反应器规模...     

改进型升流式固体反应器处理猪粪污新工艺研究

对传统升流式固体反应器（USR）进行改进，反应器内设置专用搅拌器，搅拌器间歇开启，在保留USR各项优势的前提下，使料液与厌氧微生物接触更充分，反应温度更均匀，提高产气率，同时还解决了传统USR的“结壳”问题，提高了反应器的传质效率、甲烷产气率和COD去除效果。进料含固量在12.1%时，水利停留时间为17 d，反应器最高容积负荷达到4.9 kg COD/(m³·d)，产气速率为2.55 m³/(m³·d)，产气率达到0.359 m³/kg干猪粪。     

Co-digestion of sewage sludge and dewatered residues from enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar beet pulp

Sugar beet pulp residues (SBPR) from hydrolysis and dewatering of beet pulp were co-digested with municipal sewage sludge (MSS). The highest biogas yields of nearly 512 dm³/kg VS_fed (volatile solids fed) were achieved for SBPR, treated both as the monosubstrate and as a mixture with MSS (1 : 1 by weight). Simultaneously, the highest methane production of 348 dm³ CH₄/kg VS_fed was determined when the sewage sludge was co-digested with 35% SBPR. The analysis of digestate showed that neither ammonia nor volatile fatty acids destabilized the biogas production.

Implications:?Processing of sugar beet pulp into bioethanol via enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation has become increasingly attractive. However, in this process, only the liquid fraction derived from hydrolysis is subjected into alcoholic fermentation, whereas the remaining solid fraction needs to be utilized. This study demonstrated that sugar beet pulp residues after bioethanol production can successfully be co-digested with sewage sludge to increase biogas productivity of anaerobic digesters located at wastewater treatment plants.     

挥发性脂肪酸对厌氧干式发酵产甲烷的影响

为了提高中温干式厌氧间歇发酵效率,研究了发酵过程中间产物———挥发性脂肪酸对产甲烷的影响。实验分2批进行,第1批在牛粪发酵过程中分别添加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸,第2批发酵添加易产生挥发酸的厨余垃圾混合发酵。结果显示,添加单一挥发酸的发酵过程中,添加丙酸的产甲烷速度较慢,因为丙酸降解生成乙酸的速度较慢,减慢了甲烷的形成;混合发酵过程厨余垃圾产甲烷速度比牛粪快,发酵过程产生2个产气高峰;牛粪和厨余垃圾固体物质含量比在11∶1到5∶1范围内较好,比牛粪单独发酵产气多,产酸高但不酸败,产生的挥发酸主要是乙酸和丙酸,其中比例为7∶1混合发酵的产甲烷速率最大,为4.89 mL/(g VS·d)。实验表明,牛粪厌氧干式发酵过程添加一定量的厨余垃圾可加快挥发酸的产生并提高挥发酸产量,从而提高甲烷的产量,但是总挥发酸长时间超过10 000 mg/L,pH降到不适于产甲烷菌生长的范围时,将抑制甲烷的生成,挥发酸积累导致厌氧发酵酸败。     

SynGas Production from Organic Waste Using Non-Thermal-Pulsed Discharge

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a technology that can convert biogas to synthesis gas (SynGas), a low-emission substituted energy, using a non-thermal-pulsed plasma method. To investigate the characteristics of Syn-Gas production from simulated biogas, the reforming characteristics in relation to variations in pulse frequency, biogas component ratio (C₃H₈/CO₂), vapor flow ratio (H₂O/total flow rate [TFR]), biogas velocity, and pulse power were studied. A maximum conversion rate of 49.1% was achieved for the biogas when the above parameters were 500 Hz, 1.5, 0.52, 0.32 m/sec, and 657 W, respectively. Under the above conditions, the dry basis mole fractions of the SynGas were as follows: H₂ = 0.645,CH₄ = 0.081, C₂H₂ = 0.067, C₃H₆ = 0.049, CO = 0.008 and C₂H₄ = 0.004. The ratio of hydrogen to the other intermediates in the SynGas (H₂/ITMs) was 3.1.     

83rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition

Abstract

The estimation of odor production and dispersion from landfill sites is a very complicated task because of the different chemical species that exist in biogas. To site a new landfill, it is necessary to know the distance that odors can travel around the landfill under atmospheric conditions that increase the concentration of pollutants. Although CH₄ is an odorless gas, it can be used as an index to determine the dispersion of low-reactivity odorous species around a landfill site. Methane production rates, estimated by biogas production models, were used by an air dispersion model to determine the spatial distribution of CH₄ around landfill sites. By utilizing dispersion models under extreme atmospheric conditions, a maximum CH₄ concentration around the landfills was determined. Based on the ratio between CH₄ and odorous chemical species, the spatial distribution of the concentration of an odorous species was determined for those species with low reactivity in the atmosphere. For odorous species with high reactivity in the atmosphere, a dispersion-reaction model must be used. In this way, the acceptable distance between new landfills and residential areas can be determined. The proposed methodology could be used as a design tool for those who are interested in landfill siting.     

Hydrogen production by anaerobic microbial communities exposed to repeated heat treatments.

Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic mixed communities was studied in laboratory-scale bioreactors using sucrose as the substrate. A bioreactor in which a fraction of the return sludge was exposed to repeated heat treatments performed better than a control bioreactor without repeated heat treatment of return sludge and produced a yield of 2.15 moles of hydrogen per mole of sucrose, with 50% hydrogen in the biogas. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that two different Clostridium groups (comprised of one or more species) were dominant during hydrogen production. The relative abundance of two other non-Clostridium groups increased during periods of decreased hydrogen production. The first group consisted of Bifidobacterium thermophilum, and the second group included one or more of Bacillus, Melissococcus, Spirochaeta, and Spiroplasma spp.     

UASB处理硫酸盐有机废水的启动

为了考察上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)处理含硫酸盐有机废水的特性,采用有效容积为10 L的UASB,研究了启动运行过程中COD和SO2-4降解情况、出水VFA和pH值、产气量及颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性(SMA)变化状况。结果表明,接种厌氧颗粒污泥,保持进水COD为1 500 mg/L,SO2-4浓度为100 mg/L,将HRT由24 h缩短至12 h以提高负荷,经历55 d成功启动了UASB反应器;当HRT为12 h,进水COD和SO2-4负荷为3.0 kg/(m3·d)和0.20 kg/(m3·d),COD和SO2-4的去除率分别达到80%和89%,出水VFA为3 mmol/L,产气量达9.5 L/d,颗粒污泥的SMA为86.4 mL/(g VSS·d)。     

Effects of aeration frequency on leachate quality and waste in simulated hybrid bioreactor landfills

Research has been conducted to investigate the effects of daily aeration frequency on leachate quality and waste settlement in simulated hybrid landfill bioreactors. Four laboratory-scale reactors were constructed and operated for about 10 months to simulate different bioreactor operations, including one anaerobic bioreactor and three hybrid bioreactors with different aeration frequencies (one, two, and four times per day). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) reduced more than 96% of the initial concentrations in all aerated bioreactors. The differences of COD and BOD₅ reductions among tested aeration frequencies were relatively small. For ammonia nitrogen, the higher aeration frequency (two or four times per day) resulted in the quicker reduction. Overall, the concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn) decreased over time except Cd and Pb. The reduction of redox-sensitive metal concentrations (Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu) was greater in aerated bioreactors than in anaerobic bioreactor. Settlement of municipal solid waste (MSW) was enhanced with higher frequency of aeration events (four times per day).

Implications: In recent years, hybird bioreactor landfill technology has gained a lot of attention. Appropriate aeration rate is crucial for hybrid bioreactor operation, but few studies have been done and different results were obtained. Research was conducted to investigate the effects of daily aeration frequency on leachate quality and waste settlement. Results indicated that aeration can effectively accelerate waste stabilization and remove organic carbon concentration and total nitrogen in the leachate.     

Modeling of methane oxidation in landfill cover soil using an artificial neural network

Knowing the fraction of methane (CH₄) oxidized in landfill cover soils is an important step in estimating the total CH₄ emissions from any landfill. Predicting CH₄ oxidation in landfill cover soils is a difficult task because it is controlled by a number of biological and environmental factors. This study proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) approach using feedforward backpropagation to predict CH₄ oxidation in landfill cover soil in relation to air temperature, soil moisture content, oxygen (O₂) concentration at a depth of 10 cm in cover soil, and CH₄ concentration at the bottom of cover soil. The optimum ANN model giving the lowest mean square error (MSE) was configured from three layers, with 12 and 9 neurons at the first and the second hidden layers, respectively, log-sigmoid (logsig) transfer function at the hidden and output layers, and the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm. This study revealed that the ANN oxidation model can predict CH₄ oxidation with a MSE of 0.0082, a coefficient of determination (R ²) between the measured and predicted outputs of up to 0.937, and a model efficiency (E) of 0.8978. To conclude, further developments of the proposed ANN model are required to generalize and apply the model to other landfills with different cover soil properties.

Implications:

To date, no attempts have been made to predict the percent of CH₄ oxidation within landfill cover soils using an ANN. This paper presents modeling of CH₄ oxidation in landfill cover soil using ANN based on field measurements data under tropical climate conditions in Malaysia. The proposed ANN oxidation model can be used to predict the percentage of CH₄ oxidation from other landfills with similar climate conditions, cover soil texture, and other properties. The predicted value of CH₄ oxidation can be used in conjunction with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) First Order Decay (FOD) model by landfill operators to accurately estimate total CH₄ emission and how much it contributes to global warming.     

金属铁铝对混凝强化初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响简

选取FeCl₃和AlCl₃·6H₂O作为混凝剂对城市污水进行一级强化混凝处理，降低二级生物处理的进水负荷，减少污水生物处理系统的能量消耗。主要研究混凝过程投加的金属盐对一级强化混凝产生的初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响。和剩余污泥相比，初沉污泥更适合厌氧消化处理，污泥降解性能和产气性能更高。当采用城市污水一级强化混凝处理时，污泥中的金属和金属盐水解引起的pH降低，使混凝强化初沉污泥的厌氧消化受到一定抑制。随着污泥中铝含量的降低和铁含量的增加，厌氧消化的COD降解率和挥发性固体（VS）降解率逐渐升高，生物气产量逐渐增大，产气速率加快。当混凝强化初沉污泥只含有铁时（铁含量为10.16 mg/L），混凝强化初沉污泥厌氧消化效果最好，产气稳定，而且产气速率高，生物气产量为237 mL，生物气甲烷含量为55.5%，降解单位VS产气量为0.80 L/g，均高于其他含铝的混凝强化初沉污泥。污泥中的铁对初沉污泥厌氧消化的抑制作用远远小于铝的作用，说明铁盐适合用于城市污水的一级强化混凝处理。     

An Alternative Approach to Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials Applied under European Conditions

ABSTRACT

Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) values for 83 different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including CO and CH₄, were calculated under different environmental conditions representative for Europe. These calculations show that variations in POCP values are large between different types of chemical environments and that POCP values for VOCs should be presented as ranges instead of single values. POCP ranges are based on the extremes of the POCP values and are defined with the intention to include all POCP values an individual VOC will obtain in any European environment where O₃ formation is of environmental concern. The POCP ranges indicate large differences in O₃ production between individual VOCs, which justifies the use of this ranking scale instead of treating all VOCs as a homogeneous group of species in abatement strategies.

Both the average O₃ production over 96 hr and the maximum contribution to the O₃ concentration were studied. The most efficient O₃ producers were found to be iso-prene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and acrolein. As a group, the alkenes are the most potent O₃ producers, followed by higher alkanes and then the aromatics. The calculated values show a good agreement with previously calculated POCP values under northern European conditions.