国内乡村景观研究进展

乡村旅游近年来在国内发展非常迅速,而乡村景观是乡村旅游得以发展的主要支撑。以1994-2007年中国期刊网上所收录的公开出版发行的自然科学类、科学技术类、旅游类等中文期刊为主要范围,对国内乡村景观发展文献进行了统计分析,分别从论文发表年度以及研究内容等方面进行了研究,最后提出了国内在乡村景观研究中的不足和发展趋势。     

中国传统村镇旅游发展研究20年历程与展望

通过对1989-2410年我国传统村镇旅游发展的研究历程分析表明,研究存在重复性文献多、理论深度不够、缺乏多学科深度结合和方法论不清晰等问题,提出今后应加强有关宏观政策的研究及与其他学科的融合,要特别注意传统村镇可持续发展、非物质文化遗产保护和社会服务功能等方面的研究,进一步推动传统村镇旅游健康发展.     

国内旅游空间结构研究进展

对国内期刊2000年以来刊载的有关旅游空间结构的152篇文献进行统计、分类和总结。结果发现：国内旅游空间结构的研究主要集中于基础理论研究,旅游空间组织形态研究,旅游空间结构模式、演化与优化研究,旅游流空间结构研究,旅游空间相互作用研究,旅游空间结构影响研究,旅游空间发展战略研究和其他研究等方面。指出了当前研究中存在的问题。     

知识图谱视角下国内旅游演艺的研究进展与演化趋势述评

旅游演艺是文化旅游的重要组成部分和文旅融合的重要载体。运用CiteSpace可视化分析软件对中国知网收录的相关研究文献进行分析。结果表明:①国内旅游演艺研究的年发文量呈上升势头,先后经历了1996—2007年的起步发展时期、2008—2013年的急剧发展时期和2014—2019年的稳定发展时期。②目前国内旅游演艺主要发文期刊级别相对较低,主要发文期刊的学科和专题分布较广。③旅游演艺研究作者和机构间需进一步加强合作。④国内旅游演艺的研究热点主要集中在"旅游演艺产品"、"山水实景演出"、"《印象·刘三姐》"、"张家界"、"文化产业"、"创新"、"文化旅游"等方面。基于上述分析,从研究方向和研究方法两个方面为我国旅游演艺未来研究指明路径。     

国内外民宿旅游研究进展

随着我国新型城镇化和乡村旅游的发展,民宿旅游受到高度重视。通过在中国知识资源总库、Elsevier期刊数据库等进行文献检索,系统梳理了国内外民宿旅游的研究状况。国外民宿旅游研究较成熟,主要集中在产业、企业和相关群体行为等理论角度分析;国内民宿旅游研究相对较晚,偏重实际运用,主要包括民宿社区居民与旅游者行为研究、民宿旅游发展及对策等研究。从研究对象、研究视角、研究方法角度进行评述和展望,提出未来国内研究要注重研究角度,学习国外的成功经验和思维方法,注意追踪和对比学习,这样有助于加强民宿旅游的理论研究,进一步认识和推动我国民宿旅游实践。     

国内外旅游网络平台研究进展与基金项目资助

通过对国内外1979—2019年的831篇文献进行梳理、归纳与总结,从年度载文数量、来源期刊类型、作者发文篇数等6个方面入手,分析比较了国内外旅游网络平台的研究现状、研究热点及进展,研究依次分为起步阶段、拓展阶段与提升阶段。结果表明:①国外对旅游网络平台的研究已进入提升阶段,国内正处于拓展阶段。②国内外均采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,国内定量的数学模型相对简单,国外定量的数学模型相对复杂。③国内外“以人为本”为切入点研究旅游活动主体——旅游者的需求,国内侧重旅游网络平台的设计和营销及实例等,国外侧重研究个性化定制的旅游网络平台。通过对国内外基金项目资助的发文量分析,展望了国内外旅游网络平台发展的新动态。     

国内外“食”旅游:“Food Tourism”“美食旅游”“饮食旅游”研究比较

基于文献研究法,对国内外1996—2020年721篇文献进行了梳理、归纳与总结,从年度载文量、来源期刊类型、基金项目资助等入手,比较了国内外“食”旅游:“Food Tourism”“美食旅游”“饮食旅游”的研究现状、热点及进展。结果表明:①国外“食”旅游研究已进入成熟阶段,国内正处拓展阶段。②国内外均采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法,国内以定性分析为主,而定量方法相对简单,国外定量方法趋于多元化、复杂化。③国内学者对“美食旅游”“饮食旅游”分别进行了研究。④文献研究得知,韩国“食”旅游研究对全球“食”旅游研究贡献巨大。     

旅游循环经济的国内研究述评

对1999年以来我国有关旅游循环经济的研究进行述评.通过文献分析发现,当前国内对旅游循环经济的研究主要集中在旅游循环经济与可持续发展研究、区域旅游循环经济研究、旅游循环经济模式研究以及旅游循环经济支撑体系和指标体系的研究等方面.探讨了当前研究存在的不足,指出了今后我国旅游循环经济研究的发展方向.     

国际旅游研究格局变迁研究以ATR、TM和JTR为例

《旅游研究纪事》(Annals of Tourism Research)、《旅游管理》(Tourism Management)和《旅游研究杂志》(Journals of Tourism Research)是国际权威的旅游研究期刊。基于这三大国际权威旅游期刊,选取1980—1989年、1992—2001年和2004—2013年三个十年,从刊文学者的空间变迁、单位变迁和个体变迁三个角度,采用SPSS20.0软件进行数据分析,以期对国际旅游研究格局的变迁进行全面的把握,并对中国旅游研究的国际化发展进行深入思考。     

我国旅游容量研究现状与展望CSSCI

随着旅游业的快速发展,旅游区超载问题变得日益严重,因此为旅游区制定科学的旅游容量是保证旅游区可持续发展的有效手段。当前国内旅游容量学术研究缺乏创新,逐渐进入瓶颈阶段;旅游容量指标脱离实际,且调控手段不能满足景区的实际需求,使旅游容量的功能并没有得到很好的发挥。从旅游容量概念、旅游容量模型、旅游容量管理等多个方面对我国旅游容量研究进行了梳理与总结,指出当前旅游容量研究存在定义不统一、指标缺乏规范、动态研究不深入、应用性不强的问题,并从规范指标体系构建、加强系统动力学模型研究、深化文物古迹类景区实证研究、推动管理创新研究等四个方面对旅游容量的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.