热红联用研究废聚氨酯硬泡的燃烧特性

在热重分析仪上对废聚氨酯硬泡在空气中不同升温速率下加热的热失重行为进行了研究,并就升温速率对其热失重行为的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,随着升温速率的提高,废聚氨酯硬泡在空气气氛下热失重时挥发分析出温度(Ts)向高温区偏移,失重速率峰值(DTGmx)显著增大；空气气氛下,废聚氨酯硬泡热失重时有3个失重峰,后2个峰失重率分别约为41.51％和51.96％.同时,结合傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对各条件下的气体产物进行了定性分析,并对主要气体产物的释放规律做了探讨分析.实验发现,废聚氨酯硬泡热解燃烧失重主要阶段的产物种类相似,都检测到了CO、CO2、H2O、三氯一氟甲烷(CFC-11)、烯烃类、烷烃类、醇类、含氯化合物和带有苯环类化合物的特征吸收峰；主要气体产物有相似的析出规律,说明升温速率的变化并未影响到样品在空气气氛下的反应机制.     

不同升温速率下城市污水污泥热解特性及动力学研究

利用差热-热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法,对杭州某污水处理厂污泥在不同升温速率下的热解特性及反应动力学特征进行研究。实验结果表明,热解温度从室温升至900℃时,污泥热解过程可分为4个失重阶段;升温速率对污泥热解转化率、挥发分析出温度以及最大失重率等热解特性参数都有显著影响。升温速率越高污泥最大失重率越大;而较低的升温速率延迟了污泥热解反应时间,导致污泥失重量相对较大。根据Coats-Redfern积分法计算结果,污泥在氮气氛围下的热解反应为二级反应模式。提高升温速率可显著增加污泥热解的表观活化能和频率因子。     

废弃植物中药渣的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析法(TGA)对丹参中药渣的热解特性及其动力学规律进行了研究。分析了不同升温速率(10、30和50℃/min)和不同粒径(0.85~0.6、0.3~0.18和0.125~0.1 mm)药渣的热解特性。结果表明,药渣热解可分为3个阶段:预热干燥阶段、主热解阶段和碳化阶段,随升温速率的升高,热重(TG)和微分热重(DTG)曲线向高温侧移动,药渣的最大失重速率也显著增加;与大颗粒相比较小颗粒的挥发分产量较大。采用Coats-Redfern法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法对药渣热解的动力学进行分析,选出了较为合理的机理函数,并计算得出药渣热解活化能为62~72 kJ/mol。     

船舶塑料垃圾热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析(TGA)研究船舶塑料垃圾在不同升温速率和不同气氛下的热解特性,并得到了热解动力学参数。结果表明,船舶塑料垃圾的热解过程主要有3个阶段,比一般塑料热解复杂;随着升温速率增大,最大热解速率和最大热解速率温度等热解特性参数也增大,反应变得更剧烈;N2/CO2比为4∶1时,热解反应进行得最完全,固体残留率最少。动力学分析表明,采用3个连续一级反应模型能很好地拟合实验数据;不同的升温速率和气氛比对反应各阶段活化能均有不同程度的影响。     

餐厨垃圾分选有机废物热解动力学特性分析

针对餐厨垃圾生物处理过程中产生的有机废物,为了实现餐厨垃圾的资源化利用,使用热重分析仪对其典型组分:塑料、骨头及难降解生物质,进行了单独及混合热重(TG)特性研究。结果表明:难降解生物质(BRB)、骨头等生物质类物质失重温度较低,最大失重率温度分别为325和341℃,塑料的失重温度较高,最大失重率温度在475℃;通过对混合物料的热重曲线和动力学分析,在较低温度(400℃),塑料和骨头对热解过程有一定的抑制作用,而在高温(400℃)状态下,二者在热解过程中有协同作用;含有3种组分的实际物料在166~361℃条件下热解过程符合二维相界反应(函数为2(1-α)1/2);而在361~550℃热解符合三级动力学反应(函数为(1-α)3),在整个温度阶段(166~550℃)中的实际活化能低于模拟活化能(59.6986.57 k J·mol-1),表明3种物料混合热解有协同作用。     

报废风机叶片热处理特性及动力学分析

为研究退役风机叶片热处理特性,开展风机叶片的玻璃纤维/环氧树脂风机叶片材料4个不同升温速率(5、10、20、40℃·min^-1)及2种载气氛围(氮气、空气)的热重实验,结合动力学方法对各个反应过程进行研究。热重分析表明玻璃纤维/环氧树脂风机叶片在氮气氛围下存在2个失重阶段,500℃以后质量基本稳定;在空气氛围下存在3个失重阶段,600℃以后质量基本稳定,说明氧气的参与影响了玻璃纤维/环氧树脂的热分解特性。对比不同升温速率下的TG/DTG曲线,随升温速率的提高,TG曲线逐渐向高温方向移动,DTG曲线最大失重率逐渐降低,整个反应过程的质量损失也发生小幅下降。使用Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)方法研究其动力学过程,结果表明在热解和氧化反应条件下用2种动力学模型求解的活化能取值范围分别为135.14～207.24、137.64～207.58 kJ·mol^-1和117.95～172.19、119.31～173.22 kJ·mol^-1,平均值分别为179.30、...     

油田采油污泥的热解动力学及其热解效果研究

以新疆克拉玛依油田采油污泥为对象，分别采用热重分析仪和小型流化床热解反应器研究了含油污泥的热解过程及其热解效果。结果表明，油泥热解主要经历了失水、轻质组分挥发、重组分快速热解失重和缓慢失重4个阶段，热解过程基本符合一级动力学方程，提高热解的升温速率，可使油泥的最大失重速率D_max、失重速率峰值温度θ_max、升温终点的最大失重率都随之增加，表现在动力学上，反映出表观活化能和碰撞频率因子的同时升高，即提高油泥热解转化率的同时也影响了热解效率。失水油泥用流化床热解，在热解温度600℃、反应时间3 min时，油泥回收率可达到87%。     

灰色预测模型及分布活化能模型在废电路板热解中的应用

分别在管式炉反应器和热天平上对废电路板的热解行为进行实验研究。在管式炉反应器上考察了在同一升温速率（20 K/min）下不同热解终温 (400、500、600、700和800℃) 对废电路板热解产物产率的影响。在相关实验数据的基础上尝试用灰色理论及方法建立基于热解终温的废电路板热解灰色产率预测模型GM(1,1)，预测结果与实验数据对比表明，该预测模型精度较高，能够较好地对不同热解终温下废电路板热解产物产率进行预测。此外，在热天平上获得的不同升温速率（10、15和20 K/min）下的热失重曲线表明，废电路板的失重速率峰随升温速率的提高逐渐向高温侧移动。采用分布活化能模型对废电路板热失重曲线进行动力学分析，获得废电路板热解活化能的变化曲线。计算结果表明，废电路板热解过程中活化能并不是单一数值，而是随失重率变化的一个函数。所得废电路板热解活化能值在140～250 kJ/mol范围内变化，当失重率在10%～60%之间，活化能值总体呈缓慢上升的趋势，但当失重率＞60%时，活化能值由155.4 kJ/mol迅速增加到244.4 kJ/mol。     

工业废水污泥的热解及升温速率对热解的影响

利用热重分析法对印染、中药和废水处理厂3种典型工业废水污泥进行了热解动力学实验研究。结果表明,工业污泥是一种高挥发分、低固定碳和低热值的劣质燃料。经过消化处理的污泥灰分含量较高,挥发分含量变小。热解过程中有3个失重速率较高的阶段,以挥发分的析出为主。升温速率对热解的最终失重率有重要影响。升温速率增加,热解更剧烈,但最终失重率的变化趋势与污泥种类有关;为使热解效果更好,不同种类的污泥应选择不同的升温速率。不同种类的污泥具有不同的热解特性,印染污泥挥发分析出阶段有2次热解。中药污泥活化能最小,印染污泥挥发分第2次热解的活化能比第1次大幅增加。     

造纸工业污泥燃烧特性及动力学实验研究

在不同升温速率及与其他污泥不同混合比例条件下，利用热重法对造纸污泥和含工业污水污泥进行了实验研究。结果表明，造纸污泥与含工业污水污泥表现出不同的DTG曲线形式，其中造纸污泥固定碳燃烧峰失重较为明显。随着升温速率的提高，造纸污泥的燃烧速率加大，燃尽时间缩短，提高了其综合燃烧特性；加入含工业污水污泥后，造纸着火性能及燃尽性能均得到改善。采用积分法（Coats-Redfern方程）计算得到各阶段燃烧反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数，表明活化能的大小与试样的燃烧阶段是相对应的。     

Evaluation of a sustainable remediation option: Beneficial reuse of petroleum-contaminated sediment as an energy source

The characteristics of petroleum-contaminated sediment (PCS) have been evaluated to assess whether the practice of its beneficial reuse as a sole or supplemental energy source is sustainable relative to other sediment remediation options such as monitored natural recovery (MNR), capping, or off-site disposal. Some of these remediation options for PCS are energy-intensive and/or require land utilization. The energy and compositional analysis results indicate a low carbon content (15–17%(wt)) and corresponding low energy values of 5,200 kJ/kg (2,200 Btu/lb) to 5,600 kJ/kg (2,400 Btu/lb). However, given other decision-making criteria, the sediment may contain enough value to be added as a supplemental fuel given that it is normally considered a waste product and is readily available.

The thermogravimetric profiles obtained under both combustion and pyrolytic conditions showed that the sulfur contents were comparable to typical low sulfur bituminous or lignite coals found in the United States, and most of the volatiles could be vaporized below 750°C. The heavy metal concentrations determined before and after combustion of the PCS indicated that further engineering controls may be required for mercury, arsenic, and lead. Due to the potential for reduction of public health and environmental threats, potential economic savings, and conservation of natural resources (petroleum and land), removal of PCS by dredging and beneficial reuse as a supplemental fuel clearly has merit to be considered as a sustainable remediation option.

Implications: This study will provide a logical evaluation process to determine whether petroleum-contaminated sediment can be reused as an energy source. The energy and emissions values were determined and evaluated whether the sediment could be combusted for viable and sustainable use, considering several factors pertinent to evaluate in the remediation decision process. Various analysis methods were employed to determine elemental compositions, heating values, thermal and emission characteristics. This evaluation process may be used as a general methodology for the determination of petroleum-contaminated sediment as a supplemental fuel that may have merit to be considered as a sustainable remediation option.     

PCDD/PCDF emissions from small firing systems in households

This report presents results of emission measurements of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in the flue gas of seven oil, nine gas, and two wood firing systems under laboratory conditions. The burn rate of the combustion was in the range of the rated useful heat output. Two additional test series varied the amount of combustion air and thus the heat output. The PCDD/PCDF emissions for oil- and gas-fired boilers are in the range of 0.0020-0.0142 ng I-TEQ/m3 (referring to 3% O2 in the dry flue gas). No correlation between the combustion technique and the PCDD/PCDF emissions could be established. In the tests with the wood-fired furnaces PCDD/PCDF concentrations in the flue gas ranging from 0.014 to 0.076 ng I-TEQ/m3 (referring to 13% O2 in the dry flue gas) were found. A significant correlation between the firing rate of the heating insert and the measured PCDD/PCDF concentrations was found. On examination of three typical 2,3,7,8-CDD/CDF congener profiles, a comparable pattern could be observed with natural gas and light fuel oil. The congener distribution for wood combustion is considerably different.     

Correlation between calcium carbonate content and emission characteristics of incense

In Taiwan and China, calcium carbonate is commonly added as a filler during incense production to lower the cost. This study has found an unexpected benefit for this practice: it reduces particulate emission. Nine types of the popular incense on the local market were chosen for this study. The calcium content in raw material incense was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The correlation between the calcium content and emission characteristics of incense was investigated. The calcium content varied from 1.8 to 60 mg/g (incense burned) among those nine different types of incense. Very little calcium (< 1%) was found in natural wood or plants, which is mainly the raw material of incense. Instead, most calcium was artificially added in the form of CaCO3 during manufacturing. The combustion characteristics, including burning rate, emission factors of particulate, ash, and solid-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (S-PAHs), varied significantly among the nine types of incense. Incense containing 2% calcium would emit 30% less S-PAHs, compared with those with little (< 0.2%) calcium. More importantly, increasing the calcium content from 0.5 to 5% by adding CaCO3 reduced the particulate emission from incense by approximately 50%.     

Characterization and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in emissions from different heating systems in Damascus,Syria

Traffic has long been recognized as the major contributor to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions to the urban atmosphere. Stationary combustion sources, including residential space heating systems, are also a major contributor to PAH emissions. The aim of this study was to determine the profile and concentration of PAHs in stack flue gas emissions from different kinds of space heaters in order to increase the understanding of the scale of the PAH pollution problem caused by this source. This study set out to first assess the characteristics of PAHs and their corresponding benzo[a]pyrene equivalent emissions from a few types of domestic heaters and central heating systems to the urban atmosphere. The study, enabled for the first time, the characterization of PAHs in stationary combustion sources in the city of Damascus, Syria. Nine different types of heating systems were selected with respect to age, design, and type of fuel burned. The concentrations of 15 individual PAH compounds in the stack flue gas were determined in the extracts of the collected samples using high-performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC) equipped with ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence detectors. In general, older domestic wood stoves caused considerably higher PAH emissions than modern domestic heaters burning diesel oil. The average concentration of ΣPAH (sum of 15 compounds) in emissions from all types of studied heating systems ranged between 43?±?0.4 and 316?±?1.4 μg/m³. Values of total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent ranged between 0.61 and 15.41 μg/m³.     

Correlation between Calcium Carbonate Content and Emission Characteristics of Incense

Abstract

In Taiwan and China, calcium carbonate is commonly added as a filler during incense production to lower the cost. This study has found an unexpected benefit for this practice: it reduces particulate emission. Nine types of the popular incense on the local market were chosen for this study. The calcium content in raw material incense was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The correlation between the calcium content and emission characteristics of incense was investigated. The calcium content varied from 1.8 to 60 mg/g (incense burned) among those nine different types of incense. Very little calcium (<1%) was found in natural wood or plants, which is mainly the raw material of incense. Instead, most calcium was artificially added in the form of CaCO₃ during manufacturing. The combustion characteristics, including burning rate, emission factors of particulate, ash, and solid-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (SPAHs), varied significantly among the nine types of incense. Incense containing 2% calcium would emit 30% less S-PAHs, compared with those with little (<0.2%) calcium. More importantly, increasing the calcium content from 0.5 to 5% by adding CaCO₃ reduced the particulate emission from incense by ～50%.     

A Study of Wood Stove Particulate Emissions

Particulate emission factors for two wood stove models have been determined for two types of fuel and a range of operating conditions. The emission factors range from 1 g/kg (fuel) to 24 g/kg. A model is presented which represents the emission factor as a simple function of the ratio of fuel load to combustion rate, or the length of time between refueling. This model is felt to be appropriate for evaluating the impact of wood-based residential space heating on ambient air concentrations of particulate matter If certain assumptions can be made about stove operating conditions. An application of the emission factor model to a typical community suggests that the contribution of wood stoves to ambient particulate levels might reach 100 μg/m³ if the entire heating load were carried by wood.

Preliminary analyses of the particulate matter Indicate that benzene extractables range from 42% of the total particulate mass at short refuel times to 67% at longer refuel times. About 45% of the mass of benzene extractables appeared in the neutral fraction of acid base extractions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are expected to be included in this neutral fraction.     

Is levoglucosan a suitable quantitative tracer for wood burning? Comparison with receptor modeling on trace elements in Lycksele, Sweden

Particle emissions from residential wood combustion in small communities in Northern Sweden can sometimes increase the ambient particle concentrations to levels comparable to densely trafficked streets in the center of large cities. The reason for this is the combination of increased need for domestic heating during periods of low temperatures, leading to higher emission rates, and stable meteorological conditions. In this work, the authors compare two different approaches to quantify the wood combustion contribution to fine particles in Northern Sweden: a multivariate source-receptor analysis on inorganic compounds followed by multiple linear regression (MLR) of fine particle concentrations and levoglucosan used as a tracer. From the receptor model, it can be seen that residential wood combustion corresponds with 70% of modeled particle mass. Smaller contributions are also seen from local nonexhaust traffic particles, road dust, and brake wear (each contributing 14%). Of the mass, 1.5% is explained by long-distance transported particles, and 2% derives from a regional source deriving from either oil combustion or smelter activities. In samples collected in ambient air, a significant linear correlation was found between wood burning particles and levoglucosan. The levoglucosan fraction in the ambient fine particulate matter attributed to wood burning according to the multivariate analysis ranged from < 2% to 50%. This is much higher than the fraction found in the emission from the boilers expected to be responsible for most emissions at this site (between 3% and 6%). A laboratory emission study of wood and pellet boilers gave 0.3% wt to 22% wt levoglucosan to particle mass, indicating that the levoglucosan fraction may be highly dependent on combustion conditions, making it uncertain to use it as a quantitative tracer under real-world burning conditions. Thus, quantitative estimates of wood burning contributions will be very uncertain using solely levoglucosan as a tracer.