华北落叶松不同林型土壤理化性质差异

在河北塞罕坝机械林场的华北落叶松3个不同类型人工林设立典型样地,研究落叶松白桦混交林、落叶松樟子松混交林、落叶松纯林的土壤理化性质和林地凋落物现存量等17项指标,分析这些指标在0-50 cm共5个土层间的差异情况.结果表明:(1)在土壤剖面上随土层加深,3种林型土壤容重均逐渐增加;土壤水分、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、电导率呈减小的趋势;孔隙度和全钾变化不显著.(2)在同一土层,土壤容重和p H总体表现为落叶松白桦混交林最低,落叶松纯林最高;林地凋落物现存量、土壤水分、有机质、氮、磷、钾、电导率均表现为落叶松白桦混交林最高,落叶松纯林和落叶松樟子松混交林无显著差异.(3)相关性分析表明容重与土壤水分、孔隙度、全钾、速效钾呈极显著负相关,与非毛管孔隙度、有机质、有效磷呈显著负相关;有机质、氮、磷、钾元素之间均有显著正相关关系,全氮、全磷、全钾与凋落物未分解层现存量都呈显著正相关.因此认为在3种林型中,落叶松白桦针阔混交林土壤理化性质明显优于落叶松樟子松混交林、落叶松纯林;结果可为合理利用森林土壤、科学营造华北落叶松人工林提供依据.     

华北落叶松不同林型土壤理化性质差异北大核心CSCD

在河北塞罕坝机械林场的华北落叶松3个不同类型人工林设立典型样地,研究落叶松白桦混交林、落叶松樟子松混交林、落叶松纯林的土壤理化性质和林地凋落物现存量等17项指标,分析这些指标在0-50 cm共5个土层间的差异情况.结果表明：（1）在土壤剖面上随土层加深,3种林型土壤容重均逐渐增加;土壤水分、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、电导率呈减小的趋势;孔隙度和全钾变化不显著.（2）在同一土层,土壤容重和p H总体表现为落叶松白桦混交林最低,落叶松纯林最高;林地凋落物现存量、土壤水分、有机质、氮、磷、钾、电导率均表现为落叶松白桦混交林最高,落叶松纯林和落叶松樟子松混交林无显著差异.（3）相关性分析表明容重与土壤水分、孔隙度、全钾、速效钾呈极显著负相关,与非毛管孔隙度、有机质、有效磷呈显著负相关;有机质、氮、磷、钾元素之间均有显著正相关关系,全氮、全磷、全钾与凋落物未分解层现存量都呈显著正相关.因此认为在3种林型中,落叶松白桦针阔混交林土壤理化性质明显优于落叶松樟子松混交林、落叶松纯林;结果可为合理利用森林土壤、科学营造华北落叶松人工林提供依据.     

滇中高原常绿阔叶林土壤生物学特性对土壤理化性质的影响

土壤酶活性和微生物是构成土壤生态系统的重要组分,也是决定土壤功能的关键因子,研究土壤生物学特性对理化性质的影响可以阐明影响土壤理化性质的因子,从而为林地土壤质量的恢复与保育提供科学依据。文章通过野外调查与室内实验相结合的方法进行样品采集与处理,结合相关分析与通径分析的数据分析方法对云南省玉溪市磨盘山常绿阔叶林土壤理化因子与土壤酶活性、微生物数量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,(1)常绿阔叶林林下土壤含水量、田间持水量、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效钾含量随着土层深度的增加而减少,土壤容重、p H、全钾含量随着土层深度的增加而增加。(2)土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶活性及可培养的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量随着土壤深度的增加而减少。(3)相关分析表明,土壤理化性质与酶活性、微生物数量之间存在显著的相关关系。(4)通径分析表明,过氧化氢酶和脲酶对土壤物理性质影响显著,而脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶和真菌数量对化学性质有显著影响。     

庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松与桦树林土壤微生物群落结构

落叶针叶林和落叶阔叶林是华北地区主要的森林类型,其地下生态系统在驱动生物地球化学循环过程中发挥重要作用.运用Illumina高通量测序技术分析庞泉沟自然保护区中海拔桦树(Betula platyphylla)林和华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林以及高海拔华北落叶松林的土壤微生物群落结构,同时对土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性及土壤理化性质进行测定,分析各因子的变化规律及其之间的相关性.结果显示:1)3个样地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与全碳、全氮、全硫、碳氮比呈极显著正相关;脲酶活性与p H显著负相关;过氧化氢酶活性与土壤理化性质均无显著相关性;同时3种酶的活性与细菌和真菌特定类群的丰度密切相关.2)样地间土壤细菌群落结构具有一定差异,而真菌群落结构的差异较大,土壤理化性质对微生物群落的结构具有较大的影响.真菌群落中的煤炱目(Capnodiales)、蜡壳耳目(Sebacinales)、路霉目(Lulworthiales)、锈革孔菌目(Hymenochaetales)的丰度与土壤全碳、全氮、全硫、碳氮比、含水率显著相关.3)中海拔桦树林土壤细菌群落多样性和丰度高于华北落叶松林,真菌群落的丰度与之相反;高海拔落叶松林细菌群落多样性较低,而丰度较高,真菌群落则是丰度较低,多样性在高海拔落叶松林中最高,在桦树林中较低.综上,植被类型、土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构三者相互影响,因此可通过改变林下土壤微生物环境,制定出不同的育林措施,进而影响土壤生态系统的碳、氮、硫等循环进程,提高土壤肥力.     

不同连栽代次的巨桉（Eucalyptus grandis）人工林土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化性质的关系

土壤酶是评价土壤环境质量的指示指标.土壤理化性质决定了酶促反应的底物和环境,研究不同连栽代次的巨桉人工林土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质的关系,对于巨桉人工林系统的可持续经营具有重要作用. 2016年7月,采用时空互换法,以四川省青神县第一、二和三代巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)人工林和对照马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林为研究对象,研究了不同连栽代次的巨桉人工林土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化性质的关系.结果表明:与马尾松林相比,一代巨桉林土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著增加,蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化物酶活性无显著变化.但随巨桉连栽代次增加,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性递减.冗余分析表明,土壤容重、pH、有机质、全磷对不同代次的巨桉人工林土壤酶活性影响显著,其中全磷是土壤酶活性最重要的影响因素,能解释酶活性变异的60%.全氮对土壤酶的整体影响不显著,仅能解释土壤酶活性变异的20.5%.但相对重要性分析进一步表明,土壤全氮对脲酶和多酚氧化酶存在显著的影响.研究结果说明巨桉连栽通过影响土壤理化性质进而改变了土壤酶活性.(图3表6参35)     

信阳茶区不同植茶年限土壤酶活性演变

为了探讨信阳茶区不同植茶年限茶园土壤酶活性与土壤养分的关系,采集了不同植茶年限(0、10、20、30、40 a)0~20 cm土层土壤,分析4种土壤酶活性随土壤养分的演变特征。结果表明,过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性与植茶年限呈显著负相关,与茶园土壤pH呈显著正相关;酸性磷酸酶活性与植茶年限相关性不显著;植茶土壤脲酶活性显著高于未植茶土壤,但与植茶年限相关性不显著。过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶与土壤碱解氮、有机质、速效钾、NH4~+-N呈显著负相关,与速效磷、NO_3~--N的相关性不显著;酸性磷酸酶和脲酶与土壤pH、土壤养分相关性不显著。逐步线性回归分析表明,土壤养分对过氧化氢酶影响最显著的为碱解氮、速效钾与NH4~+-N,对蔗糖酶影响最显著的为有机质。土壤交换性离子对过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶影响最显著的是交换性Mg~(2+);对酸性磷酸酶影响最显著的是交换性K~+。土壤酶的几何平均数(GMea)随着植茶年限的延长而降低,说明随着植茶年限的延长,土壤质量下降。灰色关联度分析表明,与GMea关联度最高的4个因子为:交换性Mg~(2+)、土壤pH、NO_3~--N、速效磷。研究结果可为茶园土壤分析与评价、茶园土壤施肥及可持续生产提供科学参考。     

矸石山不同造林模式对土壤养分及酶活性影响的研究

本文以抚顺矸石山立地条件下树龄为10年的刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia L.、火炬Rhus typhina Nutt、白榆Ulmus pumila L.、沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides L.林以及植被自然恢复裸地（CK）5种植被恢复模式为研究对象,按土壤发生学层次进行采样,对土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶等指标进行研究,结果表明：与CK相比,4种造林模式显著提高了Ah层的土壤有机质和养分含量,其中,有机质、有效磷改良效果最好的是白榆模式,分别增加了194.8%、442.9%;速效钾改良效果最好的是刺槐模式,增加了262.0%;碱解氮则是火炬模式改良效果最好,增加了509.2%。不同造林模式与CK相比增加了各层次的过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,其中,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性Ah层最大的是火炬模式,增加了134.5%和880.9%;脲酶酶活性最大的是白榆模式,增加了119.1%。从垂直角度看,有机质、碱解氮、过氧化氢酶、脲酶随土层加深含量降低,在C层达到最小值,而速效钾、有效磷、蔗糖酶的最小值则出现在AC层;不同模式对土壤pH影响不一,垂直规律不明显。     

改变碳输入对太岳山油松林土壤酶活性的影响

土壤酶是土壤微生物作用于土壤环境的媒介,其活性对土壤环境的变化十分敏感,因此测定土壤酶活性对了解土壤微生物群落功能与环境因子的关系具有重要意义.为了解碳输入变化对土壤酶活性的影响,本文以山西太岳山油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)天然林和人工林为研究对象,自2009年7月开始进行对照(无人为干扰,CK)、去凋(去除凋落物,LR)、切根去凋(切断根系并去除凋落物,LRNR)3种处理,于2012年7、9月和2013年5月采集表层0-20 cm的土样,测定了多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase)、纤维素酶(Cellulase)、蔗糖酶(Invertase)、脲酶(Urease)和中性磷酸酶(Neutral phosphatase)的活性,另于2012年10月采集表层0-20 cm的土样测定土壤化学性质.结果显示:碳输入的改变对土壤酶活性影响显著,去凋处理和切根去凋处理均显著降低了土壤碳、氮含量(P0.05),并且显著抑制了土壤纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶等水解酶的活性(P0.05),但对多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶等氧化酶的影响不显著(P0.05).切根去凋处理对水解酶的抑制作用大于去凋处理,并略微提高了土壤过氧化物酶活性.另外在天然林中蔗糖酶活性的下降比人工林更为显著,而人工林中纤维素酶活性的下降比天然林更显著.研究表明:油松天然林中的土壤微生物群落功能倾向于分泌蔗糖酶,而油松人工林中的土壤微生物群落功能倾向于分泌纤维素酶.土壤酶活性的变化说明,在山西油松林,碳输入的减少会降低参与有机质降解的土壤酶活性,而对参与腐殖质合成的土壤酶活性没有显著影响.图3表3参31     

亚热带红壤丘陵区不同人工林型对土壤理化性质、微生物类群和酶活性的影响

为了探讨亚热带红壤丘陵区不同人工林对土壤理化性质、微生物类群和酶活性的影响。以亚热带红壤丘陵区的纯樟树林(CC)、纯杉木林(CL)、杉木樟树混交林(CLCC)、自然恢复地(受到人为干扰)(NR)作为研究对象,并以附近的疏草荒地(GD)作为对照(CK),通过调查取样和实验分析相结合的方法,分析不同人工林型中不同土层(0~10、10~20和20~40 cm)土壤的理化性质、微生物类群和酶活性的变化。结果表明,(1)与对照相比,不同林型下土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌总数均显著增加,依次为微生物总数(CLCC)微生物总数(CC)微生物总数(CL)微生物总数(NR)微生物总数(CK)(P0.05)。(2)土壤脲酶(URE)活性在不同林型下的大小顺序为脲酶(CC)脲酶(CLCC)脲酶(CL)脲酶(NR)脲酶(CK)(P0.05);蔗糖酶(INV)活性的大小顺序为蔗糖酶(CC)蔗糖酶(NR)蔗糖酶(CLCC)蔗糖酶(CK)蔗糖酶(CL)(P0.05);酸性磷酸酶(APE)活性的大小顺序为酸性磷酸酶(CC和CLCC)酸性磷酸酶(NR)酸性磷酸酶(CL)酸性磷酸酶(CK)(P0.05)。(3)在剖面层次上,土壤微生物类群和酶活性也有明显的层次性,即随着土层的增加而减小。(4)相关分析表明:土壤细菌、真菌与脲酶、酸性磷酸酶之间具有显著或极显著的相关性(P0.05或P0.01);土壤微生物类群和酶活性与土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)和有效氮(AN)之间具有极显著的相关性(P0.01)。研究结果表明退耕还林(草)可增加土壤微生物类群的数量和土壤酶活性,促进土壤物理性状的改善和肥力的提高。     

复合菌剂对盆栽番茄土壤理化性质及微生物活性的影响

通过盆栽对照试验的方法,研究复合菌剂C1、C2对土壤理化性质及微生物活性的影响,结果表明：与对照相比,施用复合菌剂C1、C2能够减少土壤真菌的数量,在施菌剂早期可以增加土壤细菌的数量,对土壤放线菌影响较小;提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分的质量分数,降低土壤酸度;同时还能够显著地增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶及过氧化氢酶的活性。进一步对各处理的土壤因素进行主成分分析,结果显示PC1为土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾,PC2为土壤矿化氮、脲酶、纤维素酶。综合评价土壤质量,复合菌剂C2在各处理中综合得分最大。     

Tree species effects on decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden

We studied the effects of tree species on leaf litter decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden experiment of 14 tree species (Abies alba, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur, Quercus rubra, and Tilia cordata) in southwestern Poland. We used three simultaneous litter bag experiments to tease apart species effects on decomposition via leaf litter chemistry vs. effects on the decomposition environment. Decomposition rates of litter in its plot of origin were negatively correlated with litter lignin and positively correlated with mean annual soil temperature (MAT(soil)) across species. Likewise, decomposition of a common litter type across all plots was positively associated with MAT(soil), and decomposition of litter from all plots in a common plot was negatively related to litter lignin but positively related to litter Ca. Taken together, these results indicate that tree species influenced microbial decomposition primarily via differences in litter lignin (and secondarily, via differences in litter Ca), with high-lignin (and low-Ca) species decomposing most slowly, and by affecting MAT(soil), with warmer plots exhibiting more rapid decomposition. In addition to litter bag experiments, we examined forest floor dynamics in each plot by mass balance, since earthworms were a known component of these forest stands and their access to litter in litter bags was limited. Forest floor removal rates estimated from mass balance were positively related to leaf litter Ca (and unrelated to decay rates obtained using litter bags). Litter Ca, in turn, was positively related to the abundance of earthworms, particularly Lumbricus terrestris. Thus, while species influence microbially mediated decomposition primarily through differences in litter lignin, differences among species in litter Ca are most important in determining species effects on forest floor leaf litter dynamics among these 14 tree species, apparently because of the influence of litter Ca on earthworm activity. The overall influence of these tree species on leaf litter decomposition via effects on both microbial and faunal processing will only become clear when we can quantify the decay dynamics of litter that is translocated belowground by earthworms.     

基于Meta分析的土壤呼吸对凋落物输入的响应

凋落物输入是影响土壤呼吸的一个重要因素,然而从国内外目前研究结果来看,土壤呼吸响应凋落物输入的影响因素尚不清楚。利用国内外已发表的30篇研究论文共1393对有效数据,通过Meta分析,从凋落物管理措施、气候、植被、地形、土壤理化性质等因素揭示凋落物输入对土壤呼吸的影响程度。研究发现:与清除凋落物处理相比较而言,(1)凋落物输入后显著增加了土壤呼吸,且土壤呼吸的增加程度呈现出倍增凋落物处理是自然凋落物处理的1.33倍;(2)不同气候条件下的土壤呼吸增加程度呈现出强降雨(>1000 mm)是微弱降雨(<1000 mm)的1.34倍,以及高温气候(>20℃)是低温气候(<20℃)的1.7倍;(3)土壤呼吸的增加程度在不同植被带下呈现出针叶林带(34.1%)>阔叶林带(28%)>混交林带(22%)>草地(17.3%)的趋势;(4)不同海拔梯度条件下土壤呼吸的增加程度呈现出高海拔(59.6%)>中海拔(34.2%)>低海拔(26.7%)的趋势;(5)不同土壤理化性质条件下的土壤呼吸增量呈现出低容重(77.5%)分别是中容重(26.9%)和高容重(18.0%)的2.9倍和4.3倍,同时中性土壤(79.6%)的呼吸增量远远大于酸性(28.2%)和碱性(24.1%)土壤的呼吸增量,以及高土壤碳氮比(81.2%)的土壤呼吸增量远远大于低土壤碳氮比(19.4%)和中土壤碳氮比(29.6%)的土壤呼吸增量。由此可见,凋落物输入后会导致土壤呼吸的显著增加,但是不同气候、不同植被、不同地形、不同土壤理化性质等条件下其土壤呼吸增加的幅度不同。     

施氮与凋落物去除影响下中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮素矿化潜势和硝化潜势研究

氮沉降影响土壤氮循环,而凋落物是土壤有机氮的主要来源,因此,为了探讨氮沉降和凋落物是否去除作用下,亚热带森林土壤潜在的氮素矿化与硝化作用,选择已进行8年模拟氮沉降试验的亚热带罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,野外样地氮添加设置3个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm^?2·a^?1)、低氮(LN,75 kg·hm^?2·a^?1)、高氮(HN,150 kg·hm^?2·a^?1),两种凋落物管理方式(保留凋落物,L和去除凋落物,R),土壤采样后,通过室内间歇淋洗好气培养法,研究土壤氮素矿化潜势差异,以及不同底物条件下(铵态氮水平:N 0,100、150、200 mg·kg^?1)土壤硝化潜势的差异。结果表明:土壤氮素快速矿化主要在培养前7 d,矿化累积量(Nt)为102.81—153.71 mg·kg^?1,矿化潜势(N0)范围为193.84—289.80 mg·kg^?1,N0依次为:保留凋落物低氮(LN-L)>保留凋落物对照(CK-L)>去除凋落物低氮(LN-R)>去除凋落物对照(CK-R)>去除凋落物高氮(HN-R)>保留凋落物高氮(HN-L);两种凋落物处理方式下,LN水平土壤的Nt与N0均高于CK、HN。保留凋落物情况下,有较高的土壤硝化潜势;在无添加硝化底物(铵态氮水平为N 0 mg·kg^?1)的条件下,野外氮添加水平高的土壤硝化潜势也高;而在添加不同硝化底物(铵态氮)的条件下,土壤硝化潜势并未随硝化底物水平的增加而增加,且硝化底物水平为N 100 mg·kg^?1时硝化潜势最大。研究表明,虽然保留凋落物可以增加土壤氮矿化潜势,而氮沉降则影响氮矿化潜势。当研究土壤硝化潜势时,应当根据土壤类型等因素选择合适的硝化底物(铵态氮)添加量。     

Effects of soil nematodes communities on litter decomposition in urban forest of Dalian北大核心CSCD

In order to further expound the effect of soil nematodes on litter decomposition in urban forest, this study investigated the responses of soil nematodes communities to litter decomposition by litterbags technology at different mesh sizes in Dalian National Forest Park. Soil nematodes community composition, decomposition rate of litter and nutrient release were also analyzed. It found a total of 4 418 nematodes from 39 genera. Higher relative density of soil nematodes was found in the bags with 0.1 mm mesh size (1.55 individuals and 7.34 orders per g of dry litter) compared to the bags with 0.02 mm mesh size (0.21 individuals and 0.49 orders per g of dry litter). There were very few soil nematodes in the 0.02 mm litter bags. Thus we regarded that soil nematodes only affected the 0.1 mm litter bags. The mass loss rates as well as C and P release rates was higher in litter bags with 0.1 mm mesh size than in those with 0.02 mm mesh size, indicating a significant influence of soil nematodes on mass loss and nutrient release. The contribution of soil nematodes to the litter mass loss was about 24%. The effect of soil nematodes on the nutrient release rates differed among elements. The soil nematodes had a bigger influence on the release rate of N than that of other elements, whereas the influence on K release rate was the lowest. The results showed that soil nematodes communities has a significant effect on the litter decomposition and nutrient release of the forest litter in Dalian city, especially promoting the mass loss rates and N release rates.     

Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization from an annual to a monthly model

The forest litter decomposition model (FLDM) described in this paper provides an important basis for assessing the impacts of forest management on seasonal stream water quality and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). By definition, models with annual time steps are unable to capture seasonal, within-year variation. In order to simulate seasonal variation in litter decomposition and DOC production and export, we have modified an existing annual FLDM to account for monthly dynamics of decomposition and residual mass in experimental litterbags placed in 21 different forests across Canada.The original annual FLDM was formulated with three main litter pools (fast, slow, and very slow decomposing litter) to address the fact that forest litter is naturally composed of a mixture of organic compounds that decompose at different rates. The annual FLDM was shown to provide better simulations than more complex models like CENTURY and SOMM.The revised monthly model retains the original structure of the annual FLDM, but separates litter decomposition from nitrogen (N) mineralization. In the model, monthly soil temperature, soil moisture, and mean January soil temperature are shown to be the most important controlling variables of within-year variation in decomposition. Use of the three variables in a process-based definition of litter decomposition is a significant departure from the empirical definition in the annual model. The revised model is shown to give similar calculations of residual mass and N concentration as the annual model (r² = 0.91, 0.78), despite producing very different timeseries of decomposition over six years. It is shown from a modelling perspective that (i) forest litter decomposition is independent of N mineralization, whereas N mineralization is dependent on litter decomposition, and (ii) mean January soil temperature defines litter decomposition in the summer because of winter-temperatures’ role in modifying forest-floor microorganism community composition and functioning in the following summer.     

Mercury cycling in litter and soil in different forest types in the Adirondack region, New York, USA.

The fate of mercury in decomposing leaf litter and soil is key to understanding the biogeochemistry of mercury in forested ecosystems. We quantified mercury dynamics in decomposing leaf litter and measured fluxes and pools of mercury in litterfall, throughfall, and soil in two forest types of the Adirondack region, New York, USA. The mean content of total mercury in leaf litter increased to 134% of its original mass during two years of decomposition. The accumulation pattern was seasonal, with significant increases in mercury mass during the growing season (+4.9% per month). Litterfall dominated mercury fluxes into the soil in the deciduous forest, whereas throughfall dominated fluxes into the coniferous forest. The increase in mercury mass in decomposing deciduous litter during the growing season was greater than could be accounted for by throughfall inputs during the growing season (P < 0.05), suggesting translocation of mercury from the soil to the decomposing deciduous litter. This internal recycling mechanism concentrates mercury in the organic horizons and retards transport through the soil, thereby increasing the residence time of mercury in the forest floor. A mass balance assessment suggests that the ultimate fate of mercury in the landscape depends upon forest type and associated differences in the delivery and incorporation of mercury into the soil. Our results show that incorporation of mercury into decaying leaf litter increases its residence time in the landscape and may further delay the recovery of surface waters, fish, and associated biota following control of mercury emissions to the atmosphere.     

A process-based model of nitrogen cycling in forest plantations: Part II. Simulating growth and nitrogen mineralisation of Eucalyptus globulus plantations in south-western Australia

We applied a new version of the G’DAY ecosystem model to short-rotation plantations of Eucalyptus globulus growing under a Mediterranean climate in south-western Australia. The new version, that includes modified submodels for biomass production, water balance, litter and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, and soil inorganic N balance, was parameterised and applied to three experimental eucalypt sites (Mumballup, Darkan and Northcliffe) of contrasting productivity. With a common base set of parameter values, the model was able to correctly reproduce observed time series of soil water content, canopy leaf area index and stemwood data at the three sites. The model's ability to simulate soil N supply under forest plantations was tested by simulating N mineralisation at each of the three sites over the duration of the experiment (10 years). Simulated annual net N mineralisation in the litter and top 20 cm soil layer ranged from 50 to 170 kg N ha⁻¹ across the sites as a result of differences in rates of litter production, SOM and litter decomposition, and microbial N immobilisation and (re-)mineralisation. Simulations of annual soil N mineralisation were similar to measured rates over a 3-year period, except for an overestimation in 1 year at Mumballup and 2 years at Darkan. Model results indicated the importance of fine root production and turnover for N supply. As plantations age, supply of N to trees increasingly originates from litter decomposition, while the contribution from decomposition of SOM decreases. Although major soil feedbacks associated with litter production, decomposition and N availability are adequately integrated into G’DAY, further work is required in some aspects of the model, including the utility of the C-allocation submodel over a wide range of site conditions and silvicultural treatments.     

粤北亚热带山地森林土壤有机碳沿海拔梯度的变化

选择位于南岭国家级自然保护区的广东第一峰——石坑崆,从海拔300 m起到山顶部1 900 m范围,每隔100 m高程设置1条10 m×120 m的样带,共17条样带,研究土壤有机碳含量沿海拔梯度的变化规律及其与植被类型和凋落物层厚度的关系。结果表明,0～20 cm和>20～40 cm土层有机碳含量均随海拔梯度变化呈极显著差异(P<0.001),并随林分类型不同而呈高度显著差异(P<0.01),土壤有机碳含量总体上呈随海拔上升而升高的变化趋势。凋落物层厚度仅对0～20 cm土层有机碳含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。可见,海拔梯度变化是影响土壤有机碳含量的综合和主导因素,而最表层土壤有机碳含量还易受林分因子的影响,这些因子反映了土地利用变化及自然保护历史。该研究结果提示,减少人类活动的干扰和保持林地适合的凋落物层厚度有助于增加森林生态系统的碳储量。     

Seasonal variations in plant species effects on soil N and P dynamics

It is well established that plant species influence ecosystem processes, but we have little ability to predict which vegetation changes will alter ecosystems, or how the effects of a given species might vary seasonally. We established monocultures of eight plant species in a California grassland in order to determine the plant traits that account for species impacts on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. Plant species differed in their effects on net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and the patterns of species differences varied seasonally. Soil PO4- and microbial P were more strongly affected by slope position than by species. Although most studies focus on litter chemistry as the main determinant of plant species effects on nutrient cycling, this study showed that plant species affected biogeochemical cycling through many traits, including direct traits (litter chemistry and biomass, live-tissue chemistry and biomass) and indirect traits (plant modification of soil bioavailable C and soil microclimate). In fact, species significantly altered N and P cycling even without litter inputs. It became particularly critical to consider the effects of these multiple traits in order to account for seasonal changes in plant species effects on ecosystems. For example, species effects on potential rates of net N mineralization were most strongly influenced by soil bioavailable C in the fall and by litter chemistry in the winter and spring. Under field conditions, species effects on soil microclimate influenced rates of mineralization and nitrification, with species effects on soil temperature being critical in the fall and species effects on soil moisture being important in the dry spring. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that in order to gain a mechanistic, predictive understanding of plant species effects on ecosystems, it is critical to look beyond plant litter chemistry and to incorporate the effects of multiple plant traits on ecosystems.     

A process-based model of nitrogen cycling in forest plantations: Part I. Structure,calibration and analysis of the decomposition model

We present a new decomposition model of C and N cycling in forest ecosystems that simulates N mineralisation from decomposing tree litter. It incorporates a mechanistic representation of the role of soil organisms in the N mineralisation-immobilisation turnover process during decomposition. We first calibrate the model using data from decomposition of ¹⁴C-labelled cellulose and lignin and ¹⁴C-labelled legume material and then calibrate and test it using mass loss and N loss data from decomposing Eucalyptus globulus residues. The model has been linked to the plant production submodel of the G’DAY ecosystem model, which previously used the CENTURY decomposition submodel for simulating C and N cycling. The key differences between this new decomposition model and the previous one, based on the CENTURY model, are: (1) growth of microbial biomass is the process that drives N mineralisation-immobilisation, and microbial succession is simulated; (2) decomposition of litter can be N-limited, depending on soil inorganic N availability relative to N requirements for microbial growth; (3) ‘quality’ of leaf and fine root litter is expressed in terms of biochemically measurable fractions; (4) the N:C ratio of microbial biomass active in decomposing litter is a function of litter quality and N availability; and (5) the N:C ratios of soil organic matter (SOM) pools are not prescribed but are instead simulated output variables defined by litter characteristics and soil inorganic N availability. With these modifications the model is able to provide reasonable estimates of both mass loss and N loss by decomposing E. globulus leaf and branch harvest residues in litterbag experiments. A sensitivity analysis of the decomposition model to selected parameters indicates that parameters regulating the stabilisation of organic C and N, as well as those describing incorporation of soil inorganic N in Young-SOM (biochemical immobilisation of N) are particularly critical for long-term applications of the model. A parameter identifiability analysis demonstrates that simulated short-term C and N loss from decomposing litter is highly sensitive to three model parameters that are identifiable from the E. globulus litterbag data.