细胞色素P450酶系作为生物标志物在毒理学上的应用

细胞色素P450酶系是一种血红素-硫铁蛋白(heme-thiolate protein)，它是由结构和功能相关的超家族(superfamily)基因编码的含铁血红素同工酶组成。对许多内源性和外源性的化学物质尤其是对环境有害化合物存在有氧氧化代谢作用以实现机体的解毒作用，但在某些情况下，外来物质可能被转化为具细胞毒性、致突变性或致癌作用更强的物质，起毒性活化作用。本文对细胞色素P450的研究简史及其作为生物标志物在毒理学上的应用作了简要的综述。提出细胞色素P450酶系在毒理学上的意义是可作为污染物潜在影响的早期预警信号系统对环境污染上物进行监测和预报，且对于制定预防性的管理措施，及时避免或减轻环境污染的损害都具有重要意义。     

生物流化床处理废水的研究进展与展望

介绍了好氧生物流化床与厌氧生物流化床的研究和应用进展，对近年来出现的几种新型生物流化床的研究进展作了介绍，并展望了生物流化床技术发展方向和应用前景。同时提出了生物流化床在试验研究与应用中尚须解决的问题。     

有机物生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附是有效处理难降解有机物的技术之一。本文从生物吸附的概念、生物吸附过程、吸附剂的制备及再生、生物吸附影响因素等方面进行了综述，同时阐述了生物吸附有机物的技术研究进展和应用前景展望。     

生物滤床工艺处理城市污水处理厂恶臭气体

生物滤床作为一种新型的污水处理厂臭气生物处理技术，在实际应用中取得了快速的发展。本文介绍了其工作原理、工艺特点、影响因素以及国内外应用现状及其局限性，希望对于我国其它城市污水处理厂除臭系统的建设起到借鉴作用。     

污泥生物炭作为土壤改良剂的研究进展与展望

用污水污泥生产生物炭并应用于土壤改良,是一种经济有效的土壤修复方法,具有提高土壤肥力、固定重金属、增加土壤生物量等效果。为了深入评估污水污泥基生物炭在土壤应用中的可行性,论述了污泥生物炭的制备方法与性质,探讨了污泥生物炭施入土壤后对土壤理化性质、重金属污染及有机物污染等方面的作用,分析了污泥生物炭作为土壤改良剂的可行性和潜在的危险,并对污泥生物炭研究与应用的方向进行了展望,对促进污泥资源化利用和土壤修复具有现实意义。     

浅谈生物教学中的环境教育

生物，作为生态环境的重要一员，与周围环境息息相关，环境的变化直接影响到生物的生存与发展，而生物的生存与发展又对其周围的环境产生影响。因此，生物教师在授课、教研、指导学生搞课外活动时要重视环境教育内容的渗透、充实，让学生在学习生物知识的同时提高环境意识，养成自觉保护环境的良好行为和习惯。近年来，沂南县在中学生物教学中开展了环境教育试点，取得了较好效果。加强师资培训要想让学生在学习生物知识的同时接受一些环保知识，首先自己对环保知识应该比较了解，由于各学校教师水平参差不齐，对环境保护知识的学习和认识也…     

生物除磷微生物研究进展

本文阐述了生物除磷过程中PAOs和DPB代谢机理，总结了近年来在EBPR系统及其他生物除磷系统中分离到的除磷微生物的种类、习性、特征等，并对今后相关重点研究进行展望。     

炭质生物媒除臭技术在污水处理上的应用

本文从理论以及工程实践等方面介绍了炭质生物媒生物除臭技术在市政污水处理上的应用，并以37000m^3／h处理能力的深圳滨河污水处理厂污泥处理工段的生物除臭工程为例，对其调试和运转过程进行了总结。从理论和实际应用两个方面证明了该技术在市政污水处理除臭方面是行之有效的。     

钻井液生物毒性评价方法对比

对目前国内外钻井液生物毒性评价的主要方法──糠虾法、黑褐新糠虾法、发光细菌法、发光海藻法等进行了对比,分析了各种评价方法的优缺点。研究结果表明,发光细菌法快速、简便,符合我国钻井现场应用实际情况,因而推荐使用发光细菌法作为钻井液生物毒性评价方法。     

植物生物反应器在生物制药中的应用

生物反应器技术于20世纪90年代初诞生,它是一种利用转基因动物或植物个体作为"工厂"来大规模生产可供人类疾病治疗和保健使用的药用蛋白生物高新技术.近几年,植物生物反应器技术得到了较快的发展.综述了创建植物生物反应器的一般步骤、外源基因转化途径、提高植物生物反应器中外源基因表达水平策略,并就目前由植物生物反应器生产药物的现状、趋势、优缺点及其前景进行了概述.     

The Influence of Study Species Selection on Estimates of Pesticide Exposure in Free-Ranging Birds

Field studies of pesticide effects on birds often utilize indicator species with the purpose of extrapolating to other avian taxa. Little guidance exists for choosing indicator species to monitor the presence and/or effects of contaminants that are labile in the environment or body, but are acutely toxic, such as anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) insecticides. Use of an indicator species that does not represent maximum exposure and/or effects could lead to inaccurate risk estimates. Our objective was to test the relevance of a priori selection of indicator species for a study on pesticide exposure to birds inhabiting fruit orchards. We used total plasma ChE activity and ChE reactivation to describe the variability in anti-ChE pesticide exposure among avian species in two conventionally managed fruit orchards. Of seven species included in statistical analyses, the less common species, chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), showed the greatest percentage of exposed individuals and the greatest ChE depression, whereas the two most common species, American robins (Turdus migratorius) and gray catbirds (Dumatella carolinensis), did not show significant exposure. Due to their lower abundance, chipping sparrows would have been an unlikely choice for study. Our results show that selection of indicator species using traditionally accepted criteria such as abundance and ease of collection may not identify species that are at greatest risk. Our efforts also demonstrate the usefulness of conducting multiple-species pilot studies prior to initiating detailed studies on pesticide effects. A study such as ours can help focus research and resources on study species that are most appropriate.     

COMPARISON OF TWO PESTICIDE LEACHING INDICES1

ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the leading cause of regional‐scale non‐point source (NPS) pollution in the world today. Indices of pesticide leaching in the vadose zone are well suited for estimating the spatial accumulation and distribution of NPS pollutants in the near surface. In this study the Attenuation Factor (AF) and the Leaching index (Li) are used to assess the near‐surface leaching potential for 32 important agrochemicals for world average agricultural soil properties and recharge rates. The AF and Li indices both require the same input data and appear to work well for nonpolar chemicals. In the effort reported here the AF and Li indices produced similar results for the 32 agrochemicals. Pesticides with high and moderate leaching potential are identified. The AF estimates were more constant than the Li estimates for changes in the compliance depth and recharge rate. The AF index is simpler to use than the Li index and, therefore, is more likely to be employed in the future for screening/ranking agrochemicals relative to regional‐scale NPS ground water vulnerability.     

Determination of volatile organic compound emissions and ozone formation from spraying solvent-based pesticides

Large-scale agricultural activities have come under scrutiny for possible contributions to the emission of ozone precursors. The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California is an area with intense agricultural activity that exceeds the federal ozone standards for more than 30 to 40 d yr(-1) and the more stringent state standards for more than 100 d yr(-1). Pesticides are used widely in both agricultural and residential subregions of the SJV, but the largest use, by weight of "active ingredient," is in agriculture. The objective of the study was to determine the role of pesticide application on airborne volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentrations and ozone formation in the SJV. The ozone formation from the pesticide formulation sprayed on commercial orchards was studied using two transportable smog chambers at four application sites during the summers of 2007 and 2008. In addition to the direct measurements of ozone formation, airborne VOC concentrations were measured before and after pesticide spraying using canister and sorbent tube sampling techniques. Soil VOC concentrations were also measured to understand the distribution of VOCs between different environmental compartments. Numerous VOCs were detected in the air and soil samples throughout the experiment but higher molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons were the primary compounds observed in elevated concentrations immediately after pesticide spraying. Measurements indicate that the ozone concentration formed by VOC downwind of the orchard may increase up to 15 ppb after pesticide application, with a return back to prespray levels after 1 to 2 d.     

Impact of data quality and model complexity on prediction of pesticide leaching

Accurate input data for leaching models are expensive and difficult to obtain which may lead to the use of "general" non-site-specific input data. This study investigated the effect of using different quality data on model outputs. Three models of varying complexity, GLEAMS, LEACHM, and HYDRUS-2D, were used to simulate pesticide leaching at a field trial near Hamilton, New Zealand, on an allophanic silt loam using input data of varying quality. Each model was run for four different pesticides (hexazinone, procymidone, picloram and triclopyr); three different sets of pesticide sorption and degradation parameters (i.e., site optimized, laboratory derived, and sourced from the USDA Pesticide Properties Database); and three different sets of soil physical data of varying quality (i.e., site specific, regional database, and particle size distribution data). We found that the selection of site-optimized pesticide sorption (Koc) and degradation parameters (half-life), compared to the use of more general database derived values, had significantly more impact than the quality of the soil input data used, but interestingly also more impact than the choice of the models. Models run with pesticide sorption and degradation parameters derived from observed solute concentrations data provided simulation outputs with goodness-of-fit values closest to optimum, followed by laboratory-derived parameters, with the USDA parameters providing the least accurate simulations. In general, when using pesticide sorption and degradation parameters optimized from site solute concentrations, the more complex models (LEACHM and HYDRUS-2D) were more accurate. However, when using USDA database derived parameters, all models performed about equally.     

Comparison of Two Parametric Methods to Estimate Pesticide Mass Loads in California’s Central Valley1

Saleh, Dina K., David L. Lorenz, and Joseph L. Domagalski, 2010. Comparison of Two Parametric Methods to Estimate Pesticide Mass Loads in California’s Central Valley. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 00(0):1‐11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00506.x Abstract: Mass loadings were calculated for four pesticides in two watersheds with different land uses in the Central Valley, California, by using two parametric models: (1) the Seasonal Wave model (SeaWave), in which a pulse signal is used to describe the annual cycle of pesticide occurrence in a stream, and (2) the Sine Wave model, in which first‐order Fourier series sine and cosine terms are used to simulate seasonal mass loading patterns. The models were applied to data collected during water years 1997 through 2005. The pesticides modeled were carbaryl, diazinon, metolachlor, and molinate. Results from the two models show that the ability to capture seasonal variations in pesticide concentrations was affected by pesticide use patterns and the methods by which pesticides are transported to streams. Estimated seasonal loads compared well with results from previous studies for both models. Loads estimated by the two models did not differ significantly from each other, with the exceptions of carbaryl and molinate during the precipitation season, where loads were affected by application patterns and rainfall. However, in watersheds with variable and intermittent pesticide applications, the SeaWave model is more suitable for use on the basis of its robust capability of describing seasonal variation of pesticide concentrations.     

Pesticide risk mitigation by vegetated treatment systems: a meta-analysis

Pesticides entering agricultural surface waters threaten water quality and aquatic communities. Recently, vegetated treatment systems (VTSs) (e.g., constructed wetlands and vegetated ditches) have been proposed as pesticide risk mitigation measures. However, little is known about the effectiveness of VTSs in controlling nonpoint source pesticide pollution and factors relevant for pesticide retention within these systems. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis on pesticide mitigation by VTSs using data from the scientific literature and the European LIFE ArtWET project. Overall, VTSs effectively reduced pesticide exposure levels (i.e., the majority of pesticide retention performances was >70%). A multiple linear regression analysis of 188 retention performance cases identified the two pesticide properties, organic carbon sorption coefficient value and water-phase 50% dissipation time, as well as the VTS characteristics overall plant coverage and hydraulic retention time for targeting high efficacy of pesticide retention. The application of a Tier I risk assessment (EU Uniform Principle) revealed a higher toxicity reduction for hydrophobic and nonpersistent insecticides compared with less sorptive and not readily degradable herbicides and fungicides. Overall, nearly half (48.5%) of all pesticide field concentrations ( = 130) failed Tier I standard risk assessment at the inlet of VTSs, and 29.2% of all outlet concentrations exceeded conservative acute threshold levels. We conclude that VTSs are a suitable and effective risk mitigation strategy for agricultural nonpoint source pesticide pollution of surface waters. Further research is needed to improve their overall efficacy in retaining pesticides.     

Profenofos residues in wild fish from cotton-growing areas of New South Wales, Australia

The organophosphorus (OP) pesticide profenofos (O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate) is used heavily in cotton-growing areas of eastern Australia toward the end of the growing season. European carp (Cyprinus carpio), bony bream (Nematalosa erebi), and mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were collected from the cotton-growing areas around Wee Waa, New South Wales, to determine the relationship between profenofos residues and acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) activity in wild fish. Profenofos concentrations in water, sediment, and fish tissue reflected its general level of use; levels in March 1994 were significantly higher than in 1993 and generally decreased in May, 6 wk after cessation of spraying. Residues in carp and bony bream generally correlated with concentrations in water and sediment, although residues in fish tend to persist longer at some sites. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition was a useful indicator of profenofos exposure within a season, particularly if linked with residue measurements. Bony bream and gravid female mosquitofish recovered AChE levels more slowly than carp or nongravid mosquitofish. Recovery in creeks was generally more rapid than in lagoons.     

Pesticide and Transformation Product Detections and Age‐Dating Relations from Till and Sand Deposits1

Abstract:  Pesticide and transformation product concentrations and frequencies in ground water from areas of similar crop and pesticide applications may vary substantially with differing lithologies. Pesticide analysis data for atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, acetochlor, and cyanazine and their pesticide transformation products were collected at 69 monitoring wells in Illinois and northern Indiana to document occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in two agricultural areas of differing lithologies, till, and sand. The till is primarily tile drained and has preferential fractured flow, whereas the sand primarily has surface water drainage and primary porosity flow. Transformation products represent most of the agricultural pesticides in ground water regardless of aquifer material – till or sand. Transformation products were detected more frequently than parent pesticides in both the till and sand, with metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid being most frequently detected. Estimated ground‐water recharge dates for the sand were based on chlorofluorocarbon analyses. These age‐dating data indicate that ground water recharged prior to 1990 is more likely to have a detection of a pesticide or pesticide transformation product. Detections were twice as frequent in ground water recharged prior to 1990 (82%) than in ground water recharged on or after 1990 (33%). The highest concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and their transformation products, also were detected in samples from ground water recharged prior to 1990. These age/pesticide detection relations are opposite of what would normally be expected, and may be the result of preferential flow and/or ground‐water mixing between aquifers and aquitards as evident by the detection of acetochlor transformation products in samples with estimated ground‐water ages predating initial pesticide application.     

Environmental labelling in The Netherlands: a framework for integrated farming

This article compares four Dutch environmental certification schemes for agricultural food crops, analysing their methodology and the completeness of their criteria on five aspects: pesticide use, nutrient use, water management, energy and materials consumption, and habitat management. The least stringent of the labels, the MBT ('Environmentally Aware Cultivation') certificate, serves mainly to increase farmers' awareness of nutrient and pesticide use. With regard to both administrative obligations and actual management practices, the MBT label largely mirrors the terms of standing Dutch legislation. The CC ('Controlled Cultivation') and AMK ('Agro-Environmental') labels comprise more and more stringent criteria. With their restrictions on nutrient and pesticide use, these two labels serve as the two principal labels in the field of integrated agriculture. There is little difference between the two and it is recommended that they be merged, on the basis of a standardised definition of integrated agriculture. The EKO ('Organic Agriculture') label proceeds from different principles, but as a minimum should also comply with Dutch legislation without exception. For both integrated and organic agriculture, in addition to criteria on pesticide and nutrient use, criteria should also be developed for water management, energy and materials use and habitat management. The relationship between the criteria and their respective thresholds and Dutch legislation is also addressed. Existing criteria are frequently specified in such a way that the environmental benefits cannot be ascertained. This is a serious drawback for the parties further down the chain: auctioneers, retailers and consumers. It is recommended to develop qualitative guidelines for an Agricultural Stewardship Council at international level, like the Forest Stewardship Council, and a separate label for integrated agriculture per country comprising quantitative criteria for all relevant aspects of farming operations.     

TurfPQ, a pesticide runoff model for turf

Environmental assessments of golf courses and other turf systems must often rely on mathematical modeling. However, in the case of pesticide runoff, successful modeling applications are rare. Available models were developed for agricultural applications and have seen very limited testing for turf. TurfPQ is a pesticide runoff model developed exclusively for turf. The model is based on a curve number calculation for runoff volume and linear partitioning of pesticide into adsorbed and dissolved components during a precipitation or irrigation event. Calibration is optional, so the model can be applied, using default parameter values, to situations where runoff and chemical loss data are unavailable. TurfPQ was tested with default parameter values for 52 pesticide runoff events involving six pesticides measured in plot studies in four states. The model typically produced conservative overpredictions of pesticide runoff, particularly with strongly adsorbed pesticides. Mean predicted pesticide runoff was 2.9% [corrected] of application, compared with an observed mean of 2.1%. TurfPQ captured the dynamics of the pesticide runoff events well with R2 = 0.65 [corrected]. Sensitivity analyses indicated that prediction errors could be reduced by better estimates of adsorption parameters and runoff curve numbers. However, even with default parameters, TurfPQ predictions are at least as accurate as those produced by more complex models.