三江平原湿地典型植物群落氮的积累与分配

采用野外采样和室内分析结合的方法,研究了三江平原湿地典型植物群落氮的积累与分配特征。结果表明,小叶章（Calamagrostics angustifolia）、乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）和毛苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）群落地上器官氮含量不存在显著差异,根的氮含量存在显著差异,枯落物的氮含量表现为乌拉苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落（p〈0.01）。小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛苔草群落不同部分的氮积累量和积累速率（VN）季节变化明显,三者地上器官、枯落物的氮积累量和VN表现为乌拉苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落;三者根的氮积累量表现为小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落〉乌拉苔草群落,VN表现为毛苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉乌拉苔草群落。小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛苔草群落不同部分的氮分配比在各时期差异明显,根是重要的氮储库,其分配比高达（87.76±2.55）%、（79.84±7.53）%和（89.25±5.49）%;地上部分的氮分配比均以叶最高,茎较低;地上与地下的氮分配比呈相反变化规律,反映了其在氮供给方面的密切联系。     

三江平原典型环型湿地主要植物群落枯落物的热值变化

研究了小叶章(Calamag rostis angustifolia)、毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)和漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)群落枯落物在1个生长季内的分解热值变化特征,并初步探讨其影响因素。环型湿地3种植物群落由于各自的微环境不同致使其枯落物热值变化有所差异。6月至10月,小叶章群落枯落物热值呈现逐渐下降趋势,而毛果苔草群落和漂筏苔草群落由于所处环型湿地位置不同而形成不同于小叶章群落的湿地水热条件,从而造成其枯落物热值的总体变化趋势是先下降再上升,最后又下降。同时,同一群落不同深度枯落物热值变化也不同。0—10、10—20和20—30 cm土层热值变化相似,而30—40 cm土层热值变化规律不明显。     

模拟水深和氮添加对三江平原湿地植物功能性状的影响

水深和氮素是影响湿地植物生长的关键因素,研究两者对功能性状的影响有助于预测未来环境变化下湿地植物的生长与分布趋势.以三江平原沼泽湿地3种优势植物(漂筏苔草Carex pseudocuraica、毛苔草Carex lasiocarpa和燕子花lris laevigata)为研究对象,设置3个水深(0、5、15 cm)和3...     

湿地冷湿效应初探

对湿地周围不同距离农田的近地面气温、湿度、地温以及典型湿地地温的测定表明 ,湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被及其积水深度有关。在所选择的 3种湿地植被中 ,漂筏苔草积水最深 ,冷湿效应最大 ,其次为毛果苔草 ,小叶章最小。不同距离农田的近地面气温和湿度变化不同 ,随距离增加 ,温度增大 ,湿度减小。这种变化主要是由湿地的局部冷湿作用造成的。农田地温平均值高出小叶章湿地 4℃之多 ,高出漂筏苔草湿地近 5℃ ,表明湿地的制冷作用很明显     

湿地冷湿效应初探

对湿地周围不同距离农田的近地面气温、湿度、地温以及典型湿地温的测定表明，湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被及其积水深度有关。在所选择的3种湿地植被中，漂筏苔草积水最深，冷湿效应最大，其次为毛果苔草，小叶章最小。不同距离农田的近地面气温和湿度变化不同，随距离增加，温度增大，湿度减小。这种变化主要是由湿地的局部冷湿作用造成的。农田地温平均值高出小叶章湿地4℃之多，高出漂筏苔草湿地近5℃，表明湿地的制冷作用很明显。     

三江平原典型环型湿地生物多样性

以三江平原典型环型湿地为研究对象，在前人研究的基础上，结合野外调查，研究环型湿地生境多样性和物种多样性的现状及其形成原因，并探讨2者之间的关系。研究表明，三江平原环型湿地生境较为复杂，生境多样性高，生境多样性主要是由水文和地貌在不同层次的时空尺度上相互作用而形成和维持的；由环型湿地中心向边缘，湿地植物的丰富度指数和多样性指数呈先增加后减少的趋势，在塔头苔草(Carex casiocaepa)群落处达到最大值，而漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)群落和沼柳一越菊柳(Salix brachypoda—Salix myrtilloides)群落较低。湿地动物物种多样性丰富，大型土壤动物多样性与均匀性以芦苇-苔草群落为最高而其优势度最低，中小型土壤动物的均匀度和多样性以小叶章(Calamagrostics angustifolia)沼泽化草甸最高而其优势度最低；三江平原环型湿地物种多样性和生境多样性关系密切。     

长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草(Carex. meyeriana)沼泽湿地水文物理效应

通过对长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草(C.meyeriana)沼泽湿地和三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地土壤物理性质和乌拉苔草根系生物量的测定,对水文物理效应进行了分析,结果表明:长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草沼泽湿地的土壤孔隙度小于三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地,容重和体积质量则高于三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地。土壤蓄水能力低于三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地;乌拉苔草发达的根系具有强大的蓄水能力,尤以根鞘的蓄水能力最强,蓄水可以占鲜质量的91.1%~93.72%,比根系蓄水能力高出2.54%~33.94%。由此得知乌拉苔草沼泽湿地的具有巨大的蓄水能力,是天然的水调节器。通过分析可知其水文物理过程对沼泽湿地对其上游河流具有调节作用,同时还可以保存上游河流生物多样性,以及严重的影响着水面以下化学过程的发生。     

三江平原典型小叶章种群地上生物量的空间结构分形特征

2005年5月至10月,应用分形几何学的原理和方法对三江平原典型小叶章种群地上生物量与株高的空间结构分形关系进行了研究。结果表明,典型草甸小叶章和沼泽化草甸小叶章的地上生物量与株高存在良好的静态分形关系,其分形维数(D)是对地上生物量在各器官中积累规律的表征;二者地上生物量与株高的对数值线性相关,相关系数分别介于0.579～0.919和0.655～0.914之间(P<0.01,D值介于1.778～3.414和2.238～3.924之间,各时期地上生物量均以株高的幂函数形式积累;二者地上生物量与株高静态分形关系D值的季节动态基本一致,其变化均符合抛物线模型(P<0.05),而局部波动又与地上生物量的变化有关;生长季内,二者地上生物量与株高动态分形关系的D值分别为2.749和2.738,说明地上生物量的积累具有自相似性,符合幂函数增长的分形生长过程。研究还表明,仅用D值来刻画不同植物地上生物量的空间积累与展布存在一定的局限性,它只能用于测度和描述一种植物体生物量的空间积累及其对空间的占据,而一般不能用于植物间相应指标的类比;导致不同植物D值差异的原因可能与植物生长所处生境、外在因素以及模型参数(C)有关。     

三江平原小叶章和芦苇幼苗生长对低光胁迫的响应木

采用5种低光处理(100、200、400、600、1000 lx)研究了小叶章和芦苇幼苗成活和生长对低光胁迫的响应.两种湿地植物幼苗的成活率均随着光照强度的升高而显著增大,小叶章和芦苇幼苗全部成活的光照强度下限分别为400、1 000 lx.两种植物幼苗生长参数(根重、茎重、叶重、总生物量、绝对生长速率、相对生长速率、净同化速率)都随光照强度的升高显著增大,而叶生物量比和形态学参数(叶面积比、比叶面积)随光照强度的升高显著降低.可见,小叶章和芦苇幼苗生长明显受到光照的影响,幼苗可通过增大光合器官的投入适应低光环境.相对芦苇而言,小叶章幼苗在低光胁迫下形态可塑性大,小叶章更低的存活光强下限及更强的形态可塑性表明小叶章幼苗适应低光胁迫的能力大于芦苇,这可能是小叶章能成为三江平原典型草甸、湿草甸和沼泽群落的优势种,而芦苇只能成为伴生种的主要原因之一.图6表1参31     

长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草Carex meyeriana沼泽湿地气候效应

通过对长白山区沟谷沼泽典型乌拉苔草湿地土壤温度、乌拉苔草群落相对湿度、叶片温度、风速、光量子通量密度以及蒸腾速率的日变化和蒸腾速率的季节变化的研究,初步揭示沟谷乌拉苔草沼泽湿地的气候效应。结果表明长白山沟谷沼泽湿地具有三江平原沼泽同样的冷湿效应。土壤化通时间比三江平原化通时间提前1个多月,蒸腾速率日变化不同季节趋势基本一致,不同层次叶片的蒸腾速率日变化趋势基本一致,最大值在7至8月份蒸腾速率(H2O)达到100~140 mol.m-2.s-1。光量子通量密度与温度成正比,与湿度成反比,大气温度日变化和叶片温度日变化趋势基本相同,相对湿度的日变化趋势和大气温度的变化趋势正好相反,和光量子通量密度的变化趋势相反。沟谷湿地的同样具有小气候效应。     

三江平原典型环型湿地生物多样性

以三江平原典型环型湿地为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,结合野外调查,研究环型湿地生境多样性和物种多样性的现状及其形成原因,并探讨2者之间的关系。研究表明,三江平原环型湿地生境较为复杂,生境多样性高,生境多样性主要是由水文和地貌在不同层次的时空尺度上相互作用而形成和维持的;由环型湿地中心向边缘,湿地植物的丰富度指数和多样性指数呈先增加后减少的趋势,在塔头苔草(Carexcasiocaepa)群落处达到最大值,而漂筏苔草(Carexpseudocuraica)群落和沼柳-越菊柳(Salixbrachypoda Salixmyrtilloides)群落较低。湿地动物物种多样性丰富,大型土壤动物多样性与均匀性以芦苇-苔草群落为最高而其优势度最低,中小型土壤动物的均匀度和多样性以小叶章(Calamagrosticsangustifolia)沼泽化草甸最高而其优势度最低;三江平原环型湿地物种多样性和生境多样性关系密切。     

三江平原典型湿地冷湿效应的初步研究

在三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站内选择3种群落(毛果苔草-狭叶甜茅-漂筏苔草群落，狭叶甜茅-漂筏苔草群落，小叶樟群落)，在各群落内分别选取一种主要建群种，测定湿地植被的蒸腾强度，计算出群落范围内湿地植被的增湿降温效应，即冷湿效应。研究结果表明，湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被类型有关，3种植被中漂筏苔草的冷湿作用最大，其次为小叶樟，毛果苔草最小。这是因为漂筏苔草是典型的湿地植被，生长于多水环境中，其增湿降温作用较明显。湿地植被冷湿效应与湿地面积大小有一定的相关关系，湿地植被面积越大，其冷湿作用越强，并且多种植被的相互作用可以加强湿地的冷湿作用。     

三江平原典型湿地的土壤植物总硫及水中硫酸盐的分布特征

以三江平原的3种主要沼泽类型——小叶樟沼泽、乌拉苔草沼泽、毛果苔草沼泽为研究对象,对其土壤和植物中的总硫质量分数及水中硫酸盐质量分数进行分析。3种沼泽土壤总硫质量分数的顺序为小叶樟沼泽(622.4 mg/kg)<乌拉苔草沼泽(820.5 mg/kg)<毛果苔草沼泽(1022.4 mg/kg);植物总硫质量分数的顺序为小叶樟(1638.5 mg/kg)<乌拉苔草(1796.9 mg/kg)<毛果苔草(1892.8 mg/kg);水中硫酸盐的质量分数为小叶樟沼泽(1.69 mg/kg)<乌拉苔草沼泽(1.81 mg/kg)<毛果苔草沼泽(2.00 mg/kg)。并探讨了典型湿地生态系统中硫质量分数的影响因素。     

植物对沼泽湿地生态系统N2O排放的影响

利用静态暗箱/气相色谱法连续3个生长季(2003-2005年)对三江平原小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽N2O排放通量进行野外对比观测试验.结果表明,植物不同生长阶段对湿地生态系统N2O排放通量的影响不尽相同.植物的参与促进了湿地生态系统N2O的排放,2003-2005年生长季小叶章草甸土壤-植物系统N2O排放通量分别是土壤表观N2O排放通量的1.58倍、2.09倍和2.34倍,同期毛果苔草沼泽土壤-植物系统N2O排放通量分别是土壤表观N2O排放通量的1.86倍、1.50倍和1.33倍.3个生长季小叶章草甸N2O排放通量均大于毛果苔草沼泽,这主要是由土壤理化性质的空间变异性以及水文情况的差异造成的.     

锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落特征及物种多样性分析

内蒙古高原草原区湿地具有不同于典型湿地的特征,同时还兼具草原的一些特征,在保持生物多样性和珍惜物种资源方面具有不可替代的重要作用.通过样方调查,以重要值为数量特征,采用指示种分析法和多样性指数测定,对内蒙古高原典型内陆河流——锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被群落特征及物种多样性进行了系统分析和研究.结果表明:(1)锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被依微地形由高河漫滩向低河漫滩可分为芦苇+羊草,黄花苜蓿+无茫雀麦,灰脉苔草+早熟禾,水甜茅群落,小糠草+蒙古扁穗草等5个群落,以禾本科、菊科、豆科三大草本为主,建群种有别于典型湿地和典型草原群落.(2)植物水分生态类型以湿生、中生为主且无水生类型,具有典型湿地和草原的双重特征;(3)湿地植物群落物种多样性、均匀性和丰富度表现出相似的变化趋势,多样性和丰富度较草甸草原低但高于典型草原;(4)锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落是典型河流湿地和典型草原之间的过渡类型.表6,参28.     

Contamination status of arsenic,lead, and cadmium of different wetland waters

The present investigation was conducted to determine the contamination status of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the wetland waters of Bhaluka in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from 15 selected wetlands of Bhaluka region and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Estimated results of three metals detected were As (7–80?µg?L^?1), Pb (0–86?µg?L^?1) and Cd (0–70?µg?L^?1) in water samples in all wetlands. The level of As in all investigated wetlands (93%) was higher than that of WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water except Alanga wetland. However, As levels were higher than that recommended for livestock water quality levels. Eighty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands showed lower content of Pb than WHO recommended permissible limit of drinking water, but two wetland waters (Dohuria-1 and Chowdhuri) were polluted with higher Pb levels. Sixty-seven percent of the investigated wetlands displayed higher levels of Cd than WHO recommended permissible limit in drinking water. Dissolved organic material showed no significant difference among the 15 investigated wetlands water, but total dissolved solids was significantly greater. The condition of the water of all wetlands was basic pH. All water samples were applied to linear regression equation and correlation coefficients where values showed no significant differences. Data demonstrate that the estimated high metal concentrations of these ponds may contribute to bioaccumulation within plants, food grains and shrimp.     

Relationships among Isolated Wetland Size, Hydroperiod, and Amphibian Species Richness: Implications for Wetland Regulations

Abstract: Wetland development within the United States is regulated primarily by size. Decisions concerning wetland destruction or conservation are therefore based in part on three inherent assumptions: (1) small wetlands contain water for short portions of the year; (2) small wetlands support few species; and (3) species found in small wetlands are also found in larger wetlands. We tested these assumptions using data on wetland size, relative hydroperiod (drying scores), and relative species richness of amphibians in depression wetlands of the southeastern United States. We found a significant (p = 0.03) but weak (r² = 0.05) relationship between hydroperiod and wetland size and no relationship (p = 0.48) between amphibian species richness and wetland size. Furthermore, synthetic models of lentic communities predict that short-hydroperiod wetlands support a unique group of species. Empirical investigations support this prediction. Our results indicate that hydroperiod length should be included as a primary criterion in wetland regulations. We advocate a landscape approach to wetlands regulation, focused in part on conserving a diversity of wetlands that represent the entire hydroperiod gradient.     

Mitigation of agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems

Contamination caused by pesticides in agriculture is a source of environmental poor water quality in some of the European Union countries. Without treatment or targeted mitigation, this pollution is diffused in the environment. Pesticides and some metabolites are of increasing concern because of their potential impacts on the environment, wildlife and human health. Within the context of the European Union (EU) water framework directive context to promote low pesticide-input farming and best management practices, the EU LIFE project ArtWET assessed the efficiency of ecological bioengineering methods using different artificial wetland (AW) prototypes throughout Europe. We optimized physical and biological processes to mitigate agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems. Mitigation solutions were implemented at full-scale demonstration and experimental sites. We tested various bioremediation methods at seven experimental sites. These sites involved (1) experimental prototypes, such as vegetated ditches, a forest microcosm and 12 wetland mesocosms, and (2) demonstration prototypes: vegetated ditches, three detention ponds enhanced with technology of constructed wetlands, an outdoor bioreactor and a biomassbed. This set up provides a variety of hydrologic conditions, with some systems permanently flooded and others temporarily flooded. It also allowed to study the processes both in field and controlled conditions. In order to compare the efficiency of the wetlands, mass balances at the inlet and outlet of the artificial wetland will be used, taking into account the partition of the studied compound in water, sediments, plants, and suspended solids. The literature background necessary to harmonize the interdisciplinary work is reviewed here and the theoretical framework regarding pesticide removal mechanisms in artificial wetland is discussed. The development and the implementation of innovative approaches concerning various water quality sampling strategies for pesticide load estimates during flood, specific biological endpoints, innovative bioprocess applied to herbicide and copper mitigation to enhance the pesticide retention time within the artificial wetland, fate and transport using a 2D mixed hybrid finite element model are introduced. These future results will be useful to optimize hydraulic functioning, e.g., pesticide resident time, and biogeochemical conditions, e.g., dissipation, inside the artificial wetlands. Hydraulic retention times are generally too low to allow an optimized adsorption on sediment and organic materials accumulated in artificial wetlands. Absorption by plants is not either effective. The control of the hydraulic design and the use of adsorbing materials can be useful to increase the pesticides residence time and the contact between pesticides and biocatalyzers. Pesticide fluxes can be reduced by 50–80% when hydraulic pathways in artificial wetlands are optimized by increasing ten times the retention time, by recirculation of water, and by deceleration of the flow. Thus, using a bioremediation method should lead to an almost complete disappearance of pesticides pollution. To retain and treat the agricultural nonpoint-source po a major stake for a sustainable development.     

Modelling the hydrological externalities of agriculture in wetlands: the case of rice in Esteros del Iberà, Argentina

The conversion of wetlands to alternative uses, or land uses that affect either water levels or water quality, have profound implications for the ecological and hydrological services wetlands provide. This study considers the hydrological externalities of agricultural production in one freshwater wetland: the Esteros del Iberà in north-eastern Argentina. Two externalities are considered. First, an international hydroelectric power project, the Yacyretà dam, has significantly increased the extent of the Iberà wetland and will continue to do so over the next decade. This has negatively affected the production of rice. Second, production of rice positively affects the area of the wetland. Further increases in water levels in Iberà are expected to induce a reallocation of rice production within the region and in particular within the wetland. The paper models the externality and estimates the costs involved.