U型槽地道噪声对沿线居住区影响的仿真模拟

文章利用Cadna/A软件建立U型槽地道及地面交通3D仿真模型,研究地道敞开段交通噪声与道路交通的综合噪声对沿线建筑的影响。文章创造性的在封闭箱体段两端洞口设置垂直面声源模拟箱体内混响噪声,利用Cadna/A软件建立由地面逐渐向下延伸的低于地表的U型槽道路模型,得出地道类设施交通噪声影响及与地面轻轨、轨道、道路等交通噪声叠加值对沿线建筑影响规律,以及运营期不同距离、不同高度处沿线建筑受交通噪声影响结果,并通过设置声屏障对比设置声屏障前后的噪声影响差异,为工程有针对性的实施环保措施提供了科学依据。     

Cadna/A在立交桥噪声预测评价中的应用

Cadna/A是基于德国RLS90通用计算模型的噪声模拟软件,其计算原理源于标准ISO 9613-2∶1996"户外声传播的衰减的计算方法",广泛用于环境评价、建筑设计、交通管理、城市规划等众多领域。采用德国Datakustik公司出品的Cadna/A软件,模拟预测了新建立交桥交通噪声对周围环境的影响,并提出了噪声污染的控制措施。     

基于CadnaA软件的火电厂噪声预测研究

噪声影响预测是火电厂环境影响评价的重要组成部分。本文通过分析火电厂噪声源的特点,采用Cadna A噪声预测软件建立火电厂噪声预测模型,对某火电厂噪声影响分布情况进行模拟研究。应用中发现厂界预测点网格计算结果的预测值与直接计算的预测值有时会出现有一定差距,在有的案例中差别较大,可能影响到对厂界达标的判断。这在应用Cadna A进行噪声预测中是非常需要关注的。初步的研究表明,一般情况下对同一模型来说网格越细越接近直接计算结果,但造成这一结果的原因有待于进一步研究。     

Cadna/A软件在公路噪声预测中对学校的分析

以温州地区某拟建的典型公路为例,采用Cadna/A软件建立模型对中学校园进行噪声预测,通过现场实地走访、调查,预测并分析了学校敏感建筑水平以及立面的声压级值情况,提出一些切实可行的降噪措施,可指导和优化今后公路建设的设计工作。在公路运营期,Cadna/A预测软件计算的结果和实际监测值一般有偏差,建议预留足够资金,结合噪声实际跟踪监测数据,优化调整降噪措施。     

游乐园噪声源强分析预测及控制措施研究

户外游乐园噪声环境复杂,噪声包括游乐设施运行噪声,扬声器、音乐噪声,以及游客玩乐、尖叫声,在游乐园环境影响评价中,噪声预测评价是重点关注内容,在以往的游乐园声环境影响评价中,噪声源强估算大多主观、粗放,游乐园设备类型多样,不同类型的游乐设备刺激程度不一样,游客对应的玩乐声、尖叫声也存在差异。文章以上海某户外游乐园为实例,通过类比数据及分析典型游乐园各游乐设施的运行特征,判断游客反应程度来估算噪声源强,并利用Cadna/A软件预测游乐园场界和敏感点的噪声声级,同时提出在噪声预测过程中的注意点,并对游乐园的噪声污染控制提出建议,为类似游乐园环境影响评价的噪声源强估算、噪声预测评价等提供分析思路和技术依据。     

220千伏变电站主变扩建工程噪声预测研究

为了更好地对变电站主变扩建工程噪声控制设计提供技术参考,基于Cadna/A噪声预测软件,采用2种不同的噪声预测方法对四川某220 kV变电站主变扩建工程的噪声进行了预测与分析,从总平面布置、设备选型、隔声屏障设置等方面对变电站噪声控制提出措施和建议。     

CADNA/A在南京市城市交通噪声预测中的应用

以南京市主城应天大街快速路为例,选取沿线典型高层敏感点,通过Cadna/A软件对交通噪声垂向以及水平传播规律进行分析,并将模拟值与实测值进行了对比验证,重点分析不同不同形式声屏障的降噪效果,有助于针对不同类型敏感点采取具体的噪声控制措施,为南京市城市道路交通噪声防治提供依据。     

从传播途径优化控制市区铁路噪声

为控制市区铁路噪声污染,在对铁路噪声影响初步调查基础上,以杭州市区浙赣铁路沿线某拟建小区为例,结合小区规划、环境景观和配套工程设计,从传播途径上提出设置人工土坡、声屏障、绿化等多种降噪措施,合理组合形成若干典型降噪方案,应用Cadna/A软件对各方案的降噪效果做了模拟预测和比选.结果表明,不同方案对预测点的降噪效果最大相差19.4dB,方案二降噪效果最佳,但若只考虑铁路噪声影响.则以方案一为佳.研究成果可为今后市区铁路沿线住宅等建筑的规划及其噪声控制提供参考.     

基于Cadna/A软件的地铁噪声现状及声屏障降噪模拟研究

以某市地铁4号线为例,利用Cadna/A软件预测沿线噪声分布现状,对沿线现有声屏障的降噪效果进行模拟预测,并对重点敏感点提出声屏障增补建议。结果表明:位于4a类区的敏感点昼间超标率为8%,夜间超标率为75%,位于2类区的敏感点昼间超标率为31%,夜间超标率为56%,位于3类区的敏感点昼间超标率为23%,夜间超标率为33%;通过降噪效果模拟,3 m高声屏障降噪量为3.0～11.1 dB(A),覆盖至12层,4 m高声屏障降噪量为3.0～11.4 dB(A),覆盖至12层,5 m高声屏障降噪量为3.0～11.5 dB(A),覆盖至13层,半封闭声屏障降噪量3.1～13.9 dB(A),覆盖至30层,全封闭声屏障降噪量为30 dB(A),覆盖至30层;针对投诉敏感点,通过模拟不同类型声屏障的降噪效果提出声屏障增补建议。     

高速公路路侧多层建筑噪声防治设计

声屏障作为交通噪声传播途径中最主要的控制措施,在高速公路中已经被广泛应用。但声屏障由于受到风荷载等制约性因素的影响其几何高度不宜超过5米,所以单一的声屏障方案对于距离路侧较近的多层建筑降噪效果并不理想。本文利用Cadna/A软件进行声场模拟,结合现场监测数据,对乐雅高速路侧一处典型多层建筑的噪声防护设计进行了多方案的比选,最终从技术、经济的角度提出声屏障+隔声窗的推荐方案,该推荐方案是高速公路营运近期与中期相结合的综合噪声污染防治方案,可为类似项目噪声污染防治提供一定借鉴。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.