黄河口附近海域浮游植物种群变化

根据2004～2006年期间、每年5月和8月共6个航次对黄河口附近海域33个站点(38°02′00″～37°20′00″N、119°03′24″～119°31′00″E)的浮游植物调查资料,研究了该海域浮游植物种类的数量和优势种类的年际及季节变化特征。镜检结果表明,6个航次共获得浮游植物52属129种,隶属硅藻、甲藻、金藻和黄藻4门,其中硅藻99种,甲藻25种,金藻3种,黄藻2种。在浮游植物数量组成中,硅藻占绝对优势;5月浮游植物细胞数量平均值为3.74×105/m3,8月平均值为1.17×107/m3。种类多样性指数(H′)平均值5月为1.83,8月为2.43。3a期间,5月浮游植物种类多样性指数H′值逐渐升高。与20世纪90年代同期相比,黄河口附近海域8月浮游植物细胞数量和种类多样性指数H′值均明显升高,5月和8月的优势种类组成也发生了较大改变。该海域营养盐浓度的升高可能是造成浮游植物优势种类组成变化的主要因素。     

黄渤海辽宁省海湾的环境现状及其评价

以1987～1990年海湾环境调查资料为基础,探讨了位起东部北黄海的青堆子湾(东经123°25′05E,北纬39°45′50″N)．,西止渤海的锦州湾(东经121°04′55″E,北纬40°47′22″N)的辽宁省共13个海湾水质、底质和生物中化学要素含量分布,得到广诸海湾污染程度是:除污染物锅外,重金属为底质＞生物＞水质;系统阐述了各海湾的环境质量现状及化学要素的超标情况,为今后选划各湾的适养区,治理环境污染提供了科学依据。      

长期施用氮肥对土壤细菌硝化基因多样性及组成的影响

以中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站水稻长期定位试验为平台(28°55′49.8″N,111°26′25.7″E),运用PCR、克隆文库构建等分子生物学技术研究长期单施氮肥(尿素)对亚硝化基因(amoA和hao)多样性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明,长期单施氮肥使amoA基因多样性降低(Shannon指数减少了11%),而ha...     

黄浦江表层水体中低环多环芳烃的分布特征

2005年12月-2006年5月连续监测黄浦江表层水体中低环多环芳烃(LMWPAHs)含量。结果表明,萘、芴、菲和蒽的平均浓度分别为123ng/L,57.8ng/L,58.8ng/L和11.5ng/L。黄浦江表层水体中LMWPAHs的分布主要受人类活动影响,其总浓度沿黄浦江上中下游逐渐升高,在外滩附近,即S6采样点(311°44′6.2″N,1212°92′1.6E″),S7采样点(311°52′8.9″N,213°21′9.7″E)达到峰值。水体中LMWPAHs浓度受季节影响,冬季浓度明显高于春季。其特征化指数表明,黄浦江表层水体中LMWPAHs主要来自化石燃料的不完全燃烧。     

南京城区上空大气一氧化碳的观测分析

利用南京大学城市大气环境观测站(32°03′20″N,118°46′32″E)2011年1~12月一氧化碳(CO)连续观测资料,分析南京市CO浓度变化特征;利用后向轨迹模式和聚类分析方法研究影响南京市的主要气团及其化学性质;基于MOPITT资料分析南京市CO的垂直分布.研究表明,南京市CO的年均浓度为(757.5±410.5)×10-9.CO浓度具有明显日变化特征,早上8:00浓度最高,下午16:00浓度最低.CO日变化具有季节差异性,春季最为明显,夏季幅度最小.一周之中CO在周五的浓度最高.CO存在明显季节变化,冬季1月浓度最高,夏季6月浓度最低.HYSPLIT4把影响该观测站的主要气团分为6类,其中来自江苏南部、浙江、上海的气团的污染物浓度最高,对南京市CO浓度贡献最大;源于西伯利亚高原,伴随强冷空气迅速向南移动的气团对南京市CO贡献最小.卫星数据分析结果表明,南京市夏季CO的垂直分布与其他3个季节有较大差异.与地面观测站相比,卫星反演的CO地面浓度要明显偏低.     

Effects of mercury contaminated rice from typical chemical plant area in China on nitric oxide changes and c-fos expression of rats brain

IntroductionMercury(Hg) ,asoneoftheprioritypollutantandhottopicinthefrontofenvironmentalresearchinmanycountries ,hasbeenpaidhigherattentionintheworldsincethemiddleoflastcentury .Chinaisthethirdlargestmercuryproducer,GuizhouProvince(2 4°3 0′— 2 9°13′N     

Use of rural energy resources and eco-environmental degradation in Tibet

IntroductionReportedasthethirdpoleoftheearth(Zheng ,1996) ,theTibetregionisthemainbodyoftheQinghai TibetPlateau.Itcrosses 9°50′oflatitudefromsouthtonorthand2 0°30′oflongitudefromeasttowest,withavastareaof1 2millionkm2 andahighaverageelevationofover40 …     

Monitoring atmospheric nitrous oxide background concentrations at Zhongshan Station, east Antarctica

At present,continuous observation data for atmospheric nitrous oxide(N_2O) concentrations are still lacking,especially in east Antarctica.In this paper,nitrous oxide background concentrations were measured at Zhongshan Station(69°22′25″S,76°22′14″E),east Antarctica during the period of 2008–2012,and their interannual and seasonal characteristics were analyzed and discussed.The mean N_2O concentration was 321.9 n L/L with the range of 320.5–324.8 n L/L during the five years,and it has been increasing at a rate of 0.29% year-1.Atmospheric N_2O concentrations showed a strong seasonal fluctuation during these five years.The concentrations appeared to follow a downtrend from spring to autumn,and then increased in winter.Generally the highest concentrations occurred in spring.This trend was very similar to that observed at other global observation sites.The overall N_2O concentration at the selected global sites showed an increasing annual trend,and the mean N_2O concentration in the Northern Hemisphere was slightly higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere.Our result could be representative of atmospheric N_2O background levels at the global scale.This study provided valuable data for atmospheric N_2O concentrations in east Antarctica,which is important to study on the relationships between N2 O emissions and climate change.     

洪泽湖湿地省级自然保护区的建设问题及对策

1　前言2 0 0 1年 11月 14日经江苏省人民政府批准建立了泗洪洪泽湖湿地自然保护区。本文拟通过保护区一年来的管理实践 ,及对所存在问题的分析 ,以便为今后更好地开展保护区建设提出一些有益的建议及对策。2　湿地保护区现状洪泽湖是我国五大淡水湖之一 ,是我国最大的具有防洪、灌溉、调水、水产、水运、水电等功能的综合利用平原型水库 ,也是举世瞩目的南水北调东线输水的重要调蓄水大型湖泊之一。洪泽湖湿地省级自然保护区地处泗洪县境内 ,地理坐标为东经 118°13′9″— 118°2 8′4 2″ ,北纬 33°2 0′2 7″— 33°10′4 0″。总面积 …     

厦门海域中国鲎资源的研究与保护

中国鲎是珍贵的海洋活化石,有着极高的医学价值和科研价值。厦门海域曾分布大量的中国鲎,而近年来,由于危及鲎生长繁殖的围海造地、滩涂养殖以及狂捕滥杀现象层出不穷,再加上海水水质和沉积物环境的恶化,使得厦门海域中国鲎资源急剧下降,甚至已经难觅其踪。文章从中国鲎的栖息地破坏、环境污染以及过度捕杀三个角度,分析人类活动对中国鲎种群的威胁,并提出划定厦门中国鲎自然保护区,加强宣传教育和科学研究等保护厦门海域中国鲎资源的几点设想。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.