溶藻微生物菌群的富集及其溶藻因素

为探索行之有效的抑制藻类水华暴发的途径,采集重庆地区蓝藻爆发水域的环境水样,与铜绿微囊藻多次重复共培养富集出具有溶藻能力的高效溶藻液,显示出强而稳定的溶藻能力.通过离心、膜过滤、温度及抗生素因素分析溶藻活性物的主要特性.结果显示:离心处理该高效溶藻液,3 000 r/min离心5 min便可沉淀溶藻活性物,7 000 r/min离心5 min后上清液便失去溶藻能力;膜过滤处理该高效溶藻液,溶藻活性物不能通过2μm的滤膜;温度处理该高效溶藻液,45℃水浴处理10 min即可使其溶藻活性显著降低,48℃水浴处理10 min便可使其完全失去溶藻能力;抗生素处理该高效溶藻液,加入放线菌酮对其溶藻能力没有影响,加入氯霉素对其溶藻能力稍有影响,加入四环素则丧失溶藻能力,抗生素处理结果说明溶藻活性物不是真菌,革兰氏阳性菌的缺失对溶藻活性的影响要大于革兰氏阴性菌;LB培养基分离的单菌落都没有显示出显著的溶藻活性.本研究表明多轮富集的高效溶藻液具有显著稳定的溶藻效果,溶藻液经离心、膜过滤、高温及添加抗生素的结果均显示溶藻因素是细菌,单菌落培养结果说明其溶藻活性依赖于多种细菌组成的微生物菌群共同作用.     

高效絮凝反应器处理生活污水试验研究

本文采用高效絮凝模拟反应器进一步对实际生活污水进行连续运行处理试验，结果表明，直接絮凝沉淀处理后的出水浊度去除率和ＣＯＤ去除率分别达到９３．４％和７９．２％，可完全达到排放标准。絮凝处理后再经纤维过滤柱过滤处理，可控制出水浊度在１．０ＮＴＵ以下，ＣＯＤ去除率增加５．０￣７．０％，试验结果进一步验证了这种高效絮凝装置具有高效处理效能及实际工程应用推广价值。     

高浓度HPAM油田污水模拟水样混凝处理方法的试验研究

本文针对聚合物采油污水的特点，通过对模拟水样的混凝试验研究，研制出一种高效的混凝药剂ＣＧＡ，并对其作用的优化条件和主要影响因素进行了研究。试验结果表明：混凝药剂ＣＧＡ在处理效果和药耗等方面均优于目前通常使用的混凝剂。     

复合高效微生物处理高含盐石油开采废水

石油开采废水中高含盐量对微生物处理有强抑制作用。有针对性地筛选驯化了耐盐复合高效处理菌群对大港油田石油开采废水进行有机物降解，在废水的氯离子含量为20000～36000mg／L，COD浓度l600～4000mg／L范围内，高含盐量对耐盐复合高效微生物无明显抑制作用，结合物化处理方法COD去除率稳定在90％左右，处理后水达到二级排放标准。     

应用生物强化技术处理焦化废水难降解有机物

通过驯化富集培养，从处理 经废水的活性污泥中分离出2株萘降解菌WN1、WN2和1株吡啶降解菌WB1，研究了投加高效菌种及微生物共代谢对 经废水生物处理的增强作用，同时研究了高效菌种和共代谢初级基质组合协同作用的效果。结果表明，投加共代谢初级基质、Fe^3 和高效菌种均能促进难降解有机物的降解，提高焦化废水COD去除率，当3者协同作用时，效果最好。     

环境样品前处理技术及其进展（二）

在前文中讨论了环境样品的制备、前处理的概况，以及超临界流体萃取法。本文将继续报导近年来环境样品制备与前处理领域中其他一些新技术和新方法，包括固相萃取（ＳＰＥ）、微波溶出（ＭＷＤ）和液膜萃取（ＳＬＭ）法，阐述了这些方法的基本原理、操作过程、各种实验参数的影响，及其在环境样品制备与前处理中的应用，并探讨了该领域的发展动向。     

利用钙型斜发沸石处理氨氮废水

介绍了用钙型斜发沸石处理氨氮废水的方法，研究了钙型斜发沸石对氨氮废水的吸附性能、洗脱蒸氨曲线和斜发沸石在氢氧化钙溶液中的损失。实验结果表明：钙型斜发沸石对铵离子具有很高的选择性和离子交换能力。可长期在氢氧化钙溶液中使用。该方法具有投资低、高效、节能、操作稳定等特点。在处理废水的同时又可回收氨，可创造一定的经济效益。具有较好的应用价值。     

酸析糖精废水的处理工艺

采用铁屑内电解－絮凝沉淀－气浮分离作预处理，再经生化、后处理等工艺处理酸析糖精废水是经济、高效可行的，出水各项指标可达国家排放标准要求。     

我国在用柴油车的技术改造与城市的环境保护

中国的柴油车发展起步较晚，技术较落后，能耗高，排污严重，影响着我国城市的大气环境。笔者对柴油车在城市生活中的重要地位，对在用柴油车的技术改造措施和城市环境保护的其他举措进行了研究探讨，提出了一些具体方案，如使用高效柴油添加剂或联合使用高效的柴油添加剂与层气净化器；由政府统一严格控制机动车辆排放标准；提高市政工程管理水平。     

双碱法脱硫技术研究

脱硫过程主要是二氧经硫与氢氧化钠生发化学反应，反应生成物亚硫酸钠溶于水，含亚硫酸钠的脱硫循环水与投加的氢氧化钙反应可生成氢氧化钠和亚硫酸钙。通过沉淀分离可将难溶钙从循环水中清除，氢氧化钠易溶于水可循环使用，脱硫过程中消耗氢氧化钙。达到脱硫效率高，运行费用低的目的。     

玉米自交系吸收利用磷素的差异及其相关性

大田选取11份玉米自交系，在两个供磷水平下研究了玉米自交系籽粒产量基因型差异及吸收效率、利用效率与磷效率的相关关系。试验结果表明：在磷胁迫的条件下，不同玉米自交系不仅产量存在较大的差异，而且对磷的响应度也不相同，产量最高的基因型中宗2号为最低的忻9005的5．15倍，将这些品种在二磷水平下以产量进行磷效率双向划分可以分为4种类型：双高效型(太411、KH12、58、中宗2号)；高磷高效型(187)；低磷高效型(冀257)；双低效型(478、冀35、XL12、忻9005、H21)，成熟期吸收、利用效率与磷效率的关系表明，在同一供磷条件下，11份自交系吸收、利用效率均有显著的差异，在两个供磷水平下，吸收效率与磷效率存在显著的正相关关系，而利用效率仅在高磷条件下与磷效率存在正相关性，表明在低磷水平下，成熟期磷效率主要由吸收效率决定，在高磷水平下，磷效率是吸收效率和利用效率共同作用的结果。图2表1参7。     

Measuring and decomposing changes in agricultural productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy efficiency: Application to OECD agriculture

This paper uses an aggregate quantity space to decompose the temporal changes in nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency into changes of Moorsteen-Bjurek (MB) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) changes and changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents. Changes in productivity can be broken into technical change and changes in various efficiency measures such as technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency. Changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents can be driven by changes in the quality of inputs and outputs and changes in the mixes of inputs and outputs. Also with cumulative exergy content analysis, changes in the efficiency in input production can increase or decrease the cumulative exergy transformity of agricultural production. The empirical study in 30 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development from 1990 to 2003 yielded some important findings. The production technology progressed but there were reductions in technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency levels. This result suggests that the production frontier had shifted up but there existed lags in the responses of member countries to the technological change. Given TFP growth, improvements in nutrient use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency were counteracted by reductions in the changes of the aggregate nitrogen contents ratio and aggregate cumulative exergy contents ratio. The empirical results also confirmed that different combinations of inputs and outputs as well as the quality of inputs and outputs could have more influence on the growth of nutrient and cumulative exergy use efficiency than factors that had driven productivity change.     

水稻磷效率差异的生理生化特性

以磷效率差异显著的IR71379—2B—10—2—3-1(磷低效型)、IR7133l-2B-2-1(中间型)及IR74(磷高效型)3个品种为供试材料，采用水培法研究了它们对磷的吸收效率、运输效率及植株体内磷的利用效率，进而研究了其对低磷胁迫的根系形态学和生理生化机制的适应性反应．结果表明：水稻磷效率的高低是由基因型对磷的吸收效率，运输效率及利用效率综合作用的结果．磷高效基因型IR74和磷效率表现为中间型的IR71331-2B-2-1具有高的磷吸收效率．旺盛的根系生长，高的根系活力，Km、Cmin小，Imax大及相对酸性磷酸酯酶(APase)活性高等是水稻对磷高效吸收的特征．但品种不同特征也有别，本试验中的IR74对磷高的吸收效率主要是由于根系生长旺盛，根系吸收面积大所致，而IR71331-2B-2-1高的磷吸收效率则主要缘于根系活力强，Imax大．低磷胁迫下，叶片中核糖核酸酶的活性也大大升高，约是对照的10～15倍，但品种间无显著差异．图2表6参21     

The theory of power and efficiency in ecology

Some previous work on the theory of power and optimal efficiency in ecology is shown to be either incorrect or of limited applicability. The standard analysis based on Atwood's machine is not valid, and the optimal efficiency for maximum power production depends on the characteristics of the individual system. For optimally foraging aquatic organisms the theoretical efficiency is less than 50% when the hydrodynamic flow is laminar, but under turbulent conditions the optimal efficiency can rise as high as 67%. Despite these restrictions it still appears plausible that ecological efficiency should be the same for broad classes of living organisms.     

Catalytic ozonation of reactive red X-3B in aqueous solution under low pressure: decolorization and OH· generation

Catalytic ozonation of Reactive Red X-3B in aqueous solution had been carried out in an ozone oxidation reactor where Mn-Fe-ceramic honeycomb was used as the catalysts. The presence of Mn-Fe-ceramic honeycomb catalyst could obviously improve the decoloration efficiency of Reactive Red X-3B and the utilization efficiency of ozone compared to the results from non-catalytic ozonation. Adsorption of Reactive Red X-3B had no obviously influence on the degradation efficiency. Addition of tert-butanol significantly decreased the degradation efficiency, indicating that the degradation of Reactive Red X-3B followed the mechanism of hydroxyl radical (OH·) oxidation. The operating variables such as reaction pressure and ozone supply had a positive influence on the degradation efficiency, mainly attributing to facilitate the ozone decomposition and OH· formation.     

不同磷效率基因型小麦对VAM真菌依赖性的影响因子及机理

以高、中、低效３ 个磷效率基因型小麦为试材,在ｗ（Ｐ２Ｏ５） ＝２０ ｍｇｋｇ 和６０ ｍｇｋｇ 的水平下,接种或不接种两个ＶＡ菌根真菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ,研究了影响小麦菌根依赖性的因子及机理．结果表明,在低磷水平下,小麦菌根依赖性的大小顺序为中效＞ 低效＞ 高效;对Ｇ． ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍ 的依赖性大于对Ｇ． ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 的依赖性;而在高磷水平下,接种菌根表现出不同程度的生长抑制作用．相关分析发现,菌根依赖性与根冠比、根长、根毛长度、根毛密度、磷利用效率之间的相关性不显著;在低磷水平下,菌根依赖性与磷效率、根吸收效率之间呈极显著的负相关,与韧皮部蔗糖运输速率之间呈显著或极显著的正相关．认为影响不同磷效率基因型小麦菌根依赖性的主要因子是根的吸收效率;菌根依赖性、磷效率和韧皮部蔗糖运输速率均受根吸收效率影响     

表面活性剂对土壤中重金属清洗及有效态的影响

采用两种常用的表面活性剂-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(阴离子型)、Tween-80(非离子型),对锦州铁合金厂周边Zn、Cd及Pb重金属污染土壤进行化学修复试验,研究两种表面活性剂对重金属Zn、Cd及Pb的去除率及化学形态影响.结果表明,随着表面活性剂浓度的提高,两种表面活性剂对Pb、Cd及Zn的去除作用增强,Tween-80溶液的浓度越高,对重金属的萃取效果越好,对重金属的去除能力大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Pb,最大去除率分别为83.07%、56.78%及42.57%;十二烷基苯磺酸钠在低浓度时对Cd和Pb的去除效果不明显,而对金属Zn的去除效果较好,在0.09 mol.L-1时达到最大值83.86%;与淋溶前土壤中重金属有效态含量相比较,经不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠淋洗后土壤中Cd有效态含量随LAS浓度的升高而先增加后下降,而Pb的有效态含量随十二烷基苯磺酸钠升高而增加;经不同浓度Tween-80淋洗后土壤中Zn及Cd有效态含量都是随Tween-80浓度的升高而先增加后下降,Pb有效态含量随Tween-80升高而下降.     

Effects of La3+, Ce3+ on nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions (La³⁺, Ce³⁺) and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The data showed that higher NH₄ ⁺-N removal rate, total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency, and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) (<1 mg/L). In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR, the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency by 15.7% and 10%–15%, respectively. When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent. When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30% of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate. Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.     

Do energy prices influence investment in energy efficiency? Evidence from energy star appliances

I examine whether electricity prices influence the likelihood that consumers purchase high efficiency appliances by using state-year panel data on electricity prices and the proportion of sales of new appliances that involve high efficiency “Energy Star” models. I find no evidence that electricity prices affect the propensity for consumers to choose high efficiency appliances. Point estimates are extremely small and precisely estimated. The findings suggest that price-based energy policies may be limited in the extent to which they increase investment in residential energy efficiency, which has been considered one of the lowest cost opportunities for reducing carbon emissions.     

不同施肥处理的养分利用率及甘蔗效益研究

在广西坡耕地赤红壤下,研究不同施肥处理对养分利用效率、甘蔗生长、单茎重、生物产量、蔗茎产量、锤度及经济效益的影响,寻求低成本、高经济效益和养分利用率的施肥模式.设5个处理,(1)不施肥的甘蔗对照(CK),(2)甘蔗常规施肥(SF),(3)80%的甘蔗常规施肥量(SF80%),(4)60%的甘蔗常规施肥量(SF60%),(5)甘蔗常规施肥+农家肥(SF+N).(SF+N)处理的甘蔗茎粗、株高、地上部干物质含量、生物产量、甘蔗产量、锤度、经济效益均最高,分别为33.93 mm、368.6 cm、82.78%、149.92 t/ha、139.58 t/ha、18.83BX、69 792.45元/hm2,与其它各处理相比,差异均达极显著水平;与SF处理相比,SF60%处理提高了N、P利用率,分别提高了4.87%、1.63%;与SF处理相比,(SF+N)处理提高P利用率42.04%,SF80%处理提高K利用率4.12%.(SF+N)处理的甘蔗产量和经济效益均最高.甘蔗K利用率最高的是SF80%处理,甘蔗N利用率最高的是SF60%处理.因此,在广西较肥沃的坡耕地上种植甘蔗,可以适当的减少化肥施用量,配施农家肥可以提高产量和经济效益,也能提高养分利用率.