周期性的温度扰动对藻类群落结构演替的影响

为了研究水库生境扰动对藻类水华的作用机制,以中度扰动理论为基础,结合藻类群落生境选择学说和藻类生态功能组,开展了不同温度扰动周期、相同扰动幅度下藻类多样性变化特性和群落结构演替特征的室内控制实验.结果表明:1适度的扰动会促进藻类的生长且增加其多样性.中度扰动组Δ22℃/48 h藻类生物量最大,但多样性最高,不存在绝对占优藻种,而高频次扰动组Δ22℃/24 h生物多样性较小,但可降低藻类生物量.2温度的周期性变化对浮游藻类群落的演替有明显的影响,优势种也呈现一定的差异性.藻类优势功能组演替基本规律为:X_1(小球藻)→J(栅藻)→S_1(席藻)或X_2(衣藻),群落结构呈现出C/CR型藻类先行占优向R型演替的趋势.高温扰动频繁时,R型藻类(S_1)明显占优;无扰动或低扰动时,群落结构组成特点以C/R策略为主.适度的扰动组Δ22℃/48 h形成了多种生长策略的藻类共存的格局,且耐受高温胁迫的S策略藻类(L_0)开始出现.     

藓类附生原生动物群落对汞铊矿重金属污染的监测

应用群落多样性特征指数和冗余分析法(RDA),对黔西南滥木厂汞铊矿的矿渣、废石、矿体和附近的石灰岩上的藓类附生原生动物与重金属污染的关系进行研究.经显微镜检,共发现藓类附生原生动物群落物种数为75种,原生动物丰度范围在2～504个.g-1.群落多样性指数结果表明,矿渣的重金属污染最严重.RDA分析结果表明,重金属污染对藓类附生原生动物群落结构变化有明显的影响,有些种类对重金属污染十分敏感或有一定的耐性.因此,藓类附生原生动物群落可用来监测矿区生态系统的重金属污染.     

膜生物反应器系统中原生动物的群落特征

与常规生物处理工艺相比,膜生物反应器(MBR)系统由于污泥停留时间长、污泥浓度高等特点,因此反应器内微生物种群结构呈现不同的特点.通过对MBR系统中原生动物的群落结构进行为期近2年连续的监测结果表明,过长的污泥龄对系统中原生动物的种类与数量均有负面的影响.研究发现:①在长期不排泥的MBR系统中,当环境温度从11℃上升到25℃,原生动物的多样性呈显著上升趋势;②当污泥龄从350 d下降到30 d,MBR系统中原生动物的种类与数量明显增加.特别在较低的环境温度条件下,系统中原生动物的种类与数量随着污泥龄的缩短呈显著的上升趋势;③与相同污泥龄(SRT=30d)的氧化沟(TOD)系统相比,MBR的污泥中原生动物的种类与数量均低于TOD.     

氰戊菊酯和锐劲特对原生动物群落的联合毒性试验研究

氰戊菊酯和锐劲特两种农药被广泛用于茶树、果树、水稻、蔬菜等的病虫害防治,它们同时出现在同一环境中的机会非常多,但有关两种农药对生态系统的复合毒性效应却未见有研究报道.与单种生物毒性试验相比,群落级生物毒性试验对毒物胁迫的反映更具环境真实性.以PFU在天然淡水中采集到的原生动物群落为靶生物,研究了氰戊菊酯和锐劲特2种农药对淡水原生动物群落的毒性效应,对于水生生态环境的保护有特殊的意义.研究结果表明,2种农药单独存在时对原生动物群落的48h半数致死浓度分别为15 93mg·L-1和35 83mg·L-1;2种物质以等毒性比(单一LC50的比值)混和,进行联合毒性试验研究,用Marking相加指数法进行评价,其AI值为0 9,表现为协同作用.氰戊菊酯和锐劲特进入水环境后,将使水环境中原生动物群落的结构和组成发生变化,原生动物种类数减少,群落结构变得简单.在所有种类中,纤毛虫受损最大,水生生态系统的物质循环和能量流动将会受到一定程度的影响.     

城固茶园土壤原生动物群落结构与物种多样性调查

本文用活体观察和固定染色方法对城固茶园土壤原生动物的群落特征进行了调查,共鉴定出土壤原生动物39种,隶属于7纲、14目。研究结果表明,城固茶园土壤原生动物群落结构简单化。     

餐厨垃圾中温与中高温过渡区厌氧产沼效率研究

以餐厨垃圾为研究对象,采用连续动态发酵试验,探究中温和中高温过渡区下餐厨垃圾连续厌氧发酵产沼及其微生物分布情况。结果表明:餐厨垃圾连续发酵试验中,在同等有机负荷下,中高温过渡区温度(44℃)下餐厨垃圾产沼量、甲烷浓度及发酵液关键参数等均明显优于中温(38℃)发酵温度下的发酵系统,其产沼率更高、发酵参数更为稳定。高通量微生物测序发现,44℃和38℃发酵体系中,细菌的群落结构及丰富度差异显著,而古细菌的群落结构及丰富度则差异不显著,表明餐厨垃圾在44℃发酵温度下的发酵性能优于38℃的主要原因在于其更加丰富的发酵型细菌的存在促进了发酵过程水解、产酸阶段的进一步进行,从而利于甲烷微生物的消化利用。     

寒旱地区填埋场调蓄池新鲜渗滤液稳定化影响因素

为探索寒旱地区填埋场渗滤液实现生物稳定化的简便方法,本试验选择3种代表不同填埋龄期水质特征的渗滤液,在模拟调蓄池的厌氧环境中,按照4因素、3水平的正交规则,试验评估了渗滤液浓度(3.8,15.4,64.0g-COD/L)、污泥接种量(1,2,4g-VS/L)、搅拌频率(0,2,4次/h)、温度(10、20、30℃)4个因素对填埋场渗滤液生物稳定的影响.结果表明,渗滤液浓度和温度是影响稳定的主要因素.浓度最低(3.8g-COD/L)、温度最高(30℃)工况稳定时间最短(58d);浓度最高(64.0g-COD/L)工况仅在30℃下能在试验期(208d)内达到稳定.各试验组微生物群落结构分析表明,中低浓度(3.8和15.4g-COD/L)渗滤液各试验组古菌和细菌的群落结构基本相似,厌氧产甲烷代谢以Methanosaeta专营的乙酸营养型产甲烷途径为主;而高浓度(64.0g-COD/L)、30℃组达到稳定过程中,古菌和细菌群落发生明显演化,氢营养型产甲烷菌Methanofolli和Methanoculleus逐步富集且互营乙酸氧化菌属丰富的Firmicutes菌门的丰度增至80%以上,厌氧产甲...     

锐劲特和高效氯氰菊酯对原生动物群落的联合毒性

与以单种生物为受试对象的毒性试验相比 ,群落级生物毒性试验更接近自然环境 ,更具有现实意义 .本文以淡水中原生动物群落为试验对象对锐劲特和高效氯氰菊酯的急性毒性和联合毒性进行研究 .实验结果表明 ,锐劲特、高效氯氰菊酯对原生动物群落的48h LC₅₀ 分别为35.83mg·L^-1,1.92mg·L^-1.锐劲特 高效氯氰菊酯联合毒性测定是以等毒性比混配 (配比为18.6∶1)进行的 ,其48h联合毒性相加指数AI为-0.08,两者表现为弱的拮抗作用 .在低剂量锐劲特和高效氯氰菊酯的联合作用下 ,原生动物群落功能类群发生变化 ,食藻类和食肉类原生动物种类和数量将减少 ,而食菌和碎屑类原生动物将成为相对优势种类 .     

活性污泥中PFU原生动物群落的作用和意义

原生动物是水生生态系统食物链中重要环节,发挥着十分重要的生态功能作用.在水环境质量变化评价与发展趋势预测中,在水质监测应用方面,PFU原生动物群落显示了其它较高等生物类群无法比拟的很多优点.文章阐述了活性污泥中PFU原生动物群落的特征,重点介绍了活性污泥中PFU原生动物的应用,同时指出了应用中该注意的问题.     

强化生物除磷系统微生物群落结构对水温变化响应的试验研究

在富集聚磷菌(PAOs)且具有较高磷去除率的强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统中,通过对系统水温的控制,研究了EBPR系统微生物群落结构对温度升高和恢复的响应.结果表明,运行温度上升后,EBPR系统除磷效率急速下降.处理水温为25℃和30℃的系统恢复至20℃运行后能够恢复至原始的良好除磷状态,而处理水温为35℃的系统崩溃(磷...     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.