挥发性有机废气净化技术研究进展

本文对生物净化技术、等离子体净化技术、吸附和催化氧化技术在控制废气中挥发性有机物的研究进展及应用进行了综述。气体生物净化技术在VOCs混合物和改进设备工艺方面开展的研究工作较多，等离子体净化技术与催化技术的组合越来越受到关注。吸附和催化氧化方面则着重在吸附剂（活性炭和沸石）吸附性能的进一步研究和新型催化剂的研制。     

活性炭的吸附机理及其在水处理方面的应用

本文从活性炭表面的物理性质和化学性质,介绍了活性炭吸附的一般机理。综述了活性炭在城市给水、工业废水及城市污水深度处理中的研究进展;混凝—活性炭吸附工艺在净水工程中的应用;臭氧—生物活性炭技术去除水中有机污染物的工艺;MBR/PAC组合工艺及工业上使用石灰石与活性炭联合去除污染物的技术;从活性炭吸附性能指标的选择、有机物分子量的分布、活性炭的改性等方面,提出了活性炭在水处理应用上的问题和展望。     

浅析挥发性有机废气治理技术

挥发性有机废气会对环境和人类产生严重危害,已成为我国环境保护工作的重点之一。本文阐述了挥发性有机物的来源及危害,并具体介绍了目前处理挥发性有机物的基本方法,如吸附法、吸收法、冷凝法、燃烧法、生物法等。     

溶解性有机物影响抗生素吸附的研究进展

不同环境中存在的抗生素会对人类的健康产生威胁。吸附法作为一种高效、简单的抗生素去除技术是目前的研究热点。然而，不同环境中普遍存在的溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM)会对抗生素的吸附过程产生影响。对人工合成材料体系(石墨烯和生物炭)和自然体系(土壤和底泥)中DOM对抗生素吸附过程的影响进行了梳理，同时总结了DOM影响抗生素吸附的机理，并对今后的研究趋势进行展望，以期能为环境中抗生素的吸附去除提供一定的参考。     

苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附解吸行为

吸附是外源有机污染进入土壤后首先发生的最重要的过程，直接影响着有机物的生物可利用性。采用完全混合法研究了苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附一解吸动力学特征以及等温吸附解吸行为。结果表明，（1）苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附-解吸动力学过程存在两段行为，即初期快速反应阶段和经过一段时间后的慢速阶段，动力学特征表明供试有机物8h内能达到吸附-解吸平衡；（2）在试验浓度范围内，线性方程能很好地描述苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中的吸附解吸行为；（3）苄嘧磺隆和芘在土壤中存在解吸迟滞现象，解吸并不完全是吸附的可逆过程，土壤中存在不可逆吸附室是造成解吸滞后的主要原因。     

高效脱氮除磷中水处理技术

由南京中电联环保股份有限公司开发的高效脱氮除磷中水处理技术,主要用于工业给水处理、再生水软化处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理原水在生物接触反应器内,在微生物吸附和新陈代谢的作用下,去除部分有机物、氮、磷等污染因子,微生物保持微量繁殖。通过定期少量排泥或反洗,使部分老化的微生物排出系统,保持微生物一定的活性。     

溶解性有机质对有机污染物环境行为的影响及其环境意义

DOM是陆地及水生生态系统中十分活跃的组分，是土壤圈与相关圈层物质交换的重要形式，对有机污染物质的毒性、迁移转化以及生物降解性等有着重要影响。文章在论述DOM来源、组成及结构特征的基础上，重点阐述了DOM对有机物的环境行为的影响。DOM主要通过氢键、电荷转移、范德华力、配位体交换、疏水分配、共价键结合、螯舍等增强或抑制有机物在土壤的吸附／解吸、生物有效性，阐述了DOM与有机物结合的两重性；同时，DOM不同组分和分子量大小对有机物环境行为的影响有着较大的差别。     

生物吸附剂及其吸附性能研究进展

用微生物体来吸附水中的重金属是一项新兴的废水生物处理技术。藻类、细菌、真菌等是生物吸附剂的来源 ,它们对多种重金属都有较好的吸附去除效果。文章从细胞壁的结构特性概述了藻类、细菌、真菌等对重金属吸附的机理 ,介绍了它们的吸附性能     

生物活性炭技术在水处理中的应用

生物活性炭技术是将吸附和生物分解结合起来的水处理新技术。本文简述了生物活性炭的净水原理和形成方式,以及生物活性炭在处理微污染水源水、生活污水和工业废水方面的研究进展,并对生物活性炭技术的发展进行了展望。     

搅拌棒吸附萃取技术在环境样品分析中的应用

搅拌棒吸附萃取(SBSE)是继固相微萃取(SPME)之后的又一种无溶剂的用于痕量有机物分离和浓缩的技术,其萃取涂层体积大,具有灵敏度高、检出限低、重现性好、不使用有机溶剂等优点。适用于环境样品中挥发性及半挥发性有机物的痕量分析。本文综述了SBSE在环境样品分析中的应用,以及该技术的应用展望。     

生物吸附法处理含铀废水研究进展

生物吸附法处理含铀废水是新兴的研究领域。本文介绍了吸附铀的生物材料的来源以及影响吸附过程的各种因素，总结了生物吸附的机理、生物材料的改性和固定化、生物吸附的数学模型等方面的研究进展。     

Application of cupuassu shell as biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution

The cupuassu shell (Theobroma grandiflorum) which is a food residue was used in its natural form as biosorbent for the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 194 and C.I. Direct Blue 53 dyes from aqueous solutions. This biosorbent was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves. The effects of pH, biosorbent dosage and shaking time on biosorption capacities were studied. In acidic pH region (pH 2.0) the biosorption of the dyes were favorable. The contact time required to obtain the equilibrium was 8 and 18 h at 298 K, for Reactive Red 194 and Direct Blue 53, respectively. The Avrami fractionary-order kinetic model provided the best fit to experimental data compared with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and chemisorption kinetic adsorption models. The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Radke-Prausnitz isotherm models. For both dyes the equilibrium data were best fitted to the Sips isotherm model.     

Biosorption of Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions by dried marine green macroalga Chaetomorpha linum

The biosorption of the heavy metals Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ by dried marine green macroalga (Chaetomorpha linum) was investigated. The biosorption capacities of the dried alga for copper and zinc were studied at different solution pH values (2–6), different algal particle sizes (100–800 μm) and different initial metal solution concentrations (0.5–10 mM). An optimum pH value of 5 was found suitable for both metal ions biosorption for both metal ions. At the optimum particle size (100–315 μm), biosorbent dosage (20 g/l) and initial solution pH (pH 5), the dried alga produced maximum copper and zinc uptakes values (q_max) of 1.46 and 1.97 mmol/g respectively (according to the Langmuir model). The kinetic data obtained at different initial metal concentrations indicated that the biosorption rate was fast and most of the process was completed within 120 min. This study illustrated an alternative technique for the management of unwanted biological materials using processed algal material. C. linum is one of the fast-growing marine algae in the lake of Tunis and could be utilized as a biosorbent for the treatment of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ contaminated wastewater streams.     

Biosorption of copper(II) and lead(II) onto potassium hydroxide treated pine cone powder

Pine cone powder surface was treated with potassium hydroxide and applied for copper(II) and lead(II) removal from solution. Isotherm experiments and desorption tests were conducted and kinetic analysis was performed with increasing temperatures.As solution pH increased, the biosorption capacity and the change in hydrogen ion concentration in solution increased. The change in hydrogen ion concentration for lead(II) biosorption was slightly higher than for copper(II) biosorption. The results revealed that ion-exchange is the main mechanism for biosorption for both metal ions. The pseudo-first order kinetic model was unable to describe the biosorption process throughout the effective biosorption period while the modified pseudo-first order kinetics gave a better fit but could not predict the experimentally observed equilibrium capacities. The pseudo-second order kinetics gave a better fit to the experimental data over the temperature range from 291 to 347 K and the equilibrium capacity increased from 15.73 to 19.22 mg g^?1 for copper(II) and from 23.74 to 26.27 for lead(II).Activation energy was higher for lead(II) (22.40 kJ mol^?1) than for copper(II) (20.36 kJ mol^?1). The free energy of activation was higher for lead(II) than for copper(II) and the values of ΔH* and ΔS* indicate that the contribution of reorientation to the activation stage is higher for lead(II) than copper(II). This implies that lead(II) biosorption is more spontaneous than copper(II) biosorption.Equilibrium studies showed that the Langmuir isotherm gave a better fit for the equilibrium data indicating monolayer coverage of the biosorbent surface. There was only a small interaction between metal ions when simultaneously biosorbed and cation competition was higher for the Cu-Pb system than for the Pb-Cu system. Desorption studies and the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm and energy parameter, E, also support the ion-exchange mechanism.     

Decolorization of dye wastewaters by biosorbents: A review

Dye wastewater is one of the most difficult to treat. There has been exhaustive research on biosorption of dye wastewater. It is evolving as an attractive option to supplement conventional treatment processes. This paper examines various biosorbents such as fungi, bacteria, algae, chitosan and peat, which are capable of decolorizing dye wastewaters; discusses various mechanism involved, the effects of various factors influencing dye wastewater decolorization and reviews pretreatment methods for increasing the biosorption capacity of the adsorbents. The paper examines the mismatch between strong scientific progress in the field of biosorption and lack of commercialization of research.     

Application of a chemically modified green macro alga as a biosorbent for phenol removal

Phenol and substituted phenols are toxic organic pollutants present in tannery waste streams. Environmental legislation defines the maximum discharge limit to be 5–50 ppm of total phenols in sewers. Thus the efforts to develop new efficient methods to remove phenolic compounds from wastewater are of primary concern. The present work aims at the use of a modified green macro alga (Caulerpa scalpelliformis) as a biosorbent for the removal of phenolic compounds from the post-tanning sectional stream. The effects of initial phenol concentration, contact time, temperature and initial pH of the solution on the biosorption potential of macro algal biomass have been investigated. Biosorption of phenol by modified green macro algae is best described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Biosorption kinetics of phenol onto modified green macro algal biomass were best described by a pseudo second order model. The maximum uptake capacity was found to be 20 mg of phenol per gram of green macro algae. A Boyd plot confirmed the external mass transfer as the slowest step involved in the biosorption process. The average effective diffusion coefficient was found to be 1.44 × 10⁻⁹ cm²/s. Thermodynamic studies confirmed the biosorption process to be exothermic.     

生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附法是目前处理含金属废水的一种较有效的方法,特别是对于低浓度废水的处理优势明显。生物吸附法处理废水亦可达到以废治废的目的。本文就生物吸附领域目前研究状况进行了概述,主要包括了生物吸附剂对金属离子的吸附作用,生物吸附机理以及固定化吸附的应用研究。     

Optimization of the removal of chromium and lead by Penicillium chrysogenum using 2k factorial experiments

This study aims to prepare a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and alternative, biosorbent to remove chromium Cr (III) and lead Pb (II) from polluted water and to find out the highest removal efficiencies using 2^k factorial experiments. The Cr (III) and Pb (II) tolerant fungal strain identified as Penicillium chrysogenum was isolated from ceramic industrial sludge. The impact of process variables on biosorption of Cr (III) and Pb (II) by P. chrysogenum was first evaluated with the Taguchi screening design. Factors and levels were determined to optimize Cr (III) and Pb (II) removal efficiency. According to this, five factors; initial concentration, pH, biosorbent dose, temperature, and inactivation methods were determined for both metals, each factor defined as a fixed factor with two levels. Optimization of the parameters affecting the removal process was determined by the Taguchi method and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios are calculated. The maximum removal efficiency (99.92%) was observed at pH 7, biosorbent 1 mg L^–1, inactivation with autoclaving, and at 20°C with an initial metal concentration of 50 mg L^–1 Cr (III). On the other hand, the maximum removal efficiency (98.99%) was observed at pH 4, biosorbent 5 mg L^–1, inactivation with autoclaving, and at 20°C with an initial metal concentration of 50 mg L^–1 Pb (II). Furthermore, metal ions removal by P. chrysogenum was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The presence of functional groups on fungal cells of metal binding was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR).     

Optimization of the continuous biosorption of copper with sugar-beet pectin gels

Sugar-beet pectin xerogels obtained from residues of the sugar industry are an adequate material for metal recovery from effluents in continuous systems. The xerogels were used as a biosorbent for copper removal in a fixed-bed column. The performance of the system was evaluated in different experimental conditions: flow rate, bed height, inlet metal concentration and feeding system (drop and reverse). The effect on the biosorption parameters (saturation time, amount of adsorbed and treated metal, column performance and metal uptake) and the shape of the breakthrough curves was determined. The saturation time increased with increasing bed height but decreased with increasing feed flow rate and inlet metal concentration. Preferential flow channels greatly influenced the metal uptake and column performance. Copper was completely desorbed with 0.1 M HNO₃. Additionally, the column data fitted both the linear and nonlinear expressions of the Thomas model.     

生物吸附法处理水体中的重金属的现状与展望

对生物吸附法处理水体中的重金属进行了综述，得出微生物对重金属表现出良好的吸附性能，吸附机理比较复杂，与离子交换有密切关系，常用吸附等温线评价微生物对重金属的吸附能力。由于该研究历史比较短，生物吸附的工艺应用、机理分析、生物固定化等研究还不够深入，有待进一步的研究探索，使其应用于工业生产。