浓缩脱水污泥水混凝预处理效果及混凝剂的选择

以白龙港污水处理厂浓缩脱水污泥水为处理对象,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)对污泥水颗粒物沉降特性和污染物去除效果的影响,比较了PAC、聚合氯化铁(PFC)、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(cPAM)和阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(aPAM)对浓缩脱水污泥水的预处理效果。实验结果表明,PAC的投加可以去除颗粒态污染物和溶解态的磷,但其形成絮体粒径随PAC投加量增大而减小,导致污泥沉降性能恶化。因此,PAC不适合浓缩脱水污泥水的混凝预处理。与PAC相比,投加PFC、cPAM和aPAM均能有效去除颗粒态污染物,并改善污泥水沉降性能,其中cPAM的预处理效果最佳。     

PAM对制药污泥脱水性能改善及毒性削减

制药污泥的脱水处理及毒性削减是当前业界的研究热点。以污泥脱水性能(污泥比阻和泥饼含固率)和污泥综合急性毒性为评价指标,对2种不同型号PAM处理污泥的投加量进行优化,讨论了污泥絮凝脱水和毒性削减的机理。研究结果表明,处理100 mL原污泥,当制药污水厂现场使用的德国天使PAM和拓普戴克TOP8321型PAM投加量分别为4mg/L和12 mg/L时,污泥脱水性能达到最佳,此时污泥比阻从0.730×1012cm/g分别降低至0.126×1012cm/g和0.034×1012cm/g,泥饼含固率从16.32%分别提高至46.89%和34.98%;在毒性削减方面,2种混凝剂都可将污泥上清液毒性由微毒降至无毒,但对污泥毒性的削减效果不明显。对2种PAM的处理成本进行估算发现,污水厂现场使用的PAM对处理该制药污泥效果更佳,且费用相对较低,但要大幅度削减制药污泥的毒性需串联相应毒性削减技术和混凝沉淀单元。     

过氧化钙联合絮凝剂调理污泥改善脱水性能

污泥经过CaO_2联合絮凝剂处理后,其脱水性能得到明显改善。采用改变初始pH、调理剂投加量以及改变调理剂投加顺序的方法,调理污泥改善脱水性能;采用Zeta电位、激光粒度、胞外聚合物及结合水分析对调理前后的污泥进行了表征;研究了调理剂不同投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响;探讨了不同调理剂下污泥脱水机理。结果表明:CaO_2联合絮凝剂(微生物絮凝剂或壳聚糖)明显改善污泥脱水降低污泥含水率;CaO_2联合絮凝剂调理后的污泥粒径和Zeta电位均有所减小,并且CaO_2在絮凝剂之前投加,降低幅度更加明显;先投加CaO_2,污泥层状结构会在氧化作用下发生裂解破碎,形成不规则的小絮体,使污泥破坏得更彻底;在絮凝剂之前投加CaO_2,污泥经过处理后的可溶性糖类和可溶性蛋白质的浓度增加,而结合的糖类、蛋白质及结合水的变化量却减小。因此,CaO_2联合絮凝剂可以优化污泥脱水性能,且CaO_2与絮凝剂的投加顺序对于污泥脱水有显著影响。     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵-聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂对污泥的脱水性能

研究了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵．聚合硫酸铁复合絮凝剂（PDMDAAC-PFS）对活性污泥的脱水性能，考察了投加量、配比和PDMDAAC的特性粘数等对污泥比阻降低和滤液浊度与COD去除的影响，并与PFS、PDMDAAC、PFS与PD-MDAAC联用（分开加入）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺（CPF130）和KHYC型絮凝剂的脱水效果进行了比较。结果表明，PDMDAAC-PFS对污泥比阻的降低和滤液浊度与COD的去除效果最好，但产生絮团的大小和强度比CPF130差，而其中PDMDAAC和PFS的用量分别比单独使用PDMDAAC和PFS减少了一半以上；PDMDAAC与PFS复配，增加了絮凝剂分子聚集体体积，利于在污泥粒子群间吸附架桥。     

基于半焦的污泥调质与深度浓缩脱水

半焦具有孔隙发达、比表面积大、疏水性能强、热值高等特点,采用污泥重力浓缩脱水实验法考察了半焦投加量、粒度对污泥调质与浓缩脱水效果的影响.通过扫描电镜、红外光谱等现代分析手段探讨了基于半焦的污泥调质与深度浓缩脱水的机理.结果表明,当半焦粒度≤425 μm、半焦投加量为2.5 g/100 g污泥时,浓缩污泥上清液的浊度、COD、SS分别从污泥调质前的836 NTU、258.2 mg/L、630.1 mg/L降至调质后的14.8 NTU、38.2 mg/L、18.6 mg/L,达到国家污水综合排放二级标准;浓缩污泥的含水率由调质前的91.74％降至调质后83.71％;污泥静置重力浓缩过程中,经半焦调质后的污泥沉降速率明显增加,污泥在前20 min的平均沉降速率由调质前的2.49 mL/min提高至3.48 mL/min;半焦对污泥调质与深度脱水机理主要表现在半焦对污泥的吸附作用及半焦对污泥疏水性能的增强作用.可见,基于半焦的污泥调质不仅能显著地改善污泥的浓缩脱水性能,还能提高污泥的热值,为污泥的能源化利用创造了条件.     

不同泥质类型河流底泥脱水药剂优化实验研究

为了考察几种典型脱水絮凝剂对各泥质类型底泥脱水性能的影响,对3条不同泥质类型的典型河流(沙质、泥沙混合质、泥质)底泥的脱水效果进行了研究。结果表明,在一定投加量范围内,所有脱水药剂均能不同程度改善各泥质类型底泥的脱水性能。无机絮凝剂建议选择PAFC(聚合氯化铝铁)或PAC(聚合氯化铝),其中PAFC的最佳投加范围为0.4%~1.6%,PAC的最佳投加范围为0.4%~2.0%;有机高分子絮凝剂建议选择CPAM(阳离子聚丙烯酰胺),最佳投加范围为0.01%~0.03%;在各絮凝剂最优投加条件下,泥质底泥的脱水性能提高最为明显,其比阻最大可下降86%,泥沙混合质底泥污泥比阻最大可下降81%,沙质底泥污泥比阻则最大可下降58%。而当复合混凝剂为PAC和CPAM或PAFC和CPAM时,沙质底泥在优化混凝条件下其污泥比阻最大可分别下降82%和76%。     

CPAM调质浓缩污泥脱水的影响因素及其机理研究

污水处理厂剩余污泥的处置是当前业界的热点。研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)调质浓缩污泥脱水的一些影响因素，如药剂投加量、污泥pH值、环境温度、搅拌条件等。同时，还对污泥絮凝脱水机理进行了一定的探讨。研究表明：阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)作为浓缩污泥脱水剂，在优化投加量下、污泥pH值在5.0～7.5、低速搅拌时，有较好的脱水效果。环境温度对污泥的脱水效果也有一定的影响，夏天处理优于冬天处理。     

投加阳离子聚合物加速UASB反应器中颗粒污泥形成

运行2个UASB反应器，研究常温低浓度进水条件下，投加阳离子季胺盐絮凝剂对厌氧颗粒污泥形成的影响。一个反应器中投加阳离子季胺盐絮凝剂（称A反应器），另一个反应器作为对照不投加絮凝剂（称B反应器）。经过196 d的运行，2个反应器中均形成了活性较高、沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥。A反应器中的污泥颗粒更多、粒径更大，粒径＞0.5 mm的污泥颗粒的百分比比B反应器的多16%～19.3%。研究结果表明，投加阳离子聚合物加速了颗粒污泥的形成，提高了颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性和沉降性能。     

陶瓷印花废水处理的混凝剂及工艺条件

采用混凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、聚合硫酸铁（PFS）对陶瓷印花废水进行混凝沉降处理，监测水样的吸光度、浊度、悬浮物，以脱色率、浊度去除率、悬浮物去除率评价混凝处理的效果。结果表明：PAC是陶瓷印花废水沉降处理的理想混凝剂；水样的吸光度、浊度、悬浮物随混凝剂用量增大和沉降时间延长而呈降低趋势，而脱色率、浊度去除率、悬浮物去除率随混凝剂和沉降时间的增大呈增大的趋势；PAC投加量为20mg／L，沉降时间约为24h，水样脱色率达到90．0％，而当PAC投加量达到100mg／L，沉降时间约为4h，陶瓷印花水的脱色率可达到96．0％。证明了药剂用量的增加与沉降时间的延长对混凝过程具有增效作用。     

微生物絮凝剂与Fenton试剂联合调理对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

考察了微生物絮凝剂对广东省佛山市某工业园区印染污泥的脱水性能,探讨了微生物絮凝剂与Fenton试剂复配对该污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,经微生物絮凝剂、Fenton试剂调理后印染污泥含水率均有一定程度的降低,含水率下降4%~5%;微生物絮凝剂与Fenton复配得到的最佳污泥脱水条件是:微生物絮凝剂投加量52.4 mg/L,H2O2投加量88.2 mg/L,H2O2/Fe2+比值为8∶1,p H为3.5。在此条件下污泥含水率由之前的87.32%降低到79.72%。     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.     

Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea

Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.     

Quantification of carbamazepine and atrazine and screening of suspect organic contaminants in surface and drinking waters

A new approach for the identification of suspect trace organic contaminants in drinking and surface waters is presented. Samples were initially analyzed using a target determination method for two contamination tracers, carbamazepine (CBZ) and atrazine (ATZ). This method used offline solid-phase extraction and online solid-phase extraction techniques coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to accelerate the sample preparation process and improve method performance. CBZ and ATZ were found respectively in 31% and 56% of the samples, and concentrations were usually <20 ng L⁻¹. These samples were re-analyzed with a similar method on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer to identify suspect contaminants by means of exact mass measurements and isotope patterns. A database of 264 common organic contaminants was built and used in conjunction with a Molecular Feature algorithm to identify the presence of these substances in drinking and surface water collected from different sources at various locations across Canada. Several organic contaminants were identified in the samples, but only the presence of caffeine, desethylatrazine, simazine and venlafaxine could be verified by comparison to pure standards. The presence of desethylatrazine was also confirmed by MS/MS experiments. These results suggest that target analysis for tracers of organic contamination may be a helpful tool to prioritize samples which should be further screened for suspect contaminants. This study also shows that the combination of separation techniques (offline and online SPE, LC) contribute to advance the applicability of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of trace organic contaminants by accelerating the preparation step, reducing complexity and increasing analyte concentrations for optimal detection.     

Effects of compositional heterogeneity and nanoporosity of raw and treated biomass-generated soot on adsorption and absorption of organic contaminants

A biomass-generated soot was sequentially treated by HCl-HF solution, organic solvent, and oxidative acid to remove ash, extractable native organic matter (EOM), and amorphous carbon. The compositional heterogeneity and nano-structure of the untreated and treated soot samples were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, BET-N₂ surface area, and electron microscopic analysis. Sorption properties of polar and nonpolar organic pollutants onto the soot samples were compared, and individual contributions of adsorption and absorption were quantified. The sorption isotherms for raw sample were practically linear, while were nonlinear for the pretreated-soot. The removal of EOM enhanced adsorption and reduced absorption, indicating that EOM served as a partitioning phase and simultaneously masked the adsorptive sites. By drastic-oxidation, the outer amorphous carbon and the inner disordered core of the soot particles were completely removed, and a fullerene-like nanoporous structure (aromatic shell) was created, which promoted additional π-π interaction between phenanthrene and the soot.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

城市污水厂水质相关性及分布状态的研究和应用

采用统计学及质量控制的一些基本理论及方法对污水处理厂的运行数据进行分析,得出城市污水处理厂BOD5、COD、SS、TN、TP等主要出水指标呈正态分布的规律;城市污水BOD5、COD、TN、TP等指标间存在显著线性相关性的结论.研究结论可用于污水处理厂制定经济合理的出水监测方案以及对污水处理厂运行可靠性等进行评估.