Study Progress and Trends of Strategic Environmental Assessment in China

Abstract

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in China has developed rapidly since it was introduced into China in the 1990s. Chinese government promulgated the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of China (hereinafter referred to as the EIA Law) in 2002. In this law, it is stipulated clearly that regional and sector plans should be assessed. Through investigating materials and analyzing literatures, this article analyses the practical and academic study achievements of SEA in China that have been achieved since the EIA Law was implemented, probes into the current situation of the main level of SEA in China—plan EIA, then summarizes the development characteristics, and eventually, puts forward the development trends of SEA in China. The research conclusions can offer the foundations for comprehending systematically the progress of SEA in China.     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

我国公路网规划环境影响评价

我国正处于公路交通飞速发展的历史阶段,公路建设在促进社会经济发展的同时也带来了显著的生态环境问题。由于目前建设项目环境影响评价的局限性日益突出,环评法以及相继出台的部门规章都要求从战略层次科学评估交通规划造成的潜在环境影响,促使交通战略的决策过程充分考虑环境因素。然而,我国交通战略环境评价起步较晚并较多关注于内容框架的研究,因此从宏观层面上对公路网规划的环境评价方法还有待完善和深入研究。以融合国际经验的湖北省骨架公路网规划战略环境评价为例,从规划分析、现状调查、指标体系、影响预测、制度分析和公众参与等方面,详细分析了我国公路网规划环境影响评价的技术路线确定、评价要点识别以及评价方法选取等内容,并从层次性和介入时机等方面讨论了我国交通战略环境评价存在的不足,为完善交通规划战略环境评价提供参考     

战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment,简称SEA）的发展,SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制,目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价,以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上,提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价,宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势;生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较,避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失;物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据;受研究水平限制,基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

Scientific Basis and Technological Path of Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

The study tries to set up a system to extract strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in exploitation of regional development based on the present situation of environmental assessment in China. First, the article summarizes the emphasis and deficiency of international academic community’s SEA research in the past 10 years. Based on this, the article puts forward the concept and evaluation principles of regional strategic environmental assessment (RSEA). Then the article expounds the necessity of carrying ...     

Scientific Basis and Technological Path of Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

Abstract

The study tries to set up a system to extract strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in exploitation of regional development based on the present situation of environmental assessment in China. First, the article summarizes the emphasis and deficiency of international academic community’s SEA research in the past 10 years. Based on this, the article puts forward the concept and evaluation principles of regional strategic environmental assessment (RSEA). Then the article expounds the necessity of carrying out RSEA. After that, the article discusses in detail the process of RSEA, which includes defining evaluation scope, describing regional background, combing strategic behavior, designing development scenarios, predicting the pressure on environment, assessing environmental impact, screening alternatives and proposing regulation and control schemes.     

战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment，简称SEA）的发展，SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制，目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价，以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上，提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价，宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势；生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较，避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失；物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据；受研究水平限制，基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

加拿大战略环境影响评价的经验与启示

战略环境影响评价(简称战略环评)是加拿大政府实施可持续发展的一个重要手段。尽管加拿大的战略环境影响评价发展较快,形式多样,但其战略环评的理念及方法却有其一般的规律和特点。本文将介绍加拿大战略环境影响评价的理念、特点及评价方法,分析加拿大战略环评对我国的启示。     

Research on Public Participation and Information Publicity in Strategic Environmental Assessment

1 INTRODUCTIONStrategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is the application of EIA(Environment Impact Assessment) to strategic actions such as policies, plans or programs (PPPs). More specially, SEA is: 'The formalized, systematic and comprehensive process of evaluating the environmental impacts of a policy, plan or program and its alternatives, including the preparation of a written report on the findings of that evaluation, and using the findings in publicly accountable decision-ma…     

Research on Public Participation and Information Publicity in Strategic Environmental Assessment

Abstract

It has been generally recognized that strategic environmental assessment integrates environment and development into decision-making and becomes an important decision-making tool for implementing sustainable development. This paper firstly introduces the relationships of SEA, public participation(PP)and information publicity(IP), then discusses the key parts in enforcing the effective process of PP: They are the methods for how to make sufficient information open (What), when to implement PP (When), who will determinate the public (Who), and how to make the models of PP (How). Six cases are compared and analyzed. At last, ways to improve the effectiveness of PP in China is also presented.     

Planning Environmental Impact Assessment Orienting Sustainable Development:Opportunities and Challenges

1 INTRODUCTION Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a useful and effective instrument for sustainable development. Most countries require instruction projects to carry out EIA. EIA of our country began at the end of the 1970s; Chinais one of the earliest countries that carried out Project EIA. Through the fulfillment of more than 20 years, this system has been improved gradually and is playing a significant role in facilitating the enterprise reasonable layout and optimal addres…     

Planning Environmental Impact Assessment Orienting Sustainable Development: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

Strategic Environmental Assessment is a frontier subject in the field of Environmental Impact Assessment. In the past two decades, especially in recent years, much more importance has been attached to Strategic Environmental Assessment. The Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the P.R. China which was promulgated provides a great opportunity for the development of Planning Environmental Impact Assessment and brings great challenges for the development of traditional Project Environmental Impact Assessment and Planning Environmental Impact Assessment at the same time. In order to promote the implementation of “The EIA Law”, the inherent limitations of Project Environmental Impact Assessment must be identified sufficiently and the theory research and practice of Planning Environmental Impact Assessment should be strengthened as well. Measures should be taken currently to enforce the operation system. The authors wish to offer a few references to the progress and implementation of Planning Environmental Impact Assessment in China.     

城市总体规划的战略环境评价研究 --以河北省丰南市黄各庄镇为例

开展城市总体规划的战略环境评价可以将环境问题纳入到规划中进行综合分析，使规划遵循可持续发展的原则，并根据可持续发展的目标，协调各部门发展的关系。本文基于开发的评价程序，结合黄各庄镇总体规划的战略环境评价。尝试在规划层次上对城镇总体规划的战略环境评价进行探讨。     

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法研究及其对构建我国《土壤污染防治法》的启示

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法有其自己的特色,通过研究总结出七点立法特点。中国的土壤污染形势严峻,现行土壤污染防治立法多采分散立法的模式,缺乏系统性、专门针对性和可操作性,既不能适应日益严峻的土壤污染形式,也不能满足对我国土壤污染保护的客观需求。因此,制定专门的《土壤污染防治法》有其必要性和紧迫性。针对我国土壤污染立法现状,吸收俄罗斯土壤防治立法的先进之处,近而得出了构建我国专门的《土壤污染防治法》,树立整体的立法观念;制定明确的土壤保护标准及土壤污染防治标准;建立土壤污染预防制度和土壤污染修复制度;加强土壤的国家监督、国家监测和许可等管理制度;注重环境影响评价制度以及信息公开,扩大公民的公众参与权等几点启示。     

Strategic environmental assessment in Hong Kong

This review examines the development and application of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) process in the planning framework of Hong Kong. Two strategic planning case studies are evaluated within the context of SEA, namely the Territorial Development Strategy Review (TDS Review) and the Third Comprehensive Transport Study (CTS-3). Rapid population growth and urbanisation in Hong Kong, coupled with a historic lack of planning controls and inherent conflicts between government departments have been major obstacles to achieving sustainable development in the territory. Despite these challenges, Hong Kong was one of the first Asian countries to apply SEA to major development plans, where the implementation of the 'SUSDEV 21' study on sustainable development has demonstrated the government's commitment towards integrated environmental protection. The application of SEA has provided decision-makers with key information on potential environment impacts arising from proposed developments, resulting in greater accountability and transparency in the decision-making process. SEA in Hong Kong has also prompted an increased level of environmental awareness and co-operation between government departments and agencies responsible for the management of Hong Kong's natural and urban environments. However, the application of SEA in Hong Kong continues to have notable limitations. SEA needs to evolve beyond its current sectoral application to examine ways in which development decisions can not only pre-empt and prevent environmental damage, but also positively enhance and restore existing natural resources. Current land use plans and transportation strategies still largely determine the pattern of development in the near future without adequate longer-term environmental cost-benefit analysis. Sustainable development includes environmental, social and economic considerations, and these inter-related elements need be suitably balanced. SEA is not a means to obstruct development in Hong Kong, but should be recognised for its inherent socio-economic and ecological value, and fully integrated with the decision-making process. Whilst it is admirable that Hong Kong has taken positive steps in this direction, it is now an opportune moment for the government to have the foresight and tenacity to create a sustainable development framework for Hong Kong into the future.     

基于生态系统服务功能价值评估的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究

随着全国性、地区性土地利用总体规划的制定与实施，探讨适台于土地利用总体规划环境影响评价的技术方法显得相当重要。在对生态系统服务功能价值评估研究进展进行评述的基础上。分析了生态系统服务功能价值评估在土地利用总体规划环境影响评价中应用的必要性．并结合实例对其应用方法进行了探讨．实例分析表明，生态系统服务功能价值评估在土地利用总体规划环评中的应用具有把土地利用的生态效益转化为简单易懂的货币形式．可为决策者提供直观的生态信息及生态系统服务功能价值。可作为一项量化指标。对土地利用总体规划目标及规划方案的生态效益进行综合评估，且核算简单。有助于节省规划环评的时间和资源等优势，本文还指出了进一步研究的方向。     

重庆市骨架公路网规划生态环境影响评价

战略环境评价作为一种促进可持续发展的重要工具,已经得到了广泛的关注。以重庆市骨架公路网规划生态环境影响评价为例,探讨一种基于规划路网与生态要素空间关系的评价方法。将评价要素分为两类,运用地理信息技术识别出规划路网对4种生态组分影响较大的地区和直接受规划路网影响的自然保护区,做出了空间分布图,并针对存在的问题给出了建议和对策,为合理设计和布设路网提供了依据。提出的基于空间位置关系的评价方法将会促进路网规划环境影响评价的开展。     

基于应对不确定性的战略环境评价管理模式设计与应用

战略环境评价是目前环境评价领域中令人关注的前沿课题,但是不确定性却客观地、广泛地存在于战略环境评价中,这给战略环评的有效性实施带来很多的障碍。在介绍不确定性概念及其在战略环评中内涵的基础上,针对战略环境评价的特点,基于应对不确定性,建立了战略环境评价的管理模式,包括“早期介入、工作程序互动、战略制定与战略环评的融合、跟踪评价”的4个方面。通过这种管理模式的实施运用,来顺应战略环评的不确定性,更好地应对不确定性,能更好地满足战略环评的需要,并提高其有效性。以江苏省金坛市城南新区规划环境影响评价为例,进行了该管理模式的初步运用。研究表明：通过早期介入、战略环境评价与规划编制过程的互动及融合,能确保在规划编制阶段较早地、及时地、系统地考虑不确定的规划要素及环境因素,有利于通过战略环境评价为规划的编制与未来的实施提供科学的、客观的并易于规划编制机构接受的环境保护对策和政策建议。     

旅游规划的环境影响识别探讨

2003年《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的实施,标志着我国的规划环境影响评价开始进入制度化阶段,旅游规划也是其中要求进行环境影响评价并编写环评报告书的10个专项规划类型之一。但是目前我国旅游规划的环境影响评价工作尚处于起步阶段,其理论与技术性问题都需要进一步改进。例如,处于旅游规划环境影响评价过程中承上启下重要环节的环境影响识别就缺乏成熟的技术方法。在阐释旅游规划环境影响识别的定义及重要性的基础上,通过对已有文献资料及实践案例的分析与研究,总结与探讨了旅游规划环境影响识别的主体、受体和效应。最后以青海湖景区旅游规划为例,应用矩阵法识别了所规划项目与活动对青海湖地区自然资源、景观资源、生态环境、环境敏感区及社会经济文化的可能影响,以给类似旅游规划的环境影响识别工作提供经验借鉴.     

战略环境评价在中国的发展及方法学探讨

本文在回顾和评述战略评价（SEA）的发展状况的基础上，从概念和实践的角度，对SEA方法学作了初步探讨，并提出SEA方法学研究的一般思路。