Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of municipal wastewater in aerobic membrane bioreactors.

Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) of municipal wastewater was investigated in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated at two different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), 0.5 and 1 day, dissolved oxygen 3.0 to 0.5 mg/L, and solids retention time (SRT) between 28 and 120 days. The organic loading rate (OLR) (0.11 to 0.64 kg chemical oxygen demand [COD]/m3/d) and influent soluble COD (SCOD)/ total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) ratio (5 to 19) were varied by the addition of glucose. The ammonia-nitrogen and TKN removals were over 97%, and total nitrogen removal was approximately 89% in the MBR. The maximum specific nitrification rates (98 mg N/d/g VSS) and specific denitrification rates (81 mg N/d/g VSS) occurred at an SCOD/TKN ratio of 9.1. The optimum conditions for maximum total nitrogen removal by SND in a single reactor MBR have been found to be low dissolved oxygen (< 0.6 mg/L) and high OLR (approximately 0.64 kg COD/m3/d) at an HRT of 0.5 day and SRT of approximately 85 days.     

利用数学模拟方法分析硝化MBR系统中SMP转换过程

为深入了解膜生物反应器(MBR)中微生物代谢产物(SMP)的生成降解以及利用情况,研究了以NH4Cl为惟一能源物质的硝化MBR反应器中SMP浓度以及分子量(MW)变化情况,并运用活性污泥模型3(ASM3)准确地计算出微生物利用底物相关的溶解性产物(UAP)和微生物死亡相关的溶解性产物(BAP)的量分别是多少,最终证明硝化系统中产生的SMP可作为能源物质被异养菌进一步利用,而且相较于BAP而言UAP更易于被生物降解,得出结论 BAP是SMP中的主要污染成分。     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺生物脱氮除磷效果研究

为了提高改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺污水处理厂的脱氮除磷效果,结合某污水处理厂3年的运行实践,讨论了该工艺的处理效果,生物脱氮除磷原理及影响出水效果的因素.分析表明将DO控制在0.3～0.7 mg/L范围内,能够使出水中的TN浓度低于20 mg/L;在氧化沟中发生的同步硝化反硝化反应(SND)对总氮的去除的贡献占总系统脱氮的66%;该系统剩余污泥的含磷率为3.0%,生物细胞中平均含磷量可达细胞干重的4.2%;总磷去除率与污泥龄具有很好的线性关系,加大污泥排放量可以提高除磷效果.     

PAC-MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能研究

研究了粉末活性炭(PAC)作为载体的膜生物反应器(MBR)处理吹脱后垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能.在HRT=3 d、NH 4-N=200～500 mg/L条件下,进水pH＞8.7时,PAC-MBR和没有添加PAC的普通MBR均只能将氨氮转化为NO-2;降低pH至7.6～8.2时,PAC-MBR中的亚硝酸盐氧化菌迅速恢复活性,将NO-2完全转化为硝酸盐,而普通MBR仍然停留在亚硝化阶段;当吹脱取消后,NO-2迅速消失,这可能与取消吹脱后,不再使用大量硫酸进行pH调节有关.研究发现,当SO2-4为3 g/L时,氨氮氧化速度出现了明显的下降,表明SO2-4对硝化菌具有抑制作用;同时,微生物代谢产物(SMP)分泌量越高,NO-2含量越低,但是SMP不是影响NO-2积累的主要原因.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an aerobic reactor with granular sludge originating from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor.

Anaerobic granular sludge, obtained from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor at a brewery waste treatment station, was cultured for 3 months under aeration conditions until the diameter of sludge was in the range 1.8 to 2.6 mm. The aerobic granular sludge gathered acquired the ability of catalyzing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) and was applied in the study of the process of nitrogen removal in a bioreactor. The ratio between chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) concentration in the influent was found to be an important factor influencing the process of SND. The final percentage removal of NH4(+)-N reached 100% under the optimal condition of 500 mg/L COD and 0.39 NH4(+)-N/COD. Intermediate products, such as nitrite-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen, were also analyzed to clarify the SND process with the aerobic granular sludge.     

水力停留时间对MBR中溶解性微生物产物生成的影响

考察水力停留时间(HRT)对MBR中膜污染的主要污染物——溶解性微生物产物(SMP)生成的影响。结果表明,在装置稳定运行期间,MBR中SMP随运行时间出现累积。与HRT为8 h相比,HRT为12 h时,SMP在MBR中平均累积量要少10.1%,SMP中多糖含量平均高7 mg/L左右,而蛋白质含量平均低45.6%。SMP的平均粒径随装置运行呈下降趋势,并且HRT较短有利于粒径较小的SMP生成,从而堵塞膜孔;HRT较长有利于粒径较大的SMP生成,从而形成凝胶层,两种情况导致膜污染的机制不同。     

利用数学模拟方法分析硝化MBR系统中SMP转换过程

为深入了解膜生物反应器（MBR）中微生物代谢产物（SMP）的生成降解以及利用情况，研究了以NH4Cl为惟一能源物质的硝化MBR反应器中SMP浓度以及分子量（MW）变化情况，并运用活性污泥模型3（ASM3）准确地计算出微生物利用底物相关的溶解性产物（UAP）和微生物死亡相关的溶解性产物（BAP）的量分别是多少，最终证明硝化系统中产生的SMP可作为能源物质被异养菌进一步利用，而且相较于BAP而言UAP更易于被生物降解，得出结论BAP是SMP中的主要污染成分。     

Toward long solids retention time of activated sludge processes: benefits in energy saving, effluent quality, and stability

The activated sludge process is the most common method of secondary municipal wastewater treatment; solids retention time (SRT) is the key control parameter for this process. Typically, operating at long SRT is considered only for nitrification, but there are additional benefits of high SRT operation. This paper presents experimental and literature evidence to demonstrate three major additional benefits of long SRT operation: increased oxygen transfer efficiency; improved biomass particle size distribution, which results in more efficient clarification with fewer effluent particles and suspended solids; and enhanced removal of many emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper presents experimental results from several treatment plants that showed increasing oxygen transfer efficiency and particle size with increasing SRT, and evidence documenting improved removal of emerging contaminants and biodegradable organic carbon. A long-term survey of three treatment plants concludes that operating at higher SRT is not as energy intensive as typically assumed.     

膜生物反应器污泥内源消化及SMP变化

膜生物反应器（MBR）中高污泥浓度和低F/M会导致部分微生物长期处于贫营养状态下，因此采用污泥内源消化试验模拟MBR中实际存在的贫营养现象。比较了好氧消化（AD）和好氧/缺氧消化（A/A/D）2种模式对于A²O+MBR工艺剩余污泥的内源消化效果及SMP的变化。研究结果表明，常温条件下A/A/D 20 d MLVSS的去除率可达到50%，AD为42%，缺氧段的引入促进了有机物和营养物质等的释放和去除，SMP浓度均呈现出显著降低而后缓慢增长并趋于稳定的趋势。EEM光谱分析表明，SMP中不同的荧光物质在内源消化过程中呈现出不同的变化规律。GPC分析认为，内源消化过程中SMP的分子量范围逐渐扩大，小分子量有机物呈增长趋势，A/A/D对SMP的降解比AD更为有效。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of a pretreatment system for removing organics from produced water

Co-produced water from the oil and gas industry accounts for a significant waste stream in the United States. This "produced water" is characterized by saline water containing a variety of pollutants, including water soluble and immiscible organics and many inorganic species. To reuse produced water, removal of both the inorganic dissolved solids and organic compounds is necessary. In this research, the effectiveness of a pretreatment system consisting of surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) adsorption followed by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was evaluated for simultaneous removal of carboxylates and hazardous substances, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) from saline-produced water. A laboratory-scale MBR, operated at a 9.6-hour hydraulic residence time, degraded 92% of the carboxylates present in synthetic produced water. When BTEX was introduced simultaneously to the MBR system with the carboxylates, the system achieved 80 to 95% removal of BTEX via biodegradation. These results suggest that simultaneous biodegradation of both BTEX and carboxylate constituents found in produced water is possible. A field test conducted at a produced water disposal facility in Farmington, New Mexico confirmed the laboratory-scale results for the MBR and demonstrated enhanced removal of BTEX using a treatment train consisting of SMZ columns followed by the MBR. While most of the BTEX constituents of the produced water adsorbed onto the SMZ adsorption system, approximately 95% of the BTEX that penetrated the SMZ and entered the MBR was biodegraded in the MBR. Removal rates of acetate (influent concentrations of 120 to 170 mg/L) ranged from 91 to 100%, and total organic carbon (influent concentrations as high as 580 mg/L) ranged from 74 to 92%, respectively. Organic removal in the MBR was accomplished at a low biomass concentration of 1 g/L throughout the field trial. While the transmembrane pressure during the laboratory-scale tests was well-controlled, it rose substantially during the field test, where no pH control was implemented. The results suggest that pretreatment with an SMZ/MBR system can provide substantial removal of organic compounds present in produced water, a necessary first step for many water-reuse applications.     

2-Chlorobenzoate biodegradation by recombinant Burkholderia cepacia under hypoxic conditions in a membrane bioreactor.

The feasibility of applying bacterial hemoglobin technology to degrade 2-chlorobenzoate (2-CBA) through co-metabolism under hypoxic conditions in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has been studied in the laboratory. 2-chlorobenzoate removal and chloride release rates in the MBR system varied from 99 to 78% and 98 to 73%, respectively, depending on the operation conditions. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were more than 90% at food-to-microorganism ratios ranging from 0.32 to 0.62 g/g/d, and the observed yield was 0.13 to 0.20 g biomass/g COD. The bacterial cell-floc size-distribution analysis showed that there is a significant change in bacterial floc size due to high shear stress during operation of the MBR. To characterize growth kinetics of Burkholderia cepacia strain dinitrotoluene, a mathematical model that describes co-metabolic oxidation of 2-CBA in an MBR has been developed.     

SRT影响MBR污泥体系去除污染物动力学研究

利用Eckenfelder公式得出了MBR系统中不同污泥停留时间底物降解速率和氨氮的去除速率,结果表明在对数增长阶段和减数增长阶段,SRT为17 d时,对有机底物的降解速率和氨氮的去除速率都高于SRT为8、27、37和42 d的污泥系统对两者的去除,说明SRT对MBR污泥系统的活性有较大影响,确定排泥时间应综合考虑污泥活性、污泥产量和膜通量等因素.     

SRT对MBR污泥性质的影响

以浸没式膜-生物反应器(SMBR)处理模拟赖氨酸废水为研究体系,考察SRT在10、20和40 d条件下,SMBR中的胞外聚合物(EPS)组分和含量、污泥沉降性能和污泥相对疏水性等污泥性质的变化及其对膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着SRT的延长,混合液中EPS总量呈递减趋势,TBEPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值呈上升趋势,污泥的沉降性能变差,相对疏水性增强;膜通量下降速率变大,膜污染加重。污泥性质与膜污染的相关性表明,膜污染与蛋白质和多糖的比值、污泥沉降性能和相对疏水性呈正相关关系,而与EPS呈负相关关系。     

T-RFLP detection of nitrifying bacteria in a fluidized bed reactor of achieving simultaneous nitrification-denitrification

Steady simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) was achieved in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) by the control of DO concentration without physical separation of the aerobic and anoxic zones. The performance and composition of nitrifying bacteria were examined in this study. The ammonium removal efficiency was higher than 80% and the DO concentration (1-5 mg l(-1)) had little influence on it. More than 50% total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was achieved when DO was less than 3 mg l(-1) and in many cases the removal efficiency varied between 60-70%. The volumetric loading of TN varied between 0.12 and 0.20 kg Nm(-3)d(-1). 16S rRNA-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to characterize the diversity and distribution of the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the FBR. The results indicated that, the composition and number of both AOB and NOB changed with position in the reactor and operating time. Nitrosomonas sp. was found to be dominant species of the AOB community, and Nitrobacter sp. also existed in the system. The SND mechanism in the FBR was proved to be the vertical stratification of active populations; however, the presence of microenvironments within the biofilm cannot be ruled out.     

Effect of mean cell residence time on the performance and microbial diversity of pre-denitrification submerged membrane bioreactors

The effect of mean cell residence time (MCRT) (5, 8.3, 16.7, and 33.3d) on domestic wastewater treatment performance had been investigated using four bench-scale pre-denitrification submerged membrane bioreactors (MBR) operated in parallel. The 33.3-d MCRT MBR had the lowest microbial activities in terms of specific oxygen uptake rate, specific denitrification rate and observed sludge yield. Excellent COD removal efficiency (more than 95%) and nitrification (more than 97%) were observed in all the four MBRs investigated. Even though high nitrification can be achieved in all the MBRs, total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was found to be affected by MCRT with a maximum of 77% at 33.3-d MCRT. Better TN removal efficiency achieved in the 33.3-d MCRT MBR was due to the combined effect of high mixed liquor concentration and lower dissolved oxygen concentration in the recycled mixed liquor. A comparison of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) fingerprints based on 16S rRNA and nirS gene revealed that the microbial communities of 5- and 8.3-d MCRT are grouped under the same branch while 16.7- and 33.3-d MCRT are grouped in another branch. T-RFLP based on amoA gene shows that members from the Nitrosomonas genus were more dominant under shorter MCRT operating environment. Clustering analysis did not show any correlation with the organic and nitrogen removal performance obtained in this study.     

分段进水多级生物膜反应器脱氮效能影响因素研究

采用分段进水多级生物膜反应器处理高氮低碳小城镇污水,考察负荷、溶解氧和温度对反应器脱氮效能的影响。实验结果表明:负荷、溶解氧和温度对反应器脱氮效能有显著影响。在水温为20～25℃,DO为5 mg/L,负荷为1 kgCOD/(m3.d),挂膜密度为30%,第1、3、6级分段进水,流量分配比为2∶2∶1的条件下,在反应器中可成功构建出高效同时硝化反硝化系统,出水COD、NH4+-N和TN浓度分别为33 mg/L、2.6 mg/L和29.4 mg/L,去除率分别为90.1%、96.0%和63.9%。当水温≤15℃时,硝化速率受温度的影响显著。     

SBR中SRT对总细菌群落结构的影响研究

为了揭示序批式反应器不同污泥停留时间(SRT)下总细菌群落结构的异同及SRT变化对总细菌群落结构的影响,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)进行研究。通过克隆测序发现,不同的SRT条件下生物多样性和种群结构会有所差异,既存在各SRT条件下相同的优势菌群(Escherichia coli和Aeromonas sp.),也存在某些SRT下特有的优势菌群(Uncultured Peptostreptococcaceae),SRT为40 d时检测到以降解硫酸盐获得能源的优势微生物。研究还表明,SRT为40 d时多样性指数取得最大值,各SRT条件下微生物的种群相似性差别较大。     

钙离子对短期膜污染的影响

以处理生活污水的平板膜-生物反应器为依托,通过将进水调配成30、200和500 mg/L 3种不同的钙离子浓度,考察钙离子对短期膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着钙离子浓度的增加,TMP增长趋势变小,膜污染得到缓解;钙离子浓度为200 mg/L时,膜的渗透性最好,而过高的钙离子浓度并不利于降低膜污染。钙离子的投加强化了生物絮凝作用,可以降低SMP和LB-EPS的含量,主要通过降低外部阻力减缓膜污染;投加钙离子也可以增加絮体的大小,较大的絮体形成的泥饼有更好的过滤性,然而过高的钙离子浓度会使无机颗粒的量增加,造成平均粒径下降,将会加重内部污染,进而加剧膜污染。     

微气泡曝气中氧传质特性研究

气泡曝气过程中氧传质对于好氧生物处理过程具有重要意义。采用水力旋转剪切微气泡发生装置,考察了运行条件和水质特性对微气泡曝气中氧传质特性的影响。结果表明,微气泡曝气可获得较高的气含率和气泡停留时间;表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)可以提高微气泡曝气的气含率和气泡停留时间。微气泡曝气中氧的总体积传质系数明显高于传统气泡曝气。总体积传质系数随着空气流量的增加而增加;氧传质效率随着空气流量的增加而减小,且对空气流量的变化更为敏感。在温度15~35℃范围内,微气泡曝气中氧的总体积传质系数随着温度的增加而增加,变化关系与传统气泡曝气基本相同,但对温度的变化更为敏感。微气泡曝气中,表面活性剂SDS会使氧的总体积传质系数略有降低,其不利影响明显小于传统气泡曝气;氧的总体积传质系数随盐度(NaC l浓度)增加而逐渐增加,并在NaC l浓度5 000 mg/L后趋于稳定。     

碱度指示MBR中同步硝化反硝化的研究

在连续的操作环境下,通过改变在膜生物反应器(MBR)中的C/N和曝气量,研究碱度对同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的指示作用。结果发现,在反硝化完全的情况下,出水碱度(330~440 mg/L)在硝化过程中较高并与出水TN表现出好的线性关系(Alk=3.22[N]+333.08,R2=0.85);在硝化完全的情况下,出水碱度(60~280 mg/L)在反硝化过程中较低并与出水TN也有很好的线性关系(Alk=-4.93[N]+317.86,R2=0.89)。实际消耗的碱度可以作为另一个指示因子(ΔAlkexper),实际消耗的碱度随出水的NH4+-N浓度升高而降低(ΔAlkexper=-3.85[N]+149.11,R2=0.88,出水NO3--N4.5 mg/L);实际消耗的碱度随出水的NO3--N浓度升高而升高(ΔAlkexper=3.68[N]+161.11,R2=0.88,出水NH4+-N5.5 mg/L)。虽然pH的变化有一定的规律,但是对SND脱氮效果指示不灵敏。