对地表水中高锰酸盐指数测定的改进

报道了直火加热回流反应代替水浴锅加热反应，快速测定地表水中高锰酸盐指数的方法。与标准方法相比较，加热煮沸时间由30min缩短至10min，节省了电量，避免了室内环境污染。     

双组分VOCs的催化氧化及动力学分析

考察了微波加热与管式炉加热下挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)甲苯与氯苯的催化氧化性能,并对双组分VOCs的反应动力学进行了分析.结果表明,VOCs的竞争吸附使得双组分中甲苯和氯苯的转化率比单组分降低3%~12%;微波的"热点效应"与"非热效应"使得VOCs转化效率明显优于管式炉加热,尤其是氯苯的转化率提高了31%~38%;微波加热降低了氧化反应温度和处理能耗.动力学分析表明,微波加热下甲苯和氯苯的反应活化能比管式炉加热下减少了2146 J·mol-1和1450J·mol-1,微波加热下氯苯的化学反应速率常数是管式炉加热的35倍,甲苯的反应速率常数提高了6倍.     

高锰酸盐指数测定过程中的几个重要环节

总结出在高锰酸盐指数测定过程中应注意标准溶液配制、实验用水、加热反应的温度、加热反应的时间、高锰酸钾溶液、(1+5)H2SO4溶液的配制、空白值处理、实验器具选择、终点确定等环节,给出了解决方法与经验.     

微波作用下过氧化氢氧化孔雀石绿染料废水研究

在微波作用下,H2O2可以高效氧化处理高浓度孔雀石绿(MG)模拟染料废水.经实验结果分析可知:含3.00%H2O2的400mg·L-1的MG溶液在输出功率为700W的微波辐射中反应8min脱色率就可达99.0%以上;效果明显优于相同条件下的电炉加热(82.5%)和日光照射(2.08%)两种处理方法.且经计算可知:无论是微波辐射还是电炉加热,孔雀石绿的氧化反应均符合一级反应动力学规律,但微波反应的速率常数(0.725)明显高于电炉加热的速率常数(0.443),充分体现了微波辐射在处理MG废水时的优越性.     

膜萃取处理高盐水杨酸废水传质特性研究

采用膜萃取分离法处理高盐水杨酸废水。讨论了料液流量F、反应温度T、萃取液pH值、料液进水浓度Cf,in等因素对膜传质性能和水杨酸去除效果的影响。结果表明:总传质系数Kov受料液流量和反应温度两因素影响较大;在Cf,in=854.2±19.7 mg/L、F=3 L/d、T=323 K、萃取液侧pH=11.5±0.2、膜管长L=50 m的条件下,水杨酸去除率可达97%。     

水浴消解—原子荧光光度法测定土壤中的汞

介绍了用(1+1)王水在沸水浴中加热消解土壤样品,再利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法测定土壤中汞的方法,确定最佳氢化物反应条件。     

过硫酸钾溶液对测定总氮的影响

通过对过硫酸钾的配制方法,加热时的水浴温度,反应介质条件及其纯度等因素对总氮测定结果影响的讨论,提出了过硫酸钾有效的配制方法及其纯度要求,以进一步提高总氮测定的准确度.     

不同加热法对地表水中高锰酸盐指数测定影响的探讨

本文对高锰酸盐指数标准测定法进行探讨，以直火加热回流反应代替水浴锅加热反应快速测定地表水中的高锰酸盐指数，与标准法比较加热时间由１．５小时缩短至２０分钟，耗电费用降低４８％     

印刷线路板热处理过程中HBr析出特性研究

利用热重红外联用和管式炉研究了溴化环氧树脂线路板热处理过程中HBr的析出特性。结果表明:HBr主要在线路板快速失重阶段(300~380℃)析出;加热方式对HBr的析出有很大影响,非等温加热方式下,在380℃以上,反应温度对HBr的析出影响不大。等温加热方式下,反应温度的提高有利于HBr的析出,而且HBr释放量显著高于非等温加热方式;在高温下HBr的析出量随氧分压的增加呈现增大的趋势。     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

Commuter exposure to BTEX in public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand

Measurements and monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been conducted in the metropolitan Bangkok. However, in-vehicle levels of VOCs are still lacking. This study investigated VOCs concentrations in four public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand during two rush hour periods (7:00-9:00 a.m. and 4:00-7:00 p.m.). The four modes included an air-conditioned bus (A/C bus), non-air-conditioned bus (non-A/C bus), electric sky train, and a passenger boat traveling along the canal. Comparison among three important bus routes was also studied. In-vehicle air samples were collected using charcoal sorbent tubes and then analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results showed that the transportation modes significantly influenced the abundance of in-vehicle benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene (BTEX). Median concentrations of BTEX were 11.7, 103, 11.7, and 42.8 μg/m3 in A/C bus; 37.1, 174, 14.7, and 55.4 μg/m3 in non-A/C bus; 2.0, 36.9, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/m3 in sky train; and 3.1, 58.5, 0.5, and 6.2 μg/m3 in boat, respectively. Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that toluene and m,p-xylene in the sky trains were statistically lower than that in the other three modes at a p-value of 0.05. There were statistical differences in TEX concentrations among the bus routes in the non-A/C buses. In addition, the benzene to toluene ratios implied that tail-pipe emissions were important contributor to the abundance of in-vehicle VOCs.     

Sulfur cycle in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The sulfur cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system was studied using a compartment model in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast China. The results showed that in the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem, soil was the main storage compartment and current hinge of sulfur in which 98.4% sulfur was accumulated, while only 1.6% sulfur was accumulated in the plant compartment. In the plant subsystem, roots and litters were the main storage compartment of sulfur and they remained 83.5% of the total plant sulfur. The calculations of sulfur turnover through the compartments of the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem demonstrated that the above-ground component took up 0.99 gS/m2 from the root, of which 0.16 gS/m2 was translocated to the roots and 0.83 gS/m2 to the litter. The roots took in 1.05 gS/m2 from the soil, subsequent translocation back to the soil accounted for 1.31 gS/m2, while there was 1.84 gS/m2 in the litter and the net transfer of sulfur to the soil was more than 0.44 gS/(m2·a). The emission of H2S from the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.83 mgS/(m2·a), while carbonyl sulfide (COS) was absorbed by the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem from the atmosphere at the rate of 1.76 mgS/(m2·a). The input of sulfur by the rainfall to the ecosystem was 4.85 mgS/m2 during the growing season. The difference between input and output was 4.78 mgS/m2, which indicated that sulfur was accumulated in the ecosystem and may cause wetland acidify in the future.     

水解污泥对淀粉水解反应的动力学研究

考察了淀粉水溶液在兼性水解污泥中的水解吸附动力学过程。具体分析了淀粉水解过程包含的水解污泥吸附、胞外酶水解和水解产物降解3个阶段。并运用SPSS和MATLAB等数学统计软件对3个阶段的实验结果进行分析,使用多种拟合方法建立水解酸化过程中的动力学模型,通过数学模型尽可能解释和表征水解反应机理。分析结果表明:(1)水解污泥经驯化具有良好的吸附和水解性能。(2)对吸附平衡过程中的动力学方程拟合Lagergren的一级吸附速率方程和二级吸附速率方程都可以拟合淀粉吸附平衡过程,而二级吸附速率方程优于一级吸附速率方程。二级吸附速率方程可以计算出平衡吸附量,具有一定的优势。(3)对水解过程的实验数据进行多项式拟合可以得到四阶多项式方程。(4)淀粉水解产物降解反应为1级反应。反应速率常数为0.000 569/m in,反应动力学方程式St=826.628-e 0.000 569 t。     

装药结构热安全性试验方法及其特点分析

目的 在装药结构的热安全性试验时选择合理的加热方法.方法 从燃料、加热速率、温度范围、温度可控性、温区可控性、对试件影响等方面对开放油池火烧、可控喷射火烧、红外辐射灯阵、电加热带、电加热箱等常用的加热方式进行对比分析.结果 对于快烤加载,红外辐射灯阵兼具开放油池火烧和可控喷射火烧的优势,能够实现温度为800～1200℃、升温速率不低于200℃/s、温度控制偏差不大于5％的模拟火烧温度稳定控制,且具备清洁环保的优势;对于慢烤加载,红外辐射灯阵兼具电加热带和电加热炉加载的优势,能够实现温升速率3.3℃/h～1.0℃/min可调节,加热温度不低于400℃,温度分区不低于4个的分区慢速烤燃温度控制,且不会给试样反应等级带来额外影响.结论 合理选择慢烤、快烤加热方式,避免对装药结构的反应等级产生影响,是装药结构的热安全性试验时需重视的一个问题.     

Landfill leachate production, quality and recirculation treatment in northeast China

Introduction Landfill is still the m ost com m on w ay to treat m ore and m ore m unicipal solid w aste (M SW ) in all over the w orld, especially in C hina (Feng and C hen, 2000). H ow ever, the leachate produced from landfill is very com plicated and va…     

Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Beijing, China

The distribution and source of the solvent-extractable organic and inorganic components in PM 2.5(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 2.5 microns),and PM 10(aerodynamics equivalent diameter below 10 microns) fractions of airborne particles were studied weekly from September 2006 to August 2007 in Beijing.The extracted organic and inorganic compounds identified in both particle size ranges consisted of n-alkanes,PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons),fatty acids and water soluble ions.The potential emission sources of these organic compounds were reconciled by combining the values of n-alkane carbon preference index(CPI),%waxC n,selected diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis in both size ranges.The mean cumulative concentrations of n-alkanes reached 1128.65ng/m3 in Beijing,74% of which(i.e.,831.7ng/m3) was in the PM 2.5 fraction,PAHs reached 136.45ng/m3(113.44ng/m3 or 83% in PM 2.5),and fatty acids reached 436.99ng/m3(324.41ng/m3 or 74% in PM 2.5),which resulted in overall enrichment in the fine particles.The average concentrations of SO42-,NO3-,and NH4+ were 21.3±15.2,6.1±1.8,12.5±6.1μg/m3 in PM 2.5,and 25.8±15.5,8.9±2.6,16.9±9.5μg/m3 in PM 10,respectively.These three secondary ions primarily existed as ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4),ammonium bisulfate(NH4HSO4) and ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3).The characteristic ratios of PAHs revealed that the primary sources of PAHs were coal combustion,followed by gasoline combustion.The ratios of stearic/palmitic acid indicated the major contribution of vehicle emissions to fatty acids in airborne particles.The major alkane sources were biogenic sources and fossil fuel combustion.The major sources of PAHs were vehicular emission and coal combustion.     

钙盐沉淀法处理集成电路工业含氟废水影响因素研究

研究了钙盐的投加量、pH值以及反应后的静置时间等因素在常温下对氢氧化钙和氯化钙两种钙盐用于处理某集成电路工业含氟废水的影响。结果表明,氢氧化钙在处理该废水过程中优于氯化钙;当达到理论投加量的200%时,pH=8.0左右,静置60m in后,处理初始氟浓度为500mg/L的集成电路工业废水,其出水可以达到污水排放一级标准。     

构建绥江县应急环境监测体系初探

采用电热干燥箱加热和重铬酸钾法中的变阻电炉回流加热氧化方法,对同一标样和同一水样进行化学需氧量测定,两种方法测得的结果无显著差异,即用电热鼓风干燥箱加热代替标准方法回流加热氧化测定水质化学需氧量,方法可行.替代方法提高了工作效率,也降低了分析成本.     

Fenton法处理中药废水的研究

采用Fenton氧化技术对中药废水进行实验处理,对主要操作条件及其对实验处理效果的影响进行了实验研究。主要考察了废水pH、H2O2投加量、Fe^2＋投加量及温度等对废水中CODcr去除率的影响。实验结果显示,在pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为4/5Qth,Fe^2＋浓度为7.9×10^-3mol.L-1,20℃的情况下反应80 m in后CODcr去除率可以达到71.40%,Fenton氧化反应对中药废水有比较好的处理效果,改善了废水的可生化性,有利于进一步进行生化处理。     

在快速加热条件下燃料油污染土壤的热处理

颗粒为63～125μm未被污染或被含4％或7％水份的燃料油所污染的一批美国EPA合成土壤标本,在预先选定的温度、时间下做了条件试验,即对加热速度、最后温度、加热时间、大片土地的污染水平和表面污染物清除率都做了研究,在