QUAL2K模型在西苕溪干流梅溪段水质模拟中的应用

QUAL2K是一维稳态水质模型,由美国环保局开发并在QUAL2E模型的基础上发展起来的.采用QUAL2K模型对西苕溪干流梅溪段的水质进行了模拟和预测.针对西苕溪的具体情况,选用COD、氨氮和总磷作为模拟预测指标,用模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了COD降解系数Kc、氨氮降解系数Kn和总磷平衡系数Kp等水质参数,并对模拟结果进行了验证,结果表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好.     

中小流域总磷污染模拟及控制对策研究

利用QUAL2K水质模型模拟四川省北部某中小流域主要污染物总磷的沿程变化情况,根据该流域污染特征,提出调整工业布局、补充河流源头水量、生活污水处理设施提标升级及农业畜禽养殖废水截污4种水污染治理措施,并在上述措施实施的基础上进行优化,从而为该流域水质改善制定合理的方案。研究结果显示,QUAL2K水质模型具有较好的模拟精度,模拟值与实测值的相对误差保持在15%以内。4种水污染治理措施的效果为补充河流源头水量农业畜禽养殖废水截污生活污水处理设施提标升级调整工业布局。在上述措施综合实施的基础上进一步优化,5个工业园区总磷入河量共削减32.8t/a时,该河流下游断面的总磷质量浓度降低至196μg/L,可以达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类标准。     

流域水环境污染成因及控制措施

中国大部分流域城镇基础设施建设严重滞后,并存在水资源过度开发利用、污染物超标排放、河道淤积、河滩占用等生态破坏行为,造成流域水环境质量日趋恶化.提出了完善农村非点源污染控制工程建设、完善城区面源污染控制设施建设、完善工业废水处理系统建设和实施河道用水优化改造工程等综合整治措施.     

基于SWAT模型对武烈河流域不同水期的水环境治理项目效益分析研究

基于SWAT模型,以武烈河流域为例,研究流域不同类型水环境治理项目在不同水期的环境效益净值,为流域优化管理提供技术支持。结果表明:水环境治理对考核断面水质的改善情况,在不同水期存在一定的差异性。丰水期的COD和氨氮是枯水期的2~16倍,是平水期的1~3倍;平水期的COD和氨氮是枯水期的1~8倍。在枯水期和平水期,城镇生活污染治理项目对雹神庙断面COD和氨氮的改善贡献程度最大;在丰水期,农村面源污染治理项目对雹神庙断面COD和氨氮的改善贡献程度最大。     

基于SWAT模型的滹沱河流域氨氮污染负荷结构

基于SWAT模型研究了滹沱河流域内氨氮污染负荷结构,为区域水污染控制和水质改善提供依据。分析表明,不同水期各子流域氨氮污染负荷结构具有一定的差异性。从全年整体来看,生活氨氮污染负荷最大,农业次之,工业最小,与平、枯水期一致;丰水期农业氨氮污染负荷最大,生活次之,工业最小。     

基于SWAT模型的湿地系统非点源污染模拟研究

采用SWAT模型对天津临港生态湿地公园进行径流与非点源污染模拟,利用2012年10月至2014年9月的径流量实测值及降雨数据率定模型的参数,应用2014年10月至2015年9月的实测数据验证模型,并通过纳什模拟系数(Ens)、日平均径流相对误差(Er)以及决定系数(r~2)判断模型的准确性。结果表明:(1)SWAT模型在临港生态湿地公园的径流模拟情况基本良好,可为其非点源污染模拟提供可靠的模型基础;(2)结合2014年进、出口水质实测数据,可以计算临港湿地公园对氮、磷污染物的降解能力。     

基于InfoWorks ICM模型的白龙江流域甘肃段水质模拟及分析

针对白龙江沿岸农业种植、畜禽养殖等产业发展影响河流水质的问题,以甘肃省南部白龙江流域为研究对象,采用改进输出系数模型计算丰、平、枯水年等典型水文情景下流域内工业、农村生活垃圾、农村生活污水、畜禽养殖、城镇生活污水、城镇径流和农田径流等污染源污染负荷,基于InfoWorks ICM构建了白龙江水动力水质模型,模拟分析COD、TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP等污染负荷分布特征,评估了最不利水文条件下白龙江水质污染风险,验证了该模型在流域水质污染模拟评估的适用性。研究结果表明,不同水文情景下污染物入河负荷主要来源存在显著差异,如丰水年和平水年农田径流是COD污染的主要来源,污染负荷分别达到1 382.56、1 058.98 t,而枯水年污染源主要是城镇径流。污染物负荷存在明显空间差异,研究区内子流域污染负荷空间分布不均匀,高污染负荷主要出现在中下游子流域。白龙江水质在汛期和非汛期差异较大,非汛期水质更差。通过模拟最不利水文情景(枯水年非汛期)发现,研究区内白龙江NH₄⁺-N浓度最大位置出现在中下游,最高可达1.4...     

太湖苕溪流域农业面源污染评价及对策

苕溪水系是太湖的重要支流,其总流量的70％入太湖.近年来沿水系农业发展带来的面源污染问题日益突出,在一定程度上影响了太湖的水源环境.通过对苕溪流域农业面源污染的调查和评价发现:流域种植业化肥TN污染负荷率高达98.03％,TP为1.97％；畜禽养殖粪便COD污染负荷率达74.91％,TN为20.59％,TP为4.50％；淡水养殖中精养鱼塘污染物TN污染负荷率达54.15％,COD为39.95％,TP为5.90％.针对这一现状,提出了太湖苕溪流域环境友好型农业发展的对策建议.     

清潩河许昌段表层沉积物污染评价

为了解水质污染对沉积物质量的影响,在清潩河许昌段河道内采集10个代表性点位处的沉积物样品,对pH、有机质、总氮、总磷、Cu、Zn、As、Cr和Pb含量进行分析,根据环境背景值或生态风险阈值对各指标及各点位的污染状况进行评价,与文献中报道的其他流域沉积物中污染物含量进行了对比,并对清潩河河道沉积物的污染原因进行分析。结果表明,清潩河河道表层沉积物整体处于污染状态,部分河道为重污染;与其他流域相比,清潩河河道表层沉积物中有机质、总氮和总磷的污染程度比较严重,尤其总氮的污染尤为突出。水资源匮乏、造纸厂及城镇污水处理厂的排污是造成上述结果的主要原因。     

基于SWAT模型的大宁河流域污染物负荷分布特性分析

为了给流域污染物总量控制及分配工作提供理论依据，利用SWAT模型分析了大宁河巫溪水文站控制流域污染物负荷分布特性，结果表明：耕地是泥沙和总磷污染的主要来源，泥沙和总磷负荷分别占整个流域的95%和50%以上；后溪河流域是整个流域内污染负荷最高的支流流域，泥沙贡献率为46.02%，总磷负荷贡献率为60.15%；流域西南部的土壤侵蚀现象较为严重，尤其是子流域17和20；东溪河内子流域7是总磷负荷较高的地区，应重点进行控制。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.