美国环境监测QA/QC的进展及对我们的启示

本文着重介绍质量保证与质量控制在环境监测中(特别是有机物监测中)应用的意义。美国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制是如何认识和行动的,我国环境保护部门对质量保证与质量控制的认识,以及本文作者分别就自己的经验谈对QA/QC的体会,和在监测科研中对我国各级环境监测实验室推行QA/QC的建议。      

浅谈环境监测的质量保证

介绍了环境监测数据质量管理体系，包括3大基本要素：质量管理计划（QMP），质量控制（QC），质量评价和审核（QA）。     

GC-MS法在测定河口海岸环境样品中有机锡化合物的应用

本文对环境样品中有机锡化合物的GC -MS测定技术进展情况作了分析 ,看到其有了新的突破 ,如大体积进样、现场衍生化、QA QC的新手段以及自动化技术的应用等 ,GC -MS测有机锡正越来越受人青睐。     

珠江三角洲沉积物中毒害有机物的污染现状及评价

参照美国EPA8000系列方法及质量保证和质量控制(QA/QC),对珠江三角洲河流和河口表层沉积物中的有机氯农药、多氯联苯(PCBs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析。与世界各地表层沉积物中毒害有机污染物的浓度进行对比,分析了珠江三角洲地区沉积物的污染现状;与国外生态风险评价标准对比表明,广州河段和澳门河口的沉积物为高生态风险区。      

网络自动质控在空气优化布点监测中的应用

文章介绍了粤港珠江三角洲空气监控系统QA/QC标准操作程序,在固定-移动自动监测相结合的城市空气优化布点监测当中的应用。使用自动化的网络远程质控技术,轻松实现了全方位、多项目、高频次的质控操作和统计,得出了对子站成效审核的结果。尝试用粤港质控体系对移动子站进行管理,探讨了移动子站在高强度的网格实测中的质量管理注意事项。     

应急监测分析方法存在的问题及建议

环境污染事故应急监测工作是处置突发性环境污染事故的前提和保证,而应急监测分析方法则是开展环境污染事故应急监测工作的基础和手段.通过对中国环境应急监测分析方法的现状、使用情况的阐述,同时结合三个实际案例,指出了存在的主要问题;并针对性的提出了建立和完善环境监测分析方法体系、对现有环境监测分析方法进行技术分级、重视应急监测期间的质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC)工作、加强监测人员应急监测技术培训等四点建议.     

环境中有机氯农药测定的质量保证和质量控制

在建立双柱双ECD的GC测定有机氯农药分析方法的同时,结合美国环境有机污染物的质量控制技术,引入了代用品(surrogate)、标样校准(CCV)等新方法,建立从样品分析前、样品预处理、样品分析过程中到数据报告的一整套有机氯农药分析QA/QC,以期得到更准确的临测数据,提升临测水平,更好地为客户服务.     

浅谈环境空气自动监测系统中的质量保证和质量控制措施

环境空气自动监测数据的质量与质量保证和质量控制(QA/QC)措施息息相关,质量保证和质量控制措施的顺利开展和工作人员的素质、管理机制的完善程度、监测仪器设备的性能等有直接的关系,只有将质量保证与质量控制始终贯穿于环境空气自动监测的全过程,才能确保监测数据的准确性、代表性、精密性、可比性和完整性,才能为环境管理提供切实可行的技术支撑和科学决策。     

均相Co(Ⅱ)/PMS体系对二氯喹啉酸的降解特性研究

采用高级氧化技术,以Co2+为催化剂分解单过氧硫酸氢钾(PMS)所产生的强氧化性硫酸根自由基(SO4·-)降解水中的二氯喹啉酸(QC).考察了PMS用量、Co(Ⅱ)/PMS比值和Cl-浓度以及QC初始浓度对该均相Co(Ⅱ)/PMS体系降解QC的影响.结果表明,QC的降解遵循准一级动力学过程.当QC初始浓度在0.02~0.2mmol/L时,QC的降解速率随着QC/PMS比值的降低而增大,但当QC/PMS比值小于1/100时,则相反.QC的降解速率随着PMS浓度升高而线性增大,当PMS浓度为32mmol/L时,4h内QC的降解率可达94%.增大Co(Ⅱ)/PMS的摩尔比能够促进QC的降解,而Cl-对QC的降解有一定的抑制作用.LC/MS分析结果表明,3,7-二氯-8-羟基喹啉和7-氯-8-喹啉甲醛为QC降解过程中两种主要的中间产物.     

湖泊水库底质重金属含量测定中的全程质量保证

利用采样和分析全程质量控制程序（SAX），对于长春市3个主要湖泊。水库底质中5种重金属元素的采样和分析全过程进行了质量控制（QC）实例研究。实验采用了平行采样、平行分析的设计方案，并进行了空白实验，均一样品重复分析及加标回收率的测定。然后利用稳健方差分析（Robust ANOVAR）计算了采样分析全过程中的地理方差、采样方差和分析方差．并对整个质控过程按照适目的性原则（FFP）进行评价。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

中国资源型城市的高质量发展：困境与突破

资源型城市的高质量发展具有重大的战略意义。为清晰认识中国资源型城市转型存在的问题以及高质量发展的路径,邀请来自不同领域的十位专家就当前资源型城市高质量发展的主要困境与突破路径等研究前沿进行访谈,访谈结果表明：中国资源型城市转型取得了巨大成绩,但距离高质量发展的要求仍有较大距离,突出表现在经济发展仍未能摆脱资源依赖的发展路径、推动高质量发展的新要素集聚偏弱和碳减排目标下资源型城市的内、外部均面临着巨大的压力;新时期需要重新认识资源型城市的作用和地位,提升资源型城市保障国家资源能源安全的能力;在深刻把握传统资源禀赋概念内涵基础上实现对新资源体系的再认知,注意挖掘新资源,充实资源型城市研究的新知识体系;要针对不同类型的资源型城市的发展条件,分类施策,因地制宜推动资源型城市的创新发展;要继续提高经济增长的就业弹性,增强经济发展拉动就业的能力,并充分重视就业机会的创造和培育;要加快探索绿色、高效的转型发展道路,同步实现“存量”的绿色化和“增量”的绿色性;要综合考虑资源型城市开发基础和要素资源条件,从传统的“增长和扩张型”转变为“高效增长与精明收缩结合型”发展模式;要整合新数据与新技术方法科学/智...     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.     

汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

基于电子鼻土壤与地下水污染修复现场TVOC和恶臭的评估

根据上海某土壤与地下水污染修复现场情况,应用自主研发的电子鼻系统(iSA-M1)分别对未修复及修复过程中的土壤和地下水、修复场地上空及周边空气中的VOCs和恶臭类气体进行检测.结合前期研究所得TPI和OPI公式,求得各点的值,并将其用图表示.结果表明:①修复后TVOC和恶臭的浓度总体呈下降趋势;②在土壤和地下水修复过程中,VOCs和恶臭的挥发受气象要素和作业的影响,其浓度在总体下降的过程中伴随着阶段性上升现象;③结合GIS技术,电子鼻能初步用于评估土壤和地下水修复现场造成的空间污染情况及对周围居民产生的影响.但造成影响程度的具体细化分级还需要进一步研究.     

滑坡位移的时序分析——以楚勐公路K64+200～K64+228路基滑坡为例

基于楚勐公路K64+200～K64+228路基滑坡位移观测资料,运用分形几何中的时间序列分析方法对滑坡位移变化规律进行深入研究,发现滑坡位移的赫斯特指数H与时间相关函数C(t)随着滑坡失稳程度的加剧呈现明显的下降趋势.研究表明:①2010年1月至7月,ZK2、ZK10和 ZK11的月均位移处于递增状态,位移的H与C(t...     

野生动物资源的保护与持续利用

本文从非洲南部的大象、澳大利亚的大袋鼠到北美的野生动物管理体制、欧洲的野生动物狩猎、新西兰草地牧业的转轨,回顾了世界野生动物利用与保护的历史。并追溯了我国古代野生动物管理思想,以黄羊、虎两个实例,分析了我国野生动物资源濒危的原因与现状。最后,探讨了野生动物资源保护与开发的辩证关系,提出了野生动物利用分为开发初期、过度开发期、保护恢复期及持续利用期,目前我国野生动物资源正处于保护恢复期。