河湖水系连通研究:概念框架

河湖水系连通已经成为国家江河治理的重大需求,提高国家水资源统筹调配能力、改善河湖健康保障能力、增强抵御水旱灾害能力迫切需要加强河湖水系连通研究,但相关的理论和技术尚处于探索阶段,远远落后于实践。论文根据新形势下保障国家水安全和提高生态文明水平的新要求,讨论了河湖水系连通的概念及内涵,并讨论了河湖水系连通的系统性、复杂性、动态性和时空性等特征,在综合考虑河湖水系连通目标和任务的基础上,提出河湖水系连通战略研究可从机理分析、系统辨识与评价、连通工程规划、系统控制与调整4个方面展开,明确了研究的总体思路,对尺度、过程、格局、功能与控制等研究的基本问题进行了初步讨论。     

城乡河湖水系连通工程的生态环境效应

城乡河湖水系在防洪排涝、水量保障、水质改善、景观文化等方面发挥着巨大的功能和价值。在高强度人类活动和气候变化影响下，河湖水系受到了多重胁迫，严重影响了河湖生态功能的正常发挥。为了复苏河湖生态，国内外开展了大量的河湖水系连通工程实践。尽管城乡河湖水系连通工程取得了系列成就，但其直接或间接带来的滞后性的生态环境负面影响也相继显现，在部分区域加剧了原有的生态环境问题。因此，以城乡河湖水系演变与驱动为切入点，重点关注城乡河湖水系连通工程对水量、水质、水热、水盐、水生态等带来的正负生态环境效应，并提出了未来的主要研究趋势。研究可为未来城乡河湖水系连通工程减缓或消除负效应、强化正效应提供科学基础。     

河湖水系连通下郑州市人水关系变化分析

河湖水系是水资源的载体,也是人与水相互作用的媒介,河湖水系对人水关系的作用主要体现在河湖水系的连通状况上。河湖水系连通条件的改变在一定程度上能够引起人水关系的变化,开展河湖水系连通下人水关系的变化分析与研究十分迫切和关键。论文以郑州市为研究区域,在系统总结河湖水系连通条件和典型连通工程的基础上,对人水关系进行分析,通过不同时期人水关系对比,得出河湖水系连通条件下的郑州市人水关系变化情况。总结人水关系的变化规律和趋势,进一步揭示河湖水系连通演变与人水关系变化之间的内在联系机理,为未来进一步科学调控人水关系、实现人水和谐提供参考。     

河湖水系连通的理论探讨

在全球气候变化和水资源形势日趋严峻的背景下,为了从根本上提高水资源统筹配置能力、改善河湖健康状况和增强抵御水旱灾害能力,河湖水系连通作为国家新时期的一个治水方略被提出。当前关于河湖水系连通的理论基础研究要落后于实践,尚在探索之中。论文尝试从河、湖与水系等水循环基本概念入手,探讨水系的结构、特征和连通性,揭示水系连通的水循环物理机制,并进一步分析河湖水系连通的战略思想,探明其中涉及的几个关键水循环基础问题,包括水量平衡、能量平衡、水资源可再生性、水循环尺度等问题,为河湖水系连通战略的实施和理论体系的建立奠定基础。     

铜陵市河湖水系功能连通性评估

以铜陵市河湖水系为研究区,利用土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、降雨侵蚀力、地形等数据,分别计算了针对总氮、总磷通量的功能连通性指数,对比分析了不同流域及其河湖水系的连通性情况,并提出相应的水文连通调控措施.结果 表明:基于总氮的功能连通性指数的平均值在菜子湖、岱冲湖、连城湖、白荡湖、枫沙湖、陈瑶湖、顺安河和黄浒河分别为0.9...     

面向乡村振兴战略的村庄分类方法与实证研究

乡村振兴战略是新时期我国推进乡村发展的重要举措,村庄分类是促进乡村振兴战略规划在村级层面有效落地的先导工作,对于实现国家乡村振兴战略的阶段性目标具有重要意义。《国家乡村振兴战略规划（2018-2022年）》提出了集聚提升类、城郊融合类、特色保护类、搬迁撤并类等四种村庄类型,但并未明确具体的分类原则与方法。针对实践工作需要,本研究基于该四种村庄类型,进一步明确了其二级类,并提出了相应的分类原则与方法;建立了村庄分类模型（VCM）,从村庄特色、村民生存、发展建设、城村联系、村庄功能等五个维度,提出了村庄分类的参考指标体系。选取宁夏回族自治区盐池县作为案例区,基于前述原则、方法与模型,对该县102个行政村进行分类。实证检验表明：本研究提出的原则和方法对于村庄分类具有实践指导价值。需要说明的是,鉴于村庄内外部条件的差异性和复杂性,具体工作时仍需结合实际情况进行部分参数、阈值的设定。     

海岸线分类及划定方法研究

海岸线是沿海地区海洋经济发展的空间载体,具有重要的生态功能和资源价值。本文通过对海岸线的内涵与定义进行系统分析,结合管理实践要求,建立了基于陆海统筹的海岸线分类体系。梳理了海岸线划定的原则,通过分析不同岸段的属性特征、管理需求等因素,提出了以下几种划定方法:自然岸线采用痕迹线法、多年平均大潮潮位法以及综合研判法;人工岸线采用综合研判法;河口岸线采用特征排序法;生态恢复岸线采用指标量化打分法。该研究可为我国海岸线保护与利用管理提供参考。     

水质较好湖泊生态保护对策分析——以安徽焦岗湖为例

水质较好湖泊是国家重要生态资源,水质较好湖泊的保护规划是地方涉湖专项开展的重要决策依据,本文以安徽省淮南市毛集实验区水质较好湖泊焦岗湖为例,针对焦岗湖生态现状,对湖泊环境污染和生态退化因子进行溯源分析得出焦岗湖流域污染源主要为农业源和生活源,并从加强源头污染控制、生态破坏区域恢复重建、河湖水系连通、跨境/界联动联治等方面对水质较好湖泊保护对策措施作出分析。     

新时代河湖水生态工程治理关键技术发展与应用

本文主要围绕新时代河湖水生态工程治理关键技术发展与应用进行探讨。首先,分析了河湖水生态工程治理的现状。然后,阐述了河湖水生态工程治理的关键技术。最后,探讨了新时代河湖水生态工程治理措施应用,包括河道缓冲带工程技术、生态浮床工程技术、水生态修复技术以及新材料和新技术的应用。旨在为河湖水生态工程治理提供重要参考,推动我国水环境的改善和保护。     

基于RS和GIS的广州市中心城区建筑物分类研究

综合利用空间信息获取和分析技术是提取广州城市建筑物信息的有力手段,对遥感影像数据SPOT5进行图像处理,根据影像特征和广州实际情况设定分类原则进行目视解译分类成高、中、低层三类建筑物;在GIS中按分类编码建立高度类别和功能类别统一的图层属性数据表;最后分配各地块中不同类型建筑物的权重,加权求得建筑物占地面积.     

三岔湖沉积物揭示的湖泊营养化进程与人类活动的关系

在210Pb和137Cs定年基础上,研究了三岔湖沉积物理化性质的垂直和水平变化格局,揭示了三岔湖沉积物的特性、沉积速率、碳氮磷变化格局与人类活动和湖泊富营养化进程的关系.三岔湖不同时期沉积物的TOC、TN、TP与三岔湖水质呈现同样的变化格局.建库初期三岔湖水质为贫营养状态,随着人类活动的加剧,水质不断恶化.沉积物的沉积速率和碳氮磷含量的变化与人类活动密切相关,工、农、渔业、旅游业等人类活动导致三岔湖湖泊营养化进程加快.控制人类活动的强度是改善湖泊水质的关键.网箱养殖是三岔湖沉积物中磷的最重要来源,停养后沉积物中磷含量的下降将是一个相当漫长的过程.     

达赉湖水质状况及影响因素分析

达赉湖位于呼伦贝尔市内,属额尔古纳水系。根据呼伦贝尔市环境监测站对达赉湖多年水质监测结果和达赉湖国家自然保护区管理局关于达赉湖水文水情监测报告显示:2004~2007年,达赉湖为劣Ⅴ类水质,重度污染,水质无明显变化。由于受高纬度及近年来连续干旱、湖泊周边放牧、地表径流的影响,达赉湖水体呈现盐碱化和富营养化,而且进程在加速。     

国际标准产业分类体系的供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响、最有权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析了国际标准产业分类体系的供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的修改和调整提供改进建议。     

Managing forest ecosystem services for hydropower production

In many countries, hydropower development is rapidly becoming a focus of green growth policies. This represents a significant opportunity for ecosystem services-based land management that integrates environmental and development goals to benefit the hydropower sector and support economic growth. In this study, we present an approach for targeting ecosystem-provision investment in hydropower catchments coupled with hydrologic modeling to quantify the benefits of soil and water conservation activities. We demonstrate the application of this approach in five hydropower facility catchments in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The results show that there is a high potential for targeted soil and water conservation to increase sediment retention services that benefit hydropower facilities (up to a 44% reduction in sediment transported from uplands into streams), although this benefit is distributed non-uniformly across catchments and levels of investment. The extent to which services can be improved is strongly driven by current land use and management practices that impact how and where conservation activities can be located. Iterative use of the method described here, in a process of stakeholder engagement and capacity-building, enables policy makers to determine the optimal mix of land management strategies and budget allocation to maximize service improvements that support hydropower production.     

荷兰浅水湖的生态恢复实践

湖泊的富营养化导致了湖泊生态系统的失衡。要使湖泊获得生态恢复,只通过控制入湖的营养负荷是不够的。荷兰的实践证明,外部营养负荷的大量减少并没有带来预期的恢复效果,而通过湖泊的换水和生物控制,湖泊的透明度、水生植物等得到了迅速改善。根据荷兰方面提供的资料,介绍了荷兰通过换水和生物控制进行浅水湖的生态恢复实践和取得的经验。     

Linkages between land management activities and stream water quality in a border dyke-irrigated pastoral catchment

This paper describes key linkages between land management activities and stream water quality for a 5230 ha catchment used for intensive pastoral agriculture in southern New Zealand. Due to low annual rainfall and the wide coverage of soils with low available water-holding capacities, flood irrigation of the 2400 ha of flat land within the catchment is an important feature impacting on farm business profitability and stream health. Water quality variables and nutrient and sediment yield estimates are reported for a four-year period. This monitoring shows that some improvement in farm environmental performances would generally be desirable, with stream concentrations of nutrients (N and P), sediment and faecal bacteria regularly exceeding guidelines recommended for surface waters. Field measurements, farm management surveys and farm systems modelling have identified some land management practices that appear to be key sources of many of these pollutants. Border dyke irrigation runoff has a potentially large effect on a range of water quality parameters, due to both the excessive stream flows generated by over-watering and the entrainment of P, N and faecal bacteria in this flow as it passes from land to stream. Stock access to some of the remaining un-fenced lengths of the stream was also recognised as an important land management practice that needed to be addressed if some of the key catchment values identified by stakeholders, such as maintaining a healthy trout fishery and a stream suitable for recreational use, were to be protected. Assessments of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a number of potential mitigation practices identified that managements which targeted reducing irrigation runoff (e.g. by installing bunds or using appropriate watering times) and fencing and planting riparian margins showed the greatest potential to meet these key values with least cost to farm businesses. Other farm practices were also identified that incurred nil or minimal cost while also delivering small or moderate benefits to stream water quality.     

黄河中游水保措施对入黄干支流泥沙特性的影响:Ⅰ. 泥沙粒径变化

过去关于水土保持措施影响的研究多侧重于减水减沙的影响,对泥沙组成影响的研究则相对较少。本文以大量的实测资料为依据,以河口至龙门间区域自然与水土保持条件为背景,将水保措施类型、河道水流泥沙条件与流域地貌条件结合考虑,借助统计分析方法对采用水保措施前后该区域（尤其是与黄河中游水土流失密切相关的黄土高原与沙砾丘陵区域）的泥沙粒径分布变化进行了探讨。分析表明,泥沙粒径分布变化极其复杂,对应于不同地貌类型条件的泥沙组成遵循不同的分布规律。黄土丘陵区河流中的悬移质泥沙级配服从正态分布规律,而沙砾丘陵区河流中的泥沙级配则服从皮Ⅲ型分布规律。当分布函数的类型确定后,泥沙粒径分布由该分布函数的几个参数共同决定,这些参数分别反映了泥沙从流域表层搬运到对应级别河流的过程中地貌形态及水土保持措施的影响。文中由多学科综合研究得到的结论,对黄河中游水土保持效益研究具有重要意义。     

城市非点源污染的主要来源及分类控制对策

土地利用方式是影响流域水质的主要因素,加强土地利用管理是提高流域水环境质量的重要途径之一.以武汉市汉阳区为例,利用逐步回归模型分析了城市土地利用类型与流域湖泊水质之间的相关关系,发现农村居民地、城市居民地、商业用地和滩地等用地类型是城市湖泊非点源污染的主要来源.基于土地利用类型,流域中的17个汇水单元可聚为3类,分别以农村居民用地,城市居民用地和商业用地,滩地为主.依照各类汇水单元的景观结构特点,针对性地提出了非点源污染的分类控制措施,简化了控制措施和提高了可操作性.     

Combining social learning with agro-ecological research practice for more effective management of nitrate pollution

The path of research followed by a team of agro-ecologists who sought to address a complex environment issue by means of a social learning approach is described. Agro-ecological data from monitoring nitrates in surface and ground water and agricultural practices at micro-catchment scale provided the material for the process. The failure of scientists to deploy scientific data effectively in order to influence agro-environment policy implementation was attributed to an ineffective linear transfer of knowledge approach. Thereafter, on account of co-learning instances with new research team members with a background in participatory action research, new assumptions were made and the agro-ecologists began to view nitrates no longer as a technical problem but rather as an issue emerging from interactions between ecological and human factors. A new process was designed: ecological data were introduced as “socio-technical objects”, integrated into “dialogical tools” and used to de-construct the issue during participatory sessions and to identify strategies for concerted actions. These activities fostered stakeholder engagement and led to an array of interlinked emergent practices. The underlying model developed for placing scientific agro-ecology data into society can be effective in building relations with stakeholders for the purposes of knowledge management and for helping to elucidate competing claims around complex agro-environment issues.