从美、德、日3国铅工业的特点看我国发展循环经济的重要性

作为对人体有害的金属铅,其生产、消费和再生受到世界各国,特别是美国、德国和日本等发达国家的重视.从分析世界铅的生产和消费入手,指出含铅废料(主要是电池)回收及铅再生的重要性;着重介绍了美、德、日3国废铅酸蓄电池的回收、铅再生产业的现状和特点;通过分析与研究我国铅工业目前存在的问题,指出我国发展循环经济的重要意义,并对如何发展循环经济提出建议.     

上海开发再生铅技术

既能保护我国有限的铅资源又能避免含铅废物对环境污染的再生铅生产新技术,已由上海科技人员开发成功。 上海飞轮有色冶炼厂科技人员研制开发的这项新技术,能对废铅酸电池中的板栅、铅膏、硫酸、塑料外壳等进行分类回收和冶炼,使含铅废电池和其它含铅废物再生成新的产品。目前采用这一新技术,上海飞轮有色冶炼厂每年可回收再生铅3万吨、锑8000吨,回收硫酸1万吨,塑料5000吨,消除3万吨二氧化硫排入大气,再生的纯铅品位达99.9％;上海飞轮有色冶炼厂生产的再生纯铅已获国家新产品奖。     

关于遏制废旧铅酸蓄电池环境污染现象的建议

近几年,我国废旧铅酸蓄电池的回收处理工作取得了很大进展,但由于各种原因引起的环境污染现象仍触目惊心.回收处理废旧铅酸蓄电池提取再生铅,与原生铅相比更节能环保,符合资源回收和循环利用法则.但目前回收和处理市场很不规范,存在严重的环境污染问题,着重讨论用政策引导的方式规范废旧铅酸蓄电池回收处理市场,实现资源节约和环境保护的双重目的.     

一种铅酸蓄电池淋酸废铅泥直接循环回收利用的方法

正专利申请号:CN201610691126.7公开号:CN106299521A申请日:2016.08.20公开日:2017.01.04申请人:超威电源有限公司本发明公开了一种铅酸蓄电池淋酸废铅泥直接循环回收利用的方法,主要步骤为:(1)回收废铅泥;(2)淋酸废铅泥中硫酸铅含量测定;(3)脱硫;(4)固液分离;(5)循环利用:正极回收铅泥加入到正极和膏机中循环利用,负极回收铅泥加入到负极和膏机中循环利用。本发明简单易行,花费时间短,产品均一稳定、纯度高,不会带入杂质污染问题,对电池性能无任何不良影响。     

专利资讯

专利名称：一种利用废旧铅酸电池的活性物质制备新铅酸电池的方法;专利名称：以废铅蓄电池中的含铅化合物为原料制备铅蓄电池正极板的方法;专利名称：一种废旧锂离子电池中钴酸锂和石墨的回收方法,     

铅酸蓄电池回收基金制度研讨会和再生铅行业准入专家评审会召开

为推进铅酸蓄电池回收基金制度设计，探索生产者责任延伸制度新模式，加快实施再生铅行业准入公告管理，近日工信部节能与综合利用司、财政部综合司、环境保护部污染防治司，委托中国有色金属工业协会再生金属分会在江苏省徐州市组织召开了铅酸蓄电池回收基金制度研讨会，     

专利名称：蓄电池极板固废淋酸铅泥的回收和利用方法及系统

<正>专利申请号:CN201610712920公开号:CN106129515B申请日:2016.08.24公开日:2019.01.04申请人:安徽永恒动力科技有限公司本发明属于一种蓄电池极板固废淋酸铅泥的回收和利用方法及系统,方法将得到的含铅悬浮酸液进行收集并立即采用压滤方法将含铅悬浮酸液中的铅粉与淋酸液分离。将回     

废旧锌锰电池及其回收过程中汞载体的研究

针对目前一些回收废旧锌锰电池工艺在汞回收处理上存在的问题,集中对废旧锌锰电池中汞的载体以及回收处理废旧锌锰电池过程中汞载体的变化进行了研究,为废旧锌锰电池回收处理中汞的完全回收提供了依据.     

铅蓄电池生产回收再生污染防治工程技术中心成立

<正>2015年6月13日,国家环境保护铅蓄电池生产和回收再生污染防治工程技术中心在浙江省长兴县成立。随着我国经济的发展和人民生活水平的日益提高,铅酸蓄电池的应用领域在不断地扩展,市场需求量也大幅度增长,我国已经成为世界最大的铅蓄电池市场。在二次电源中,铅酸蓄电池已占有85%以上的市场份额,但是由于铅蓄电池的原材料涉及重金属铅,生产和回收利用过程管理不善,或治理技术不过关,很容易造成环境污染,因此蓄电池生产和回收利     

国外废干电池的回收利用及其管理

就国外电池的生产、销售以及回收与处理利用的全过程立法管理和社会化回收体系建设作了系统介绍,并就我国的废电池回收与处理利用管理提出了相应建议.     

Physical separation,mechanical enrichment and recycling-oriented characterization of spent NiMH batteries

Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries contain high amount of industrial metals, especially iron, nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements. Although the battery waste is a considerable secondary source for metal and chemical industries, a recycling process requires a suitable pretreatment method before proceeding with recovery step to reclaim all valuable elements. In this study, AA- and AAA-type spent NiMH batteries were ground and then sieved for size measurement and classification. Chemical composition of the ground battery black mass and sorted six different size fractions were determined by an analytical technique. Crystal structures of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Results show that after mechanical treatment, almost 87 wt% of the spent NiMH batteries are suitable for further recycling steps. Size classification by sieving enriched the iron content of the samples in the coarse fraction which is bigger than 0.25 mm. On the other hand, the amounts of nickel and rare earth elements increased by decreasing sample size, and concentrated in the finer fractions. Anode and cathode active materials that are hydrogen storage alloy and nickel hydroxide were mainly collected in finer size fraction of the battery black mass.     

Characterization and leaching of NiCd and NiMH spent batteries for the recovery of metals

Since NiMH and NiCd batteries are still used in the electronic devices market, a treatment and recycling plant has many advantages both from the environmental and the economic points of view. Unfortunately, there is no relationship between shape, size and chemical composition of spent batteries, consequently the characterization and the leaching method of the starting material becomes an important step of the overall treatment process in choosing the best conditions for the selective separation of the metals by hydrometallurgy. Leaching at 20 degrees C with H(2)SO(4) 2M for about 2h seems to be a good solution in terms of cost and efficiency for both battery types. The hydroxide compounds can be readily leached while Ni present as metallic form requires more aggressive conditions due to kinetic constraints. In this paper, the characterization of NiMH and NiCd spent batteries and the results of leaching tests in different conditions are reported.     

Current situation of used household batteries in Iran and appropriate management policies

Used household batteries are considered as hazardous wastes in many countries due to the potential environmental and human health risks associated with the heavy metals present in batteries. This article presents the current situation of waste household batteries and policies in Iran. Iran with more than 70 million people is a developing country where latest technologies like cell phones and laptops are in widespread use and battery consumption increases accordingly. The household battery demand in Iran has rapidly grown since 2001 and it is expected to increase more quickly in next years, due to increasing technological development. Based on the available data, more than 9800 metric tons of household batteries were imported into Iran in recent decade, with the market value of about US$ 42.6 million. At present, there is no program available in Iran regarding to collection, separation, recycling or safe disposal of used batteries. Therefore, almost all of the spent household are discarded into municipal solid waste (MSW) and sent to sanitary landfills. Appropriate policies to meet safe disposal of household batteries in Iran is also discussed in this investigation.     

Evaluation of heavy metal leaching from spent household batteries disposed in municipal solid waste

Batch leaching tests and simulated landfill lysimeter tests were performed to evaluate the contents of heavy metals leached from spent batteries in the municipal solid waste. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure was utilized to perform the batch leaching tests of 36 spent batteries. Four lysimeters were prepared with battery contents ranging from 0% to 100% by weight for column tests, and the experiments were performed at ambient temperature. The age of all the batteries used in the study ranged from freshly disposed up to approximately 3 years old. The results from the batch tests showed that the type of battery influenced the heavy metal concentrations in the leached solutions. The lysimeter experiment results illustrated that at lower pH levels more metals are leached than at higher pH levels. The increasing amount of batteries disposed in landfills can contribute to the leaching of more metals, especially Mn and Zn, into the environment. These results indicate that the direct disposal of spent household batteries into a MSW landfill can increase the heavy metal contents in the landfill leachate.     

Survey of mercury,cadmium and lead content of household batteries

The objective of this work was to provide updated information on the development of the potential impact of heavy metal containing batteries on municipal waste and battery recycling processes following transposition of the new EU Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC. A representative sample of 146 different types of commercially available dry and button cells as well as lithium-ion accumulators for mobile phones were analysed for their mercury (Hg)-, cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-contents. The methods used for preparing the cells and analysing the heavy metals Hg, Cd, and Pb were either developed during a former study or newly developed. Several batteries contained higher mass fractions of mercury or cadmium than the EU limits. Only half of the batteries with mercury and/or lead fractions above the marking thresholds were labelled. Alkaline–manganese mono-cells and Li-ion accumulators, on average, contained the lowest heavy metal concentrations, while zinc–carbon batteries, on average, contained the highest levels.     

An overview on the processes and technologies for recycling cathodic active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

This paper aims to make an overview on the current status and new tendency for recycling cathodic active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. Firstly, it introduces several kinds of pretreatment technologies, followed by the summary of all kinds of single recycling processes mainly focusing on organic acid leaching and synergistic extraction. Then, several examples of typical combined processes and industrial recycling processes are presented in detail. Meanwhile, the advantages, disadvantages and prospect of each single process, combined process, as well as industrial recycling processes, are discussed. Finally, based on a novel acidic organic solvent, the authors briefly introduce an environmental friendly process to directly recycle and resynthesize cathodic active material LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ from spent lithium-ion batteries. The preliminary experimental results demonstrated the advantages of low reaction temperature, high separation efficiency and organic solvent cycling and preventing secondary pollution to the environment. This process may be used for large-scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries after further study.     

The BATINTREC process for reclaiming used batteries

The Integrated Battery Recycling (BATINTREC) process is an innovative technology for the recycling of used batteries and electronic waste, which combines vacuum metallurgical reprocessing and a ferrite synthesis process. Vacuum metallurgical reprocessing can be used to reclaim the mercury (Hg) in the dry batteries and the cadmium (Cd) in the Ni-Cd batteries. The ferrite synthesis process reclaims the other heavy metals by synthesizing ferrite in a liquid phase. Mixtures of manganese oxide and carbon black are also produced in the ferrite synthesis process. The effluent from the process is recycled, thus significantly minimizing its discharge. The heavy metal contents of the effluent could meet the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard of China if the ratio of the crushed battery scrap and powder to FeSO4.7H2O is set at 1:6. This process could not only stabilize the heavy metals, but also recover useful resource from the waste.     

Characterization of spent AA household alkaline batteries

The aim of this work is identification of the structural components of actual domestic spent alkaline AA batteries, as well as quantification of some of their characteristics. Weight, humidity, ash content, zinc and zinc oxide on anode, manganese on cathode and other metals, potassium hydroxide on the internal components and heating values for papers, anode and cathode were determined in several batteries. As expected, cathode, anode and the steel can container are the main contributors to the 23.5 g average weight of the batteries. Cathode is also the major contributor to the positive heating value of the batteries as well as to the heavy metals content. Mercury was detected in very low levels in these mercury-free batteries. Zinc and zinc oxide amounts in the anodes are highly variable. Results obtained were compared to information on alkaline batteries in the literature from 1993 to 1995; and a positive evolution in their manufacture is readily apparent. Data from the producer of batteries shows some small discrepancies relative to the results of this experimental work.     

Study concerning the recovery of zinc and manganese from spent batteries by hydrometallurgical processes

Used batteries contain numerous metals in high concentrations and if not disposed of with proper care, they can negatively affect our environment. These metals represent 83% of all spent batteries and therefore it is important to recover metals such as Zn and Mn, and reuse them for the production of new batteries. The recovery of Zn and Mn from used batteries, in particular from Zn–C and alkaline ones has been researched using hydrometallurgical methods. After comminution and classification of elemental components, the electrode paste resulting from these processes was treated by chemical leaching. Prior to the leaching process the electrode paste has been subjected to two washing steps, in order to remove the potassium, which is an inconvenient element in this type of processes. To simultaneously extract Zn and Mn from this paste, the leaching method in alkaline medium (NaOH solution) and acid medium (sulphuric acid solution) was used. Also, to determine the efficiency of extraction of Zn and Mn from used batteries, the following variables were studied: reagents concentration, S/L ratio, temperature, time. The best results for extraction yield of Zn and Mn were obtained under acid leaching conditions (2 M H₂SO₄, 1 h, 80 °C).     

Laboratory study on the behaviour of spent AA household alkaline batteries in incineration

The quantitative evaluation of emissions from incineration is essential when Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies consider this process as an end-of-life solution for some wastes. Thus, the objective of this work is to quantify the main gaseous emissions produced when spent AA alkaline batteries are incinerated. With this aim, batteries were kept for 1h at 1273K in a refractory steel tube hold in a horizontal electric furnace with temperature control. At one end of the refractory steel tube, a constant air flow input assures the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere and guides the gaseous emissions to a filter system followed by a set of two bubbler flasks having an aqueous solution of 10% (v/v) nitric acid. After each set of experiments, sulphur, chlorides and metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) were analyzed in both the solutions obtained from the steel tube washing and from the bubblers. Sulphur, chlorides and metals were quantified, respectively, using barium sulfate gravimetry, the Volhard method and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The emissions of zinc, the most emitted metal, represent about 6.5% of the zinc content in the batteries. Emissions of manganese (whose oxide is the main component of the cathode) and iron (from the cathode collector) are negligible when compared with their amount in AA alkaline batteries. Mercury is the metal with higher volatility in the composition of the batteries and was collected even in the second bubbler flask. The amount of chlorides collected corresponds to about 36% of the chlorine in the battery sleeve that is made from PVC. A considerable part of the HCl formed in PVC plastic sleeve incineration is neutralized with KOH, zinc and manganese oxides and, thus, it is not totally released in the gas. Some of the emissions are predictable through a thermodynamic data analysis at temperatures in the range of 1200-1300K taking into account the composition of the batteries. This analysis was done for most of potential reactions between components in the batteries as well as between them and the surrounding atmosphere and it reasonably agrees the experimental results. The results obtained show the role of alkaline batteries at the acid gases cleaning process, through the neutralization reactions of some of their components. Therefore, LCA of spent AA alkaline batteries at the municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration process must consider this contribution.