景观格局对植物多样性影响研究进展

景观格局对植物多样性有重要影响,植物多样性包括α、β、γ多样性。从景观斑块面积、形状、配置方式、景观类型和尺度效应等方面对植物多样性进行了综述。景观斑块面积能对物种产生质量效应,除部分热带植物外,大部分植物在一定范围内,其物种丰富度与斑块面积呈正相关关系,随着斑块面积的增加,斑块内部种比边缘种数量增加快;但是随着景观破碎化严重,小斑块为物种提供主要栖息地,所以对小斑块的研究和保护具有重要意义。形状复杂的景观斑块能够保持较高的植物多样性,不同植物类群的多样性指数存在差异。景观斑块复杂的边缘,植物物种多样性较高,多为适应性强的边缘种。景观异质性与物种丰富度、β多样性呈显著正相关。景观多样性以及景观斑块之间的连通性与植物多样性呈正相关关系。不同景观类型的合理配置,特别是生态交错区,有利于保持植物多样性。研究发现隔离度对物种丰富度和多样性具有消极影响,主要是由质量效应和邻近效应产生的影响,因为这可以为更多的物种提供更广阔的栖息地,并且有利于种子的传播,从而提高植物的生存率。文章还总结了全球主要的土地利用类型对植物多样性的影响,包括农业用地、草地、森林,多种土地利用类型相结合有助于提高植物多样性,尤其是群落交错区的存在。景观格局与植物多样性的关系存在空间尺度效应,空间尺度效应对植物多样性的研究可以从空间的幅度和粒度中的小尺度、中尺度、大尺度对物种的影响进行研究。景观格局指数高度浓缩了景观格局信息,是反映景观结构和配置等方面特征的简单量化指标,目前应用广泛。未来可从优化景观格局、尺度阈值及影响机制方面做进一步研究。     

上海市公园植被景观格局

在GIS技术支持下,应用景观生态学方法,选取植被景观构成、斑块密度、边缘密度、聚集度指数、蔓延度、Shannon多样性指数、景观连接度指数等景观格局分析指标,从植物群落角度对上海市建成区范围内的5个公园进行植被景观格局分析.结果表明:(1)在所调查的五个公园中,植被基本以常绿阔叶林为主,其次是落叶阔叶林,存在物种多样性较低、群落结构简单的问题;(2)研究区内的景观主要受到少数几种植被类型控制.且优势斑块空间分布较为集中,不同植被类型连续性较好,在功能和生态过程上联系紧密;同一类型的植被邻近程度较高.除优势斑块外,其他景观类型分布较为均匀,空间异质性程度较大,物种的空间配置比较多样化;(3)有些公园因为存在大面积的人工建筑使得相同类型的植被在空间上被分割,从而出现破碎化程度较高、景观边缘密度较大、蔓延度较低等的问题.     

土壤、土地利用多样性及其与相关景观指数的关联分析

土壤作为人类赖以生存的物质基础,与土地利用之间存在密切联系,土壤类型及属性的差异很大程度上决定了土地利用的方式,同时土地利用方式的不同也间接地改变着土壤类型、性质及功能多样性的格局。在人地矛盾、人与自然矛盾不断加剧的今天,研究土地和土壤的空间分布格局变化及两者之间的交互关系具有重要意义。利用土壤多样性理论和景观生态学原理综合分析土壤、土地利用类型的空间分布格局,并借助空间网格的概念量化分析土壤和土地利用类型的空间分布情况。以河南省中南部样区为研究对象,利用仙农熵变形公式计算了1 km×1 km、3 km×3 km、5 km×5 km 3种网格尺度下的土壤和土地利用的空间分布多样性和各县市的土壤和土地利用构成组分多样性,运用ArcGIS探讨了多样性指数与景观指数之间的关联性,综合评价研究区的土壤类型空间分布与土地利用空间分布格局的相互性。研究表明：同一种土壤和土地利用类型的空间分布多样性指数在异网格尺度下具有相似的分异规律;土地利用与土壤类型的构成组分多样性之间不具有明显的相关性,土壤类型均匀分布的地区,土地利用类型不一定会均匀分布,而两者的平均斑块面积之间具有明显的相关性,土壤斑块的大小对土地利用斑块的大小影响较大,土壤类型的空间分布特征在一定程度上,将影响土地利用的空间分布格局和变化过程;土壤类型的面积指数、平均斑块面积指数分别与土壤空间分布多样性之间具有较好的相关性,相关系数分别为r2=0.990、r2=0.599。而土地利用的面积指数、平均斑块面积指数与土地利用空间分布多样性指数之间的相关性较差,相关系数分别为r2=0.437、r2=0.034。土壤的平均斑块形状指数与多样性指数之间存在一定正相关关系,相关系数为r2=0.612;但土地利用的形状指数与多样性之     

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物群落演替及其多样性研究

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地是黄河健康生命系统的重要组成部分,其植物群落演替及其多样性研究对湿地及其生物多样性保护有重要意义。通过野外样地调查,分析了沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物物种组成及其群落的演替模式,并计算了群落植物多样性特征指数,包括物种丰富度指数（S）、多样性Simpson指数（D）、Shannon-wiener指数（H′）、均匀度指数Pielou（E）。结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有77种植物,属于28科61属,除榆树Ulmus pumila Linn.为木本植物外,其余76种为草本植物,其中有1种轮藻门植物,1种蕨类植物;从空间来看植物群落演替过程为沉水植物菹草群落→纯水烛群落→水烛群落→水烛＋扁秆藨草群落→藨草群落→芦苇群落,青龙湖湿地水环境的变化,使湿地植物群落的类型也随之发生变化;群落多样性指数Shannon-wiener指数均低于1.12,Simpson指数为0.41~1,Pielou均匀度指数为0.8左右;芦苇群落的物种数最多,有32个物种,水烛群落以12种次之,菹草群落、水烛＋扁秆藨草群落和扁秆藨草群落中的物种数差别不大。沿黄河下游湿地植物群落多样性水平较低,湿地系统有向陆地系统过渡的趋势。     

昆明市双哨乡户级庭园植物多样性分析

采用参与性生物多样性评估方法 ,在双哨乡植物遗传资源多样性保护利用协会参与下 ,对该乡双桥村 1 1 8户农户的庭园植物多样性进行了调查。结果表明 ,双桥村共有庭园植物 93种 ,包括花卉、蔬菜、果树等 ;有 6 7户农户拥有庭园植物 ,庭园植物多样性在不同农户间存在较大差异 ,6 7户农户中 80 .5 %的农户仅拥有 1～ 9种庭园植物。 1 9.5 %的农户拥有 1 0种以上 ,对庭园植物物种多样性保护的贡献较大。户主的年龄、文化程度和家庭人口等与庭园植物物种多样性密切相关。     

洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落生活型构成及其环境影响因子

通过分析植物生活型可以了解植物群落结构及其环境的关系.采用样带法对洞庭湖湿地南荻、苔草、辣蓼和虉草4种植物群落物种多样性、植物生活型结构及环境因子开展调查研究.结果表明:洞庭湖湖湿地不同高程下典型植物群落物种多样性指数呈明显的规律性变化,表现为沿高程变化呈"V"型特征,即高、低程区高,中程区低,物种多样性指数的变化可能与地下水埋深及物种特性相关;植物群落生活型以一年生植物为主,其次为地下芽和地面芽植物,地上芽和高位芽植物分布较少;群落物种生活型类型及相同生活型植物在群落中的比例随高程的递增而增加;CCA分析表明,土壤物理性质的变化对植物群落生活型的构成影响极为重要,其中地下水位和高程的变化对植物生活型分布起着决定性作用.因此,地下水位和高程影响群落物种多样性指数,同时地下水位和高程的变化决定植物生活型的分布.     

植物功能多样性及其与生态系统功能关系研究进展

生物多样性影响生态系统的多种功能。生物多样性的急剧丧失使得对其影响评定尤为重要和紧迫,因此,生物多样性与生态系统功能关系成为生态学研究的热点问题之一,其中功能多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究成为近十年该领域研究的重点。文章首先概括了植物功能多样性的多种定义,并详细介绍了目前被广泛接受的定义"功能多样性是某一群落内物种间功能特征的变化范围或指特定生态系统中所有物种功能特征的数值和范围"。其次重点阐述了围绕植物功能多样性开展的5个重要研究论题:(1)分别从功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度3个方面介绍了功能多样性算法,并强调要注重多指数相结合以综合描述功能多样性;(2)植物功能性状间主要体现为权衡关系,植物功能性状受到了气候、土壤、海拔、地形地貌、放牧、土地利用方式等一系列因素的影响;(3)基于植物功能性状更有利于探讨环境过滤和相似性限制对群落构建的驱动作用;(4)功能多样性与物种多样性间呈现正相关、负相关和饱和曲线等一系列关系,之所以呈现不同关系与资源状况和外界干扰密切相关;(5)尽管很多研究都证明了功能多样性对生态系统功能具有正效应,但依然存在两个主要的争议,一方面是物种多样性、功能多样性在生态系统功能维持中的相对重要性,另一方面是选择效应与互补效应在功能多样性与生态系统功能关系中的适用性。最后,提出了该领域需要进一步深入开展的4个研究方向:开展多尺度研究、重视多营养级研究,加强野外观测与受控实验相结合的研究、深化生态系统多功能性的研究。     

天龙山珍稀植物丽豆(Calophaca sinica)分布区植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

采用样方法对太原天龙山珍稀濒危植物丽豆(Calophaca sinica)野生种群的生境和群落特征进行调查,应用TWINSPAN分类分析群落多样性.据TWINSPAN分类,将丽豆分布区的植物群落划分为14个群丛类型,丽豆在群落中具有明显的生态优势,并对群落的结构起一定决定作用.研究结果表明,丽豆分布区植物群落的物种多样性指数变化受自然环境、群落特征和人为干扰的综合影响,光照充足、人为干扰小的群丛类型的物种多样性较为丰富,在以丽豆为建群种或优势种的群丛中多样性指数较高,均匀度指数也较大.在丽豆分布区的9个土壤因子之间有6对因子存在显著和极显著的相关性;多样性指数与土壤因子回归分析表明,锌(Zn)与8个群落物种多样性指数之间有显著或极显著的相关性,钾(K)、磷(P)与6个多样性指数之间显著相关,其他土壤因子与多样性指数的相关性均不显著.     

高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力

对滇西北纳帕海湿地不同退化演替阶段的植物群落结构特征及多样性格局的研究结果表明:纳帕海共有植物115种,隶属38科、82属,植物群落15个,包括3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落、6个挺水植物群落、4个草甸群落。其中原生沼泽有湿地植物25种,隶属16科、17属,3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落;沼泽化草甸有湿地植物35种,隶属19科、26属,6个挺水植物群落;草甸有湿地植物64种,隶属28科、55属,4个草甸群落;垦后湿地仅有农作物4种,隶属4科、4属。随着原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地的退化演替,植物群落伴生种增多,优势种的优势度明显下降,群落结构逐渐变得复杂;原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落分布面积萎缩,草甸、垦后湿地面积不断增大;物种丰富度与多样性指数随原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸的退化演替而逐渐增加,草甸植物物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,而垦后湿地为最低值。纳帕海植物多样性格局特征是对不同人为干扰强度与类型的响应,当前影响植物多样格局的驱动力主要是排水垦殖、无序旅游、过度放牧和周边森林的破坏等人为生产活动。     

昆明市双哨乡户级庭园植物多样性分析

采用参与性生物多样性评估方法，在双哨乡植物遗传资源多样性保护利用协会参与下，对该乡双桥村118户农户的庭园植物多样性进行了调查。结果表明，双桥村共有庭园植物93种，包括花卉、蔬菜、果树等；有67户农户拥有庭园植物，庭园植物多样性在不同农户间存在较大差异，67户农户中80．5％的农户仅拥有1～9种庭园植物。19．5％的农户拥有10种以上，对庭园植物物种多样性保护的贡献较大。户主的年龄、文化程度和家庭人口等与庭园植物物种多样性密切相关。     

Impact of Native Plants on Bird and Butterfly Biodiversity in Suburban Landscapes

Abstract:  Managed landscapes in which non-native ornamental plants are favored over native vegetation now dominate the United States, particularly east of the Mississippi River. We measured how landscaping with native plants affects the avian and lepidopteran communities on 6 pairs of suburban properties in southeastern Pennsylvania. One property in each pair was landscaped entirely with native plants and the other exhibited a more conventional suburban mixture of plants—a native canopy with non-native groundcover and shrubs. Vegetation sampling confirmed that total plant cover and plant diversity did not differ between treatments, but non-native plant cover was greater on the conventional sites and native plant cover was greater on the native sites. Several avian (abundance, species richness, biomass, and breeding-bird abundance) and larval lepidopteran (abundance and species richness) community parameters were measured from June 2006 to August 2006. Native properties supported significantly more caterpillars and caterpillar species and significantly greater bird abundance, diversity, species richness, biomass, and breeding pairs of native species. Of particular importance is that bird species of regional conservation concern were 8 times more abundant and significantly more diverse on native properties. In our study area, native landscaping positively influenced the avian and lepidopteran carrying capacity of suburbia and provided a mechanism for reducing biodiversity losses in human-dominated landscapes.     

Direct and indirect effects of CO2, nitrogen, and community diversity on plant-enemy interactions

Resource abundance and plant diversity are two predominant factors hypothesized to influence the amount of damage plants receive from natural enemies. Many impacts of these environmental variables on plant damage are likely indirect and result because both resource availability and diversity can influence plant traits associated with attractiveness to herbivores or susceptibility to pathogens. We used a long-term, manipulative field experiment to investigate how carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment, nitrogen (N) fertilization, and plant community diversity affect plant traits and the amount of herbivore and pathogen damage experienced by the common prairie legume Lespedeza capitata. We detected little evidence that CO2 or N affected plant traits; however, plants growing in high-diversity treatments (polycultures) were taller, were less pubescent, and produced thinner leaves (higher specific leaf area). Interestingly, we also detected little evidence that CO2 or N affect damage. Plants growing in polycultures compared to monocultures, however, experienced a fivefold increase in damage from generalist herbivores, 64% less damage from specialist herbivores, and 91% less damage from pathogens. Moreover, within diversity treatments, damage by generalist herbivores was negatively correlated with pubescence and often was positively correlated with plant height, while damage by specialist herbivores typically was positively correlated with pubescence and negatively associated with height. These patterns are consistent with changes in plant traits driving differences in herbivory between diversity treatments. In contrast, changes in measured plant traits did not explain the difference in disease incidence between monocultures and polycultures. In summary, our data provide little evidence that CO2 or N supply alter damage from natural enemies. By contrast, plants grown in monocultures experienced greater specialist herbivore and pathogen damage but less generalist herbivore damage than plants grown in diverse communities. Part of this diversity effect was mediated by changes in plant traits, many of which likely are plastic responses to diversity treatments, but some of which may be the result of evolutionary changes in response to these long-term experimental manipulations.     

Relationships between Plant and Animal Species Richness at a Regional Scale in China

Abstract:  Important questions in conservation biology and ecology include whether species diversities of different groups of organisms are correlated and, in particular, whether plant diversity influences animal diversity. I used correlation and partial regression analyses to examine the relationships between species richness of vascular plants and four major groups of terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds) in 28 provinces in China. Species richness data were obtained from the literature. Environmental variables included normalized difference vegetation index, mean January temperature, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, May through August precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, and elevation range. Species richness was strongly and positively correlated among the five groups of organisms. Plant richness was correlated with animal richness more strongly than the richness of different animal groups correlated with each other except for reptile richness, which had a slightly higher correlation with amphibian richness than with plant richness. Plant richness uniquely explained 41 times more variance in the species richness of the four vertebrate groups combined than environmental variables uniquely did, suggesting that plant richness influences terrestrial vertebrate richness at the regional scale examined. Because of strong correlations between the diversity of vascular plants and vertebrates, the diversity of vascular plants may be used as a surrogate for the diversity of terrestrial animals in China. My results have implications for selection of areas to be protected at both regional and local scales.     

珍稀濒危植物评价分级专家系统研究

开列珍稀濒危植物的清单并划分其保护序列，是生物多样性保护的一项最基本的工作。本文通过对珍稀濒危植物评价分级指标的研究，以评价指标体系为基础，并引入专家系统方法，建立了珍稀濒危植物评价分级专家系统。该系统模拟人类专家的思维过程，将有助于把珍稀濒危植物优先保护级别的划分，由定性划分提高到定量定性相结合的水平。     

Earthworms and legumes control litter decomposition in a plant diversity gradient

The role of species and functional group diversity of primary producers for decomposers and decomposition processes is little understood. We made use of the "Jena Biodiversity Experiment" and tested the hypothesis that increasing plant species (1, 4, and 16 species) and functional group diversity (1, 2, 3, and 4 groups) beneficially affects decomposer density and activity and therefore the decomposition of plant litter material. Furthermore, by manipulating the densities of decomposers (earthworms and springtails) within the plant diversity gradient we investigated how the interactions between plant diversity and decomposer densities affect the decomposition of litter belonging to different plant functional groups (grasses, herbs, and legumes). Positive effects of increasing plant species or functional group diversity on earthworms (biomass and density) and microbial biomass were mainly due to the increased incidence of legumes with increasing diversity. Neither plant species diversity nor functional group diversity affected litter decomposition, However, litter decomposition varied with decomposer and plant functional group identity (of both living plants and plant litter). While springtail removal generally had little effect on decomposition, increased earthworm density accelerated the decomposition of nitrogen-rich legume litter, and this was more pronounced at higher plant diversity. The results suggest that earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) and legumes function as keystone organisms for grassland decomposition processes and presumably contribute to the recorded increase in primary productivity with increasing plant diversity.     

A simple plant mutation abets a predator-diversity cascade

Resource consumption often increases with greater consumer biodiversity. This could result either from complementarity among consumers or the inclusion of particular key species, and it is often difficult to differentiate between these two mechanisms. We exploited a simple plant mutation (reduced production of surface waxes) to alter foraging within a community of aphid predators, and thus perhaps shift the nature of resulting predator diversity effects. We found that greater predator species richness dramatically increased prey suppression and plant biomass only on mutant, reduced-wax pea plants (Pisum sativum). On pea plants from a sister line with wild type, waxier plant surfaces, predator species richness did not influence predators' impacts on herbivores or plants. Thus, a change in plant surface structure acted to turn on, or off, the cascading effects of predator diversity. Greater predator richness encouraged higher densities of true predators but did not lead to greater reproduction by a parasitoid, Aphidius ervi; fecundity of each natural enemy species was similar for the two plant types. Behavioral observations indicated that although A. ervi was less likely to forage within species-rich predator communities, low-wax plants mitigated this interference by encouraging generally greater A. ervi foraging and thus high rates of aphid dislodgement (aphids dropped from plants to escape A. ervi, but not the other predators). Thus, only species-rich, low-wax plants simultaneously encouraged strong species-specific effects of A. ervi, and strong complementarity among the other predator species. In summary, our study provides evidence that diversity effects in predator assemblages are sensitive to habitat characteristics. Further, we show that a simple plant morphological trait, controlled by a single gene mutation, can dramatically alter the cascading effects of predator species richness on herbivores and plants.     

A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Conservation of Sacred Groves in the Western Ghats of India

Abstract:  Although sacred groves are important for conservation in India, the landscape that surrounds them has a vital influence on biodiversity within them. Research has focused on tree diversity inside these forest patches. In a coffee-growing region of the Western Ghats, however, landscape outside sacred groves is also tree covered because planters have retained native trees to provide shade for coffee plants. We examined the diversity of trees, birds, and macrofungi at 58 sites—10 forest-reserve sites, 25 sacred groves, and 23 coffee plantations— in Kodagu district. We measured landscape composition and configuration around each site with a geographic information system. To identify factors associated with diversity we constructed multivariate models by using a decision-tree technique. The conventional measures of landscape fragmentation such as patch size did not influence species richness. Distance of sacred groves from the forest reserve had a weak influence. The measures of landscape structure (e.g., tree cover in the surroundings) and stand structure (e.g., variability in canopy height) contributed to the variation in species richness explained by multivariate models. We suggest that biodiversity present within sacred groves has been influenced by native tree cover in the surrounding landscape. To conserve this biodiversity the integrity of the tree-covered landscape matrix will need to be conserved.     

Local Species Richness of Leaf-Chewing Insects Feeding on Woody Plants from One Hectare of a Lowland Rainforest

Abstract:  Local species diversity of insect herbivores feeding on rainforest vegetation remains poorly known. This ignorance limits evaluation of species extinction patterns following various deforestation scenarios. We studied leaf-chewing insects feeding on 59 species of woody plants from 39 genera and 18 families in a lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea and surveyed all plants with a stem diameter at breast height of ≥5 cm in a 1-ha plot within the same area. We used two extrapolation methods, based on randomized species-accumulation curves, to combine these two data sets and estimate the number of species of leaf-chewing herbivores feeding on woody plants from the 1-ha area. We recorded 58,483 feeding individuals from 940 species of leaf-chewing insects. The extrapolation estimated that there were 1567–2559 species of leaf-chewing herbivores feeding on the 152 plant species from 97 genera and 45 families found in 1 ha of the forest. Most of the herbivore diversity was associated with plant diversity on the familial and generic levels. We predicted that, on average, the selection of 45 plant species each representing a different family supported 39% of all herbivore species, the 52 plant species each representing a different additional genus from these families supported another 39% of herbivore species, and the remaining 55 plant species from these genera supported 22% of herbivore species. Lepidoptera was the most speciose taxon in the local fauna, followed by Coleoptera and orthopteroids (Orthoptera and Phasmatodea). The ratio of herbivore to plant species and the estimated relative species richness of the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and orthopteroids remained constant on the spatial scale from 0.25 to 1 ha. However, the utility of local taxon-to-taxon species ratios for extrapolations to geographic scales requires further study.     

Diversity,endemism and economic potential of wild edible plants of Indian Himalaya

SUMMARY

The rich plant diversity of the Indian Himalaya is utilized by the native communities in various forms as medicine, edible/food, fodder, fuel, timber, agricultural tools, etc. Among these, wild edible plants form an important source as a supplement/substitute food in times of scarcity for native communities. Because land holdings are small and subsistence agriculture prevails, the natives gather many wild plants for food. This paper presents an inventory of wild edible plants of Indian Himalaya used by local communities. Over 675 wild plant species, representing 384 genera and 149 families, are used as food/edible and their various parts are either consumed raw, roasted, boiled, fried, cooked or in the form of oil, spice, seasoning material, jams, pickles, etc. The species were analysed for diversity in different phytogeographical provinces, altitudinal distribution, endemism, origin and potentials. West Himalaya shows the highest diversity (50.96%) of edible plants and East Himalaya the maximum number of endemics (18 taxa) and wild relatives of economic plants (39 taxa). Mass scale propagation, dissemination of information packages to local inhabitants to ensure that wild edibles remain as a resource for income generation, and strategies for conservation and management are recommended.     

Reduced rodent biodiversity destabilizes plant populations

We tested the hypothesis that species loss at one trophic level will reduce the temporal stability of populations at other trophic levels. We examined the temporal stability of annual plant populations on plots that experimentally manipulated the functional diversity of seed-eating rodent consumers. Experimental reduction of rodent functional diversity destabilized populations of small-seeded plants but had less consistent effects on larger-seeded species. Small-seeded species also exhibited a greater number of years of zero abundance. Thus, experimental reduction of rodent functional diversity resulted in lower plant diversity. The decline in the temporal stability of small-seeded plants likely resulted from increased interspecific competition by large-seeded plants. These results demonstrate that the loss of species at one trophic level can lead to reduced richness at lower trophic levels via competition and reduced temporal stability.