Effects of pesticides on soil biochemical characteristics of a paddy soil

IntroductionThemaintenanceofsoilfertilitydependsonthesizeandtheactivityofthesoilmicrobialbiomasswhichisoffundamentalimportanceinbiologicalcyclesofalmostallmajorplantnutrients(Robert,1992 ) .Thereisconsiderableinterestinstudyofsoilbiochemicalcharacteristic…     

Effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in soils

The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. Laboratory aerobic (60% water holding capacity) and anaerobic (flooded) conditions were studied at 25°C and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. (field rate, FR), 20 times (20FR) and 40 times (40FR) field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did ...     

Biochemical and microbial soil functioning after application of the insecticide imidacloprid

Imidacloprid is one of the most commonly used insecticides in agricultural practice, and its application poses a potential risk for soil microorganisms. The objective of this study was to assess whether changes in the structure of the soil microbial community after imidacloprid application at the field rate (FR, 1 mg/kg soil) and 10 times the FR (10× FR, 10 mg/kg soil) may also have an impact on biochemical and microbial soil functioning. The obtained data showed a negative effect by imidacloprid applied at the FR dosage for substrate-induced respiration (SIR), the number of total bacteria, dehydrogenase (DHA), both phosphatases (PHOS-H and PHOS-OH), and urease (URE) at the beginning of the experiment. In 10× FR treated soil, decreased activity of SIR, DHA, PHOS-OH and PHOS-H was observed over the experimental period. Nitrifying and N₂-fixing bacteria were the most sensitive to imidacloprid. The concentration of NO₃^- decreased in both imidacloprid-treated soils, whereas the concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil with 10× FR was higher than in the control. Analysis of the bacterial growth strategy revealed that imidacloprid affected the r- or K-type bacterial classes as indicated also by the decreased eco-physiological (EP) index. Imidacloprid affected the physiological state of culturable bacteria and caused a reduction in the rate of colony formation as well as a prolonged time for growth. Principal component analysis showed that imidacloprid application significantly shifted the measured parameters, and the application of imidacloprid may pose a potential risk to the biochemical and microbial activity of soils.     

人为干扰对小兴安岭森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性的影响

以小兴安岭落叶林沼泽湿地为研究对象,对比研究皆伐地、火烧地和落叶松湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性.结果表明:(1)3种湿地类型土壤SOC含量表现为对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05),在0~10 cm土层中皆伐地与对照地相比降低了58.38%,火烧地与对照地相比降低了61.96%.皆伐地与火烧地在不同土层的土壤中SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05);DOC含量对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05).在0~10cm土层中火烧地DOC含量是皆伐地的1.99倍,两者差异不显著(p0.05);不同干扰方式对土壤MBC含量影响的差异主要表现在0~10 cm的土层土壤,对照地分别比皆伐地和火烧地高23.13%和95.79%(p0.05).在不同的土层中皆伐地MBC含量均大于火烧地,与SOC含量的变化趋势一致.(2)与对照地相比,皆伐地与火烧地0~10 cm土层的土壤蔗糖酶活性分别降低了45.59%和36.76%,脲酶活性显著降低了18.22%和55.69%(p0.05),蛋白酶活性降低了19.65%和17.34%,淀粉酶活性降低了6.29%和10.69%.土壤碳组分和酶活性在垂直方向上均表现为随着土层深度增加而减小.皆伐和火烧造成森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性降低.     

长期施肥酸性旱地土壤硝化活性及自养硝化微生物特征

构建微域培养结合梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、Illumina MiSeq高通量测序、生物信息学分析等分子生态学技术,以不施肥土壤为对照(CK),研究长期施化肥(NPK)和有机肥(OM)对酸性旱地土壤硝化活性及自养硝化微生物群落的影响,并认知其与土壤理化因子间的关系.结果表明,施化肥和有机肥显著提高土壤有机碳和无机氮含量,施有机肥提高土壤pH和总氮含量、降低C/N;供试土壤自养硝化作用占据主导(73.60%~85.32%),施肥显著提升土壤自养硝化活性,且施有机肥提升效果更为明显;微域培养后,OM土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)和细菌(AOB)amoA基因绝对丰度及16S rRNA基因相对丰度显著上升,而CK和NPK土壤仅AOA相对丰度显著上升,即3种土壤AOA均有明显活性(主要类群为Nitrososphaera,99.30%),而AOB仅在OM土壤有活性(主要类群为Nitrosospira,99.99%),另外还发现OM土壤中亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)有较强活性(主要类群为Nitrospira,96.69%);逐步回归分析显示自养硝化活性显著受总氮含量影响,AOA和AOB amoA基因丰度分别受有机碳含量和pH影响,Nitrososphaera相对丰度与NO_3~--N含量显著正相关,而Nitrosospira和Nitrospira相对丰度则与C/N显著负相关.可见,长期施肥后土壤总氮含量的提升显著刺激自养硝化活性;以Nitrososphaera为主的AOA在酸性旱地土壤硝化作用中发挥了重要作用,施有机肥土壤pH上升及C/N下降刺激了Nitrosospira(AOB)生长,从而改变了酸性旱地土壤中活跃的自养硝化微生物类群.     

天然和热活化蛏子壳粉对污染土壤中Cd赋存形态的影响

为实现对Cd污染农田土壤的安全利用,通过室内培养试验,阐明天然蛏子壳粉、600℃热活化蛏子壳粉和800℃热活化蛏子壳粉在不同添加比例下对外源污染棕壤土中Cd赋存形态随时间变化的影响.结果表明,土壤pH随蛏子壳粉添加量的增加而增加,且不同蛏子壳粉在同一添加比例下随培养时间延长呈平稳下降趋势,但都明显高于对照.在整个培养期间,可交换态Cd呈现先升高后降低的趋势,同时各处理不同程度地提高了碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态、有机结合态和残渣态Cd的含量.培养60 d后,各处理组对Cd形态转化的贡献率为800℃热活化蛏子壳粉>600℃热活化蛏子壳粉>天然蛏子壳粉,且三者使土壤中可交换态Cd含量分别降低了52.0%~67.1%、40.7%~45.7%、33.6%~43.6%.由土壤pH与土壤可交换态Cd含量的相关性分析表明,在培养5 d时,二者呈显著负相关关系,其余时期均呈极显著负相关关系.土壤pH是影响重金属离子发生吸附、解吸、络合和共沉淀的重要因素.研究显示,蛏子壳粉对污染土壤中Cd在有效性和形态转化方面起到一定的积极作用,从而为Cd污染土壤的修复利用提供了新的思路.      

重金属对厌氧污泥电子传递体系活性影响研究

以2-氯酚（2-CP）厌氧降解污泥电子传递体系(ETS)活性为考察对象,研究了3种典型重金属元素Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Ni²⁺对ETS活性的影响,并比较了驯化过程对提高厌氧微生物抗重金属毒性的作用.重金属离子对厌氧污泥呼吸活性的抑制作用发生很快,在0.25 h内就已表现出来,并随金属浓度的增加而加剧.驯化前,3种金属的作用均表现为抑制,抑制作用的强弱顺序为Ni²⁺>Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺,抑制强度与金属离子在水溶液中的含量成正相关关系.采用低浓度金属离子驯化的方法可以有效改善重金属毒性.驯化后,Cu²⁺毒性的降幅约为10%,Cd²⁺毒性的最大降幅超过40%,Ni²⁺对污泥ETS活性的作用则基本表现为促进,最佳促进浓度约为70　mg/L.Ni²⁺对ETS活性的特殊激活作用可能与其能形成正四面体结构的络合物有关.驯化作用对改善金属毒性的效果：Ni²⁺>Cd²⁺> Cu²⁺.     

3,5-二甲基吡唑对尿素氮转化及NO-3-Ｎ淋溶的影响

采用室内培养和田间试验相结合的方法,探讨了新型硝化抑制剂3,5-二甲基吡唑（DMP）对尿素氮转化及玉米田硝酸盐淋溶损失的影响.结果表明,DMP对尿素水解仅起短暂的抑制作用,但可在较长时间内显著抑制土壤铵的氧化,且随DMP用量的增加,抑制效应显著增强.培养第10 d时,DMP各处理 （0.002?5、0.01 及 0.025 g/kg）的土壤NH₊₄-Ｎ累积量分别比CK提高了5.17、9.36和11.04倍,而NO^-₃-Ｎ累积量于培养第14 d时差异最大,与CK相比分别降低了33.30%、61.19%和73.72%（p<0.01）.土壤NO^-_2-Ｎ只在尿素施用前期有少量累积,但第3 d DMP各处理土壤NO^-_2-Ｎ含量降低幅度达95.77%～96.13%;土壤矿质氮总量于10 d以后,随DMP用量的增加,显著降低,而DMP1处理的土壤微生物量N在培养14～56 d期间显著提高.连续2 a的玉米田间试验原位取土测定结果表明,2004和2005年,DMP的施用使作物根系密集层以下（40～100 cm）土层的NO^-₃-Ｎ累积总量分别比CK降低了28.77%和44.70%.因此,硝化抑制剂DMP与尿素配合施用是调控氮素转化、缓解氮肥污染的有效措施.     

Alteration of microbial properties and community structure in soils exposed to napropamide

The effect of pesticide napropamide (N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy) propanamide) on soil microorganisms for long-term (56 d) was assessed by monitoring changes in soil microbial biological responses. Soils were treated with napropamide at 0, 2, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg soil and sampled at intervals of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d. The average microbial biomass C declined in napropamide-treated soils as compared to control. The same trend was observed on microbial biomass N after napropamide application.We also determined the basal soil respiration (BSR) and observed a high level in soils treated with napropamide during the first 7 d of experiment. But with the passage of incubation time, BSR with napropamide decreased relatively to control. Application of napropamide at 2–80 mg/kg soil had inhibitory e ects on the activity of urease and invertase. Activity of catalase was enhanced during the initial 7 d of napropamide application, but soon recovered to the basal level. The depressed enzyme activities might be due to the toxicity of napropamide to the soil microbial populations. To further understand the e ect of napropamide on microbial communities, a PCRDGGE- based experiment and cluster analysis of 16S rDNA community profiles were performed. Our analysis revealed an apparent di erence in bacterial-community composition between the napropamide treatments and control. Addition of napropamide apparently increased the number of bands during the 7–14 d of incubation. These results imply that napropamide-induced toxicity was responsible for the disturbance of the microbial populations in soil.     

Interactive e ect of dissolved organic matter and phenanthrene on soil enzymatic activities

The investigation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity in a phenanthrene (Phe)- contaminated soil was conducted under laboratory incubation conditions. Values of soil enzymatic activity depended mainly on incubation time. In the initial 16 days, urease activity increased, and was followed by a decrease. In the initial 8 days, catalase activity decreased and then increased. Variation of polyphenol oxidase activity was just the reverse of catalase activity. After 30 days of incubation, no pronounced di erence among treatments with Phe, Phe and DOM, and control were detected in urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity. Phe might inhibit urease and catalase, and stimulate polyphenol oxidase. DOM could improve inhibition of Phe in soil urease and catalase activity during the initial period of applying DOM. Nevertheless, DOM had no significant e ect on polyphenol oxidase activity in the Phe contaminated soil. There was a negative correlation between catalase and polyphenol oxidase (r = –0.761***), and catalase and urease (r = –0.554**). Additionally, a positive correlation between polyphenol oxidase and urease was also detected (r = 0.701***). It is implied that the formed DOM after application of organic wastes into soils may counteract the inhibition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil enzyme activities.     

生物炭复合青霉菌修复砷污染土壤对其微生物群落功能多样性的影响

真菌修复砷污染土壤是一种能够有效吸附固化环境中砷的重要措施.生物炭作为目前修复重金属的热点,其多空疏松的结构、较高的离子交换量、丰富的有机碳含量等都说明了其在土壤修复中的地位.为了探究生物炭与青霉菌在修复砷污染土壤的同时对土壤中微生物活性及其多样性的影响,在室内孵育条件下,运用Biolog法研究了3×3随机区组试验（3个生物炭梯度分别为0%、2%、4%,3个青霉菌梯度分别为0%、10%、20%）下土壤微生物对不同类型碳源的利用能力以及多种功能性指数的影响.结果表明:①添加青霉菌与生物炭后,土壤中有效砷含量较对照组显著下降,从而影响其微生物群落功能多样性.②砷污染土壤中微生物群落功能多样性、碳源利用丰富度随生物炭浓度梯度的升高呈先升后降的趋势.③高接菌量（20%）与低接菌量（10%）对砷污染土壤中微生物群落功能多样性的影响没有显著性差异.④2%生物炭与10%青霉菌处理土壤中微生物群落功能多样性、碳源利用丰度最高.⑤青霉菌对胺类及少部分酸类碳源的利用能力较弱（AWCD < 0.5,AWCD为Biolog微平板孔中溶液吸光值平均颜色变化率）,对氨基酸类中大部分碳源以及脂类碳源的代谢能力较强（AWCD>1.0）,对糖类、酚酸类的代谢能力稍弱（AWCD为0.3~1.0）,青霉菌对D-半乳糖醛酸、L-天冬酰胺酸、L-丝氨酸、L-精氨酸、r-羟基丁酸这5种碳源的利用率最高（AWCD>1.2）.研究显示,低浓度生物炭可增加砷污染土壤中微生物群落多样性,生物炭含量的继续增加会对微生物产生抑制作用;青霉菌添加到砷污染土壤后,会显著提升砷污染土壤中微生物的群落功能多样性,改善砷污染土壤中微生的物群落结构;青霉菌的优势碳源大多为植物根系分泌物,可为后续青霉菌与超积累植物复合修复砷污染土壤提供参考.      

镉对黑斑蛙精巢细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性的影响

细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)是动物体内主要的解毒酶,在外源毒物的转化和代谢过程中具有重要作用.本文在实验条件下, 将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于浓度分别为0.005、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1的Cd溶液中30 d, 采用荧光分光光度法和紫外分光光度法测定精巢组织乙氧基异酚恶唑脱乙基酶(EROD)、红霉素N-脱甲基酶 (ERND)、氨基比林-N-脱甲基醇酶(APND)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性,探讨Cd在精巢的可能代谢过程和毒性机理.结果表明, 与对照组比较, EROD和GST酶活性在0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组被显著抑制; ERND酶活性在0.01~1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组均被显著抑制;而APND酶活性在各处理组响应变化不明显.结果显示, 精巢EROD、ERND和GST对Cd胁迫的敏感性高于APND, 黑斑蛙精巢中EROD、ERND和GST酶活性的响应可用来评价环境中低水平Cd的污染效应.     

Combined effects of two sulfonylurea herbicides on soil microbial biomass and N-mineralization

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Interactive effect of dissolved organic matter and phenanthrene on soil enzymatic activities

The investigation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity in a phenanthrene (Phe)-contaminated soil was conducted under laboratory incubation conditions. Values of soil enzymatic activity depended mainly on incubation time. In the initial 16 days, urease activity increased, and was followed by a decrease. In the initial 8 days, catalase activity decreased and then increased. Variation of polyphenol oxidase activity was just the reverse of catalase activity. After 30 days of incubation, no pronounced difference among treatments with Phe, Phe and DOM, and control were detected in urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity. Phe might inhibit urease and catalase, and stimulate polyphenol oxidase. DOM could improve inhibition of Phe in soil urease and catalase activity during the initial period of applying DOM. Nevertheless, DOM had no significant effect on polyphenol oxidase activity in the Phe contaminated soil. There was a negative correlation between catalase and polyphenol oxidase (r = -0.761~(***)), and catalase and urease (r = -0.554~(**)). Additionally, a positive correlation between polyphenol oxidase and urease was also detected (r = 0.701~(***)). It is implied that the formed DOM after application of organic wastes into soils may counteract the inhibition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil enzyme activities.     

四环素类抗生素对土壤-生菜系统的生物效应及其迁移降解特性

四环素类抗生素（TCs）会随畜禽粪便的施用而残留在农田土壤,对蔬菜生长和土壤生态带来风险.本文通过温室土壤盆栽试验,外源添加3种不同水平的土霉素（OTC）、四环素（TC）和金霉素（CTC）,研究了TCs对生菜的生理毒性和在生菜中的吸收转运特性,同时研究了TCs在土壤中的降解和对土壤酶活性以及土壤微生物数量的影响.结果表明,OTC、TC和CTC降低了生菜的生物量,减少了叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量,抑制了净光合速率,提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性;生菜对TCs的吸收量根系>地上部分,随土壤施加的TCs增加吸收量增加,而生物富集系数和转运系数降低;通过人体预测每日摄入量（EDI）和人体每日允许摄入量（ADI）的比值计算TCs暴露引起的人体健康潜在风险值（HQ）,当土壤中OTC、TC和CTC含量低于150 mg·kg^-1时,生菜可食部位的健康风险较低（HQ<0.1）;TCs在不同土壤中的降解速率：对照土 > 根际土 > 非根际土,OTC在土壤中的降解速率显著低于TC和CTC;高含量的TCs（150~1350 mg·kg^-1）处理显著抑制土壤脲酶和根际土的过氧化氢酶活性,减少土壤细菌和真菌的数量.     

双酚A对萼花臂尾轮虫生殖的影响

应用生态毒理学研究方法,研究了不同浓度双酚A(BPA)对萼花臂尾轮虫生殖的影响,内容包括:2d的种群增长率(r),3d的混交雌体数/非混交雌体数(MF/AF)、混交率(MR)、雄体数/雌体数(M/F)、携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数(OF/NOF)、受精率(FR),7d的休眠卵产量(RE)及2d的休眠卵孵化率(HR).结果显示,与对照组相比,BPA 0.5mg/L及以上浓度显著降低轮虫2d的r值(0.83~0.86);BPA对轮虫3d的M/F及OF/NOF无显著影响;但BPA 0.25~1.0mg/L显著降低MF/AF、MR, BPA 0.125mg/L及以上浓度显著降低FR(3.33%~15.33%)和RE(25.2~39.2ind/8mL); BPA 0.0625~1.0mg/L显著降低HR(8.0%~22.0%).因此,既然BPA对测试的轮虫生殖具有负面影响,为保护浮游动物,其在自然水体中浓度必须监控.     

典型设施环境条件对土壤活性磷变化的影响

采用室内强化模拟试验,研究了90d培养期内环境温度、土壤酸化和盐渍化3种典型设施环境条件对土壤易解吸磷（CaCl₂-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、微生物生物量磷（MB-P）以及微生物生物量碳磷比（MB-C/P）等活性磷的影响.结果显示,设施土壤MB-P含量随着环境温度的升高而显著上升;10℃培养结束时土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量比4℃对照分别提高15.6%和2.7%.酸化促进设施土壤CaCl₂-P及Olsen-P含量增加,而使土壤MB-P含量显著下降.培养结束时,与pH值为6.89的对照土壤相比,pH值为6.11和5.30的酸化处理土壤CaCl₂-P含量分别提高26.7%和156.1%,其Olsen-P含量分别增加14.1%和91.5%,其MB-P含量的降幅分别为13.3%和16.3%.盐化对土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量的影响均不显著,土壤MB-P含量在12d后随盐化程度加重而显著下降.培养结束时,与土壤可溶性盐分为1.90g/kg的对照相比,可溶性盐分为3.05g/kg和5.01g/kg的土壤MB-P含量分别下降42.2%和45.8%.另外,设施环境温度提升、酸化和盐化使土壤MB-C/P在40d后整体上均呈下降趋势.综上所述,在4~25℃范围内提升环境温度,减缓土壤pH值从6.89降至5.30的酸化过程,阻控土壤可溶性盐分从1.90g/kg升至5.01g/kg盐化进程,可保证设施土壤磷素供应,降低土壤磷素流失风险,增强微生物调控土壤有效磷库的潜力.     

耐盐石油烃降解菌的筛选鉴定及其特性研究

为得到高效耐盐石油烃降解菌,从黄河三角洲石油污染盐渍化土壤中分离出39株细菌,经液体培养初筛和土壤培养复筛实验,得到1株高效耐盐石油烃降解菌BM38.通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）.通过液体培养实验,研究了BM38的耐盐和产生物表面活性剂特性以及对不同烃的利用能力.结果表明,在含0.5%～6.0%NaCl液体培养基中BM38生长良好,属中度耐盐菌.在高盐环境下BM38具有较强的分解石油烃能力,其中在含1.0%NaCl液体培养基中,降解7 d后,原油降解率达到73.5%;在含盐量0.22%和0.61%土壤中添加BM38,降解40 d后,土壤总石油烃降解率达到40%以上.BM38能产生一种生物乳化剂,盐浓度对这种乳化剂的乳化能力影响较大,当NaCl浓度增加到1.0%,乳化值（EI24）开始迅速降低,但在NaCl浓度为2.0%时,EI24仍达到61.0%.BM38能够利用环己烷、甲苯、异辛烷、菲和正十六烷为唯一碳源生长,其中对正构烷烃和芳烃具有较强的利用能力.     

硅酸钙和生物腐殖肥复配对葱生长和镉吸收的影响

蔬菜的安全生产是切断镉通过食物链进入人体的关键环节.为研究硅酸钙和生物腐殖肥复配对葱生长和吸收镉的影响,在实际镉污染蔬菜地设计4种不同处理(T1:0.5%硅酸钙+0.5%生物腐殖肥、T2:0.5%硅酸钙+1.0%生物腐殖肥、T3:1.0%硅酸钙+0.5%生物腐殖肥、T4:1.0%硅酸钙+1.0%生物腐殖肥)及空白对照(CK),并分析不同条件下土壤pH、DTPA有效态镉、葱生物量和葱内镉含量随时间的变化.结果表明,4种处理均能提高土壤pH,降低土壤DTPA有效态镉含量,其中T3效果最明显,14、28、42和56 d时土壤DTPA有效态镉含量相对CK降幅分别为60.71%、49.54%、44.63%和58.94%;复配处理提高了葱地上部分生物量,其中T3和T4促进作用更显著,56 d时生物量增幅分别为107.19%和107.99%.不同处理对葱吸收镉的影响不同,56 d时,T4葱地上部分镉含量相对CK减少43.80%,有效减少植物对镉的累积,同时提高葱地上部分生物量,T4处理是较好的复配改良剂配比.     

纳米级二氧化锰材料阻控土壤砷向水稻迁移的研究

为了探究纳米级二氧化锰材料阻控土壤中砷向水稻迁移的影响,通过盆栽种植水稻,向砷污染土壤中分别添加0%(CK)、0.2%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的纳米级二氧化锰材料,分析土壤溶液p H值、砷和锰的含量变化,及水稻中砷和锰的含量变化.结果表明:添加不同浓度的纳米级二氧化锰材料,土壤溶液pH值没有显著变化,土壤溶液中砷、锰的浓度随着水稻生长的时间增加而降低;不同时期水稻中砷和锰的分布规律是根部茎部叶部糙米,水稻植株中锰和砷的含量呈显著负相关(p0.05);不同浓度的纳米级二氧化锰材料能有效控制水稻糙米中总砷含量,其中1.0%添加量的阻控效果最好,使糙米中总砷含量降低了65.4%,其无机砷含量低于《食品中污染物限量(GB2762—2012)》中砷限量.