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1.
Baseline resource information in an easily accessible form is a vital starting point for developing coastal zone management.
On behalf of a wide-ranging group of organizations involved in the management of the U.K. maritime zone, the Joint Nature
Conservation Committee (JNCC) is compiling a series of 16 regional volumes. The volumes contain multidisciplinary coastal
zone resource information arranged in ten chapters under the general title ‘Coasts and Seas of the UK’. These volumes form
part of a series of paper and electronic publications of coastal information being produced by JNCC's Coastal Directories
Project and are designed to meet the needs of planners and all others involved in decision-making and management of the coast. 相似文献
2.
In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for
a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests
concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence
policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance
1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences
of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present
report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental
report.
The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is
an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly
a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management
of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance
of a natural, dynamic system. 相似文献
3.
In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for
a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests
concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence
policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance
1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences
of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present
report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental
report.
The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is
an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly
a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management
of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance
of a natural, dynamic system. 相似文献
4.
We tested joint effects of predator loss and increased resource availability on the grazers’ trophic level and the propagation
of trophic interactions in a benthic food web by excluding larger predatory fish from cages and manipulating nutrients in
the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. The combination of nutrient enrichment and excluding larger predators induced an increase
in medium-sized predatory fish (three-spined stickleback). The meso-predator fish in turn did not change the total abundance
of the invertebrate herbivores, but did cause a substantial shift in their community composition towards the dominance of
gastropods by reducing amphipods by 40–60%, while gastropods were left unchanged. The shift in grazer composition generated
a 23 times higher producer biomass, but only under nutrient enrichment. Our results show that top-predator declines can substantially
shift the species composition at the grazers’ level, but that cascading effects on producers by a trophic cascade strongly
depend on resource availability. 相似文献
5.
Managing mangroves in Bangladesh: A strategy analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bangladesh, favoured by a tropical climate, houses the world’s largest stretch of mangroves forests (Sundarbans Reserved Forest)
and plantations. Around half of the forests of the country occur in the coastal zone. People extract various goods and services
from the mangroves. Nevertheless the mangrove forests are depleting. Although the extent of the Sundarbans forest has not
changed much, its decline is of a qualitative nature. Mangrove plantations are increasing in area but they are losing growing
stock. To arrest this, Bangladesh has adopted several strategies.
The ‘Sustainable Ecosystem Management’ strategy has now been adopted instead of the ‘Sustained Yield Principle’. Biodiversity
conservation and enhancement has been taken as a key management goal. A zoning system is being developed for both production
and protection purposes. The government facilitates alternative income for the local people by generating activities for the
communities which are dependent on the forest. Different non-governmental organizations collaborate with the government in
reducing the local people’s dependence on the forest. Coastal plantations are erected to protect people from cyclones and
to make the land more suitable for habitation. Through this greening of the coastal belt tree plantation is encouraged in
coastal villages. Coastal embankments are being planted and leased to poor settlers in exchange for routine maintenance of
the embankments. Plantations on newly accreted mud flats help in stabilizing the land, which can later on be settled by victims
of erosion elsewhere. These adopted management measures do not only contribute to forestry resource management but also to
the social, environmental and economic wellbeing of the coastal communities. These efforts are at present being integrated
into an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) project. 相似文献
6.
Aušrinė Armaitienė Vadim L. Boldyrev Ramūnas Povilanskas Julius Taminskas 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2007,11(1):13-22
The varied and very dynamic landscape with a high biological diversity is a distinctive feature of the Curonian spit at the
regional scale. Throughout the 20th century the main morphodynamic trend in the littoral of the Curonian spit was shoreline
grading on the lagoon side, whereas on the marine side the increasing erosion at the foot of the spit, and increasing accretion
at the head of the spit prevailed. The results of a discriminant analysis (Wilkes’ λ = 0.001626 and F = 29.267 when p < 0.001) show that sites with prevailing erosion, accretion and sediment input from the drifting dunes form regular inter-related
spatial structures in the littoral with distinctive resulting discontinuities of the sediment drift along the lagoon coast.
Dune littoral cells are characterized by Aeolian sediment input and distribution ‘down-drift’, (usually northwards) from the
source. The most likely changes in the current development trends of the lagoon shore zone of the Curonian spit are related
to expected climate changes and further slowing down of the dune drift. The probability of storms and ice-drift events, and
their impact on coasts is expected to increase as a result of climate change. The dune advance will gradually slow down, and
with it, the sand input to the coastal zone will decline. In this paper, we define integrated shoreline management as a system
of long-term shoreline management measures, which is based on a littoral cell approach and aimed at harmonizing human activity
in the coastal zone with the natural development of the shoreline. We propose an integrated management program for the lagoon
shoreline of the Curonian spit, which is site-specific for each littoral cell as a coastal management unit. Drifting dunes
and seaside beaches are the natural amenities, which are best known and best appreciated on the Curonian spit by 49% of the
respondents representing the total Lithuanian population. A responsible tourism development should be considered as the key
means for proper appreciation of the drifting dunes and natural coasts by society, which means to acknowledge and cherish
the aesthetic and conservation values of dune and coastal landscapes of the Curonian spit as a World Heritage Site. There
are at least two pre-conditions for this: (1) to provide visitors with sufficient information about diverse values and functions
of the Curonian dunes and coasts within a broader regional and global heritage conservation context; (2) to enable tourists
to enjoy the most impressive dune and coastal landscapes at close range. In this paper we propose to encourage active dune
tourism, to reintroduce grazing into the Curonian dune areas, to restore and to preserve the most impressive landscapes of
the highest white drifting dunes by bringing the blown out sand from the leeward foot of the dunes back to the crest artificially. 相似文献
7.
Elena E. Andreeva Yuriy G. Mikhaylichenko Alexandre N. Vylegjanin 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2003,9(1):19-24
Coastal area management should be considered as an element of a more general philosophy—that of natural resource management—which
is in the process of replacing the purely ‘protection of the environment’ approach which was dominated most of the 20th century.
Specific legislation on coastal management has been adopted by many countries, and today steps have been taken to acumulate
all experience accumulated and to harmonize legal regulations on the international level. For the Russian Federation, formerly
the Soviet Union, with an enormous sea-shore line to cope with, it is a new experience to develop a concept and a legal regulation
specifically tackling coastal area management. The draft of a legislative act on coastal area management reflects the attempts
to find ways for harmonizing various economic, environmental and social interests in this huge area, encompassing relevant
Russian legislation in force as well as international conventions and treaties, and taking into considerations and treatices,
and taking into consideration foregin expereience in this field. 相似文献
8.
Interactions between water and land in The Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Netherlands are one of the most densely populated coastal countries in the world and there is only limited space for living,
working, transport and recreation, while there is also the need to preserve and expand valuable natural habitats. In order
to solve many existing and future conflicts of interest, and in order to create ‘added value’, strategies are developed to
optimize the use of water-land systems.
The principle of ‘building with nature’ is applied in order to integrate land in sea and water in land in such a way that
future generations will be able to use coastal resources in a sustainable way, including a minimal effort to maintain the
coastline and the promotion of a multiple-use system.
The concept of Integrated multifunctional sustainable coastal zone development is introduced. This concept deals with a balanced
approach to the lack of space for present and future coastal uses in relation to each other, to the hinterland, and to the
sea. Flexible master plans are developed, taking into account many functions of the coastal zone, and facilitating adaptation
to future developments—e.g. impacts of climate change and relative sea level rise. In this regard increasing the flexibility
of the coastal zone is of vital importance.
Large-scale coastal land reclamations in The Netherlands are dealt with, based on two different principles: (1) polder systems
(low lying land reclamations surrounded and protected by dikes), (2) systems of ‘building with nature’—land reclamation protected
by man-made foreshores, beaches and dunes. In the latter type new flexible dynamic-equilibrium coasts are created for many
functions, while coastal vulnerability is reduced and a flexible coast is developed. 相似文献
9.
It is expected that the Baltic region becomes a major centre of economic growth and prosperity in Europe already during this
decade (Anon. 2000). Therefore, an Agenda 21 for the Baltic region (Baltic 21) was developed to ensure a sustainable development.
Especially the coastal ecosystems are subject to increasing anthropogenic pressure e.g. eutrophication, traffic, harbours,
tourism or offshore wind parks. Eutrophication remains the main ecological problem in the Baltic Sea and has serious negative
social and economical consequences. Inner and outer coastal waters play an important role as buffers and filters for the Baltic
proper. Consequently, the utilization and preservation of their self-purification capacity is of great importance.
Combined results of our own coastal research and of the international workshop ‘Baltic coastal ecosystems: structure, function
and coastal zone management’ (Rostock University, November 2001) are presented here. Conclusions for an improved integrated
coastal zone management of Baltic coastal ecosystems will be presented. 相似文献
10.
A. Jarernpornnipat O. Pedersen K. R. Jensen S. Boromthanarat S. Vongvisessomjai P. Choncheanchob 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2003,9(2):135-146
Bandon Bay (Surat Thani Province) is one of the most productive coastal areas in southern Thailand. The Tapi River and 18
channels are the main sources of freshwater, nutrients, organic matter and sediment to the bay and the loading of freshwater
and nutrients provide essential support for the production of phytoplankton in the estuarine ecosystem. Bandon Bay is important
as natural spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for shellfish such as oysters, blood cockles, green mussels, short-necked
clams, mud crabs and shrimps, and the estuary also serves as an excellent area for mariculturing of shellfish. In fact, oysters
and blood cockles cultured in Bandon Bay are now being exported worldwide. However, Bandon Bay is also a textbook example
of overexploitation of coastal resources in the tropics including all the derived changes in the estuarial ecosystem with
severe socio-economic consequences. Hence, there is an urgent need for setting up an integrated management plant for a sustainable
use of shellfish resources in Bandon Bay. The present study attempts to integrate water quality simulation results, socio-economic
data and information on existing shellfish resource use in the process of proposing a set of sustainable management strategies
for shellfish resources in Bandon Bay. These strategies involve: (1) using water quality modeling to monitor ecological and
environmental changes in shellfish culture beds and their natural habitats in the process of setting up a master plan for
management of waste water discharge into Bandon Bay; (2) zoning of shellfish mariculture in the coastal area in order to solve
conflicts between resource users; (3) setting up a clear system for taxation of mariculture where the revenue may be used
for (4) setting up and managing mangrove strips as filters of pollution and sediment around Bandon Bay; and finally (5) it
is suggested to form a committee with members representing all relevant stakeholders plus the local government in order to
work on resolving the existing and potential future conflicts over resource usage in Bandon Bay. This methodology may be seen
as an important contribution towards a Bandon Bay sustainable management approach, based on the principles of integrated coastal
zone management because it is science-based and takes into consideration the needs and perceptions of people involved in coastal
resource extraction. 相似文献
11.
Education and public participation are recognized as important elements of coastal zone management. The current paper describes
the Uk’s largest public participation survey concerned with coastal issues. Coastwatch UK involves thousands of volunteers
in an annual survey of the coastline. The project has several aims—primarily to provide an insight into the major problems
and threats to the coastline and, through the involvement of volunteers, to raise public awareness and aid environmental education
at all levels. 相似文献
12.
Chadwick D. Rittenhouse Joshua J. Millspaugh Andrew B. Cooper Michael W. Hubbard Steven L. Sheriff Robert A. Gitzen 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2008,15(1):39-47
Wildlife resource selection studies typically compare used to available resources; selection or avoidance occurs when use
is disproportionately greater or less than availability. Comparing used to available resources is problematic because results
are often greatly influenced by what is considered available to the animal. Moreover, placing relocation points within resource
units is often difficult due to radiotelemetry and mapping errors. Given these problems, we suggest that an animal’s resource
use be summarized at the scale of the home range (i.e., the spatial distribution of all point locations of an animal) rather
than by individual points that are considered used or available. To account for differences in use-intensity throughout an
animal’s home range, we model resource selection using kernel density estimates and polytomous logistic regression. We present
a case study of elk (Cervus elaphus) resource selection in South Dakota to illustrate the procedure. There are several advantages of our proposed approach. First,
resource availability goes undefined by the investigator, which is a difficult and often arbitrary decision. Instead, the
technique compares the intensity of animal use throughout the home range. This technique also avoids problems with classifying
locations rigidly as used or unused. Second, location coordinates do not need to be placed within mapped resource units, which
is problematic given mapping and telemetry error. Finally, resource use is considered at an appropriate scale for management
because most wildlife resource decisions are made at the level of the patch. Despite the advantages of this use-intensity
procedure, future research should address spatial autocorrelation and develop spatial models for ordered categorical variables. 相似文献
13.
GIS assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate change and coastal adaption planning in Vietnam 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Isaac Boateng 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2012,16(1):25-36
Vietnam’s coastal zone provides a diverse range of natural resources and favourable conditions for social and economic development.
However, its coastal ecosystems are highly vulnerable, due to several natural coastal hazards, over-exploitation and other
human activities. In spite of diverse interventions, Vietnam’s coastal zone continues to experience significant damage from
floods, erosion and typhoons. These hazards are being intensified by climate change and associated rising sea levels. This
paper assesses the potential vulnerability of Vietnam’s coast to climate change and discusses possible adaptation policies
and plan to reduce the impacts. GIS analysis was used for the assessment of coastal vulnerability. Related literature was
reviewed to develop detailed understanding of coastal adaptation to climate change. Adaptation policies and plans were appraised
to identify potential coastal adaptation policies and plans that could be adapted by Vietnam. It was identified that vulnerability
of the coastal zone of Vietnam could not be attributed only to climatic factors, but also to the physical condition of the
coastline. Much of Vietnam’s coastline, particularly, areas around the Red River delta and the Mekong River have elevations
below 1 m. These coastlines are largely developed and serve as economic centres of the country, which makes the coast more
vulnerable to climate change and the rising sea level. The paper concluded that a non-structural approach (coastal buffer
zones, building houses on stilts, storm warning systems, growing of flood-resistant crops and elevated storm shelters with
medicine and food storage) could be used by Vietnam to adapt her low-lying coastline around the two deltas to climate change
as this strategy enables vulnerable areas to be occupied for longer before eventual retreat. However, for these policies to
be successful, it should be planned, implemented well in advance, monitored and evaluated over time. 相似文献
14.
Linked river basin and coastal water models were applied to analyse the effects of an optimal nitrogen management scenario
in the Oder/Odra river basin on water quality in the Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea). This scenario
would reduce nitrogen loads into the coastal waters by about 35%, a level which is similar to the load of the late 1960’s.
During summer the primary production and algae biomass in the Oder estuary is limited by nitrogen, which makes a nitrogen
management reasonable. The comparison of the late 1960’s and the mid 1990’s shows that an optimal nitrogen management has
positive effects on coastal water quality and algae biomass. However, this realistic nitrogen reduction scenario would not
ensure a good coastal water quality according to the European Water Framework Directive. A good water quality in the river
will not be sufficient to ensure a good water quality in the lagoon. Nitrogen load reductions bear the risk of increased potentially
toxic, blue-green algae blooms, especially in the Baltic coastal sea. However, to reach water quality improvements in lagoons
and inner coastal waters, nitrogen cuts are necessary. A mere focus on phosphorus is not sufficient. 相似文献
15.
Andrus Meiner 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(1):1-11
Launch of the Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union in 2007 served as important factor that stimulates consolidation
of coastal and marine information to support policy implementation. Policy’s action plan provides approaches for maritime
governance, research and planning relevant to information. In particular, roadmap for maritime spatial planning stimulates
development of coastal and marine GIS. Article reviews the current general status of coastal and marine systems and puts them
in the context of the policy actions. Main focus is on formation of geospatial information platform for integrated assessment
and ecosystem-based management of coastal and marine areas. Recent developments in data, indicator and information systems
are summarized in European perspective: better characterization of maritime space and marine ecosystems, development of GMES
Marine Core service and related in situ data collection; data harmonisation, interoperability and access, promoted by Shared
Environmental Information System principles. 相似文献
16.
To improve the present national and local sustainable planning capability for the coastal zone a GI application for the Italian
Coastal Susceptibility Assessment was planned within an institutional agreement between ENEA and the Land Defence Service
of the Italian Ministry of Environment. Taking into account previous European actions a suitable methodology to assess, in
a quantitative way, the susceptibility of beaches to be eroded has been set up.
The methodology balances the coastline trend as evaluated for a defined time period with the present coastal areas morphology
and land use, this in order to derive a value that expresses the evolutionary process in terms of probability of the loss
of goods within the ‘Homogeneous Coastal Tracts’.
The trend in the movement of the sea-land line has been used asgeo-indicator of a complex dynamic balance that refers both to marine and inland systems, and a vector GI application was built and locally
applied in southern Italian coastal areas.
The present shoreline position and some other information describing the intrinsic beach morphologies, and having significance
for the coastal erosion hazard assessment, have been derived from the national 1∶10.000 ortho-images of the National Cartographic
Reference System provided by the Italian Ministry of Environment. The illustrated GI application— CoSTAT—keeps the nominal
scale of all data collected or produced. In this analysis the coastal dune presence is analysed as factor limiting coastal
erosion susceptibility. Applying a matrix calculation a quantitative evaluation of erosion susceptibility degree was achieved
and plans were made to develop new information for a suitable use of Italian coastal areas.
The work describes the methodology, the conceptual frame-work and the results of a local application. 相似文献
17.
After introducing soft defence techniques as an alternative to hard defence techniques, the need is emphasized to consider
the coastal area as an integral system. By recalling the main driving factors for coastal management: conflict resolution,
resilience and sustainability, we logically arrive at the concepts of ecological engineering and ecotechnology, which are
increasingly acknowledged as possible solutions to achieve sustainable use of coastal space as a resource. In this context,
we refer to the principles of self design and of ecosystem conservation.
In order to deal with real situations we are in need of fundamental ‘tools’ for the application of the soft intervention technology
approach. We therefore introduce the concept of physiographic units and develop an initial elaboration for a coastal stretch
and for coastal wetlands. The latter deserve more attention because of the already established practices of ecotechnology,
at least as far as water and soil quality are concerned, but certainly also concerning morphology, especially in the future.
We conclude by briefly discussing how activities undertaken in two research projects currently being conducted under the framework
of the Marine Science and Technology Program of the Commission of the European Communities are expected to contribute to the
concepts introduced here. 相似文献
18.
R. H. F. Curr A. Koh E. Edwards A. T. Williams P. Davies 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2000,6(1):15-22
The Mediterranean region plays host to ca. 33% of the world’s tourism industry. This population of visitors (ca. 147 million
in 1990) inevitably exerts an enormous impact on the natural resources of this coastal zone. In May 1997, a new generation
Aerial Digital Photographic System [ADPS] configured with a Kodak Digital Science 460 CIR digital camera was used to acquire
colour infrared digital photographs of the sand dune systems along the Mediterranean coast of France, from Le Barcares to
St-Cyprien-Plage. These have been used to assess the condition of the dunes along this coast. A series of simple analytical
techniques to identify and measure features indicative of public pressure using image processing software has been devised.
The dune manager with basic computer skills can analyse such indicators as path length, vegetation cover (and conversely the
extent of bare sand) to enable monitoring of the performance of their dune systems under particular management regimes. These
photographs have been compared with similar digital photographs of dune sites in SW France to allow a comparison of dune degradation
in a region with a different population pressure and climate regime. Dune systems sampled from the Mediterranean coastal zone
showed more evidence of anthropogenically induced change than those sampled in SW France. 相似文献
19.
Conservation of coastal lands reduces non-point source pollution loads into oceans and estuaries, retains natural areas and
saves ecological communities from disappearance and change. A recent agreement for protection of Long Island Sound waters
in New York and Connecticut established 30 environmental and management goals. One of them is establishment of a listing of
existing undeveloped properties and their prioritization for natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation. The optimal
prioritization approach poses strong constraints and methodological challenges on selection of data for analysis, assignment
of a priority score to each property unit and the assessment of this assignment. To be a practical tool, the prioritization
model should be reproducible and include a mechanism for evaluation of obtained prioritization scenarios. Presented study
uses Geographic Information System (GIS) to assign conservation priority scores to unprotected and undeveloped parcels greater
than five acres in size within New York’s Long Island Sound coastal area. The method combines spatial multi-criteria analysis
and statistical methods. The results of this project include identification and prioritization of more than 700 undeveloped
properties on New York coast. The most important finding of GIS analysis was the discovery of clusters of vacant parcels that
together form large areas available for future conservation. These results offer new conservation tools and strategies to
coastal managers and government in New York State. 相似文献
20.
The coastal zone between Guilderton and Kalbarri, north of Perth, Western Australia, is a highly dynamic area of high landscape
and conservation values under increasing development pressures. Intensification of terrestrial and coastal impacts has highlighted
the need to develop a georeferenced data base for land management. The Coastal Assessment and Restoration project aimed to
document the natural resources and coastal developments to the region and to identify & assess threats to the coastal strip
through the creation of GIS datasets. GIS datasets provide a key source of reference information which can be accessed by
a number of stakeholders for future coastal planning and management and provide a basis for developing a risk management assessment
of the coastal zone and a strategy for coastal managers in our climate change future. 相似文献