企业环境污染行为的经济学研究

从经济学和委托代理理论出发构建非国有企业和国有企业环境污染行为产生的成本－收益决策模型，分析了污染行为产生的根本动因，并据此提出控制企业环境污染行为有效可行的政策。     

从委托代理理论谈中国的环境影响评价制度

根据委托代理理论,分析了中国环境影响评价制度中存在的问题,立足于绿色招商的理念,理顺建设项目环评委托代理关系,明确了建设单位、环评单位、招商部门、环保部门等相互之间的关系和职责,以使中国的环境影响评价制度更适应新型工业化道路发展的要求。     

一种兼顾水质目标和成本投入的流域减排措施优化方法

综合考虑断面水质及治污成本,构建流域治污减排措施优化模型,分析单位污染物去除成本与断面水质改善间的关系,并以承德市武烈河流域治污减排优化为例,绘制治污减排措施优化曲线,提出优化方案。结果表明,在达到流域水质要求的情况下,优化后,治污减排项目由34项缩减到22项,平均单位COD去除成本由1.44万元/t下降到0.65万元/t,同时实现了流域水质达标和降低投入成本的要求。     

治污是企业生存之本

1998年是浙江省孝丰造纸厂历史上的一个重大转折点 ,历时 30年的污染史终于结束了 ,几经周折的治污工作获得了圆满结果。在昔日杂草丛生、污物满目的荒沙滩 ,现在出现的是一座优美的花园式废水处理站 ;长年直排河流的造纸黑液不见了踪影 ,如今流入溪中的外排废水达到了国家一级排放标准。曾来厂检查工作的国家环境总局局长解振华说 :“孝丰造纸厂为浙江的治污工作做了榜样 ,为全国造纸行业治污工作做了榜样。”自 1 967年建厂以来 ,工厂一直为治理污染在努力着。 1 978年 ,工厂投资 30万元 ,上了生化治污工程 ;1 982年 ,又投资 90 0万元 ,上…     

环境污染治理中企业、政府及环境非政府组织三方博弈分析

针对目前中国环境污染严峻的事实,构建包括企业、政府和环境非政府组织(NGO)的三方博弈模型,分析不同情形下的企业最优策略选择。企业最优策略选择取决于其治污成本、社会对环境的认知度、政府治污补贴和排污处罚力度。因此,要解决当前企业排污现实问题,从3个方面采取行动可实现环境规制成本和规制效果的双重优化:(1)政府需要根据社会对环境的认知度、企业治污成本来确定治污补贴和排污处罚力度;(2)要不断降低企业治污成本;(3)通过环境NGO等多种渠道提高社会对环境的认知度。     

关于跨界水污染防治的思考

近年来,跨界水污染事件在国内一些地区频频发生,造成严重的社会问题,因此分析了国内跨界水污染的成因,并提出要完善相关的法律法规、实现水资源整体性综合规划和配置、建立区域环境合作机制、积极推广清洁生产和节能减排、转变治污方式、加强宣传教育、提高公众环保意识等相应的防治对策。     

引水治污工程水质管理模型的应用研究

研究了绍兴市引水治污工程的水质管理模型,提出了设计引水流量、水质模拟、引水流量的时间调度、控制最大允许排污量等计算方法,并提出用水环境容量增益系数、COD去除率、引水冲污率和引水自净率指标来反映引水治污工程的处理效果.     

排污收费对企业污染控制技术创新激励作用的研究

运用模型方法研究了排污收费和行政手段对企业污染控制技术创新的激励作用,为环境管理政策应用提供了理论依据。结果表明,无论对创新企业还是模拟企业,在“技术创新－创新扩散－最优啮合反应”的技术创新过程中,排污收费更能刺激企业的污染控制技术创新行为。     

红萍在植物治污方面的应用研究进展

植物治污是利用植物清除土壤和水中的各类污染物 ,进行环境治理。水生蕨类植物红萍具有一定的耐污能力 ,可以通过植物活体的富集作用和干体的物理吸附作用 ,从溶液中吸附多种重金属元素及通过植物挥发作用 ,将吸入的硒盐转化为挥发态。在污水中养萍可以去除COD和进行生物脱氮除磷 ,并设计出相应的养萍盘和生物稳定塘系统进行废水处理 ;利用红萍干体填充的滤柱可以用于电镀污水中一些重金属元素吸附回收。本文对红萍近年来在植物治污方面的应用和研究进行了描述和展望     

沭阳县沂南小河水环境调查与整治对策探讨

通过对沂南小河水环境现状调查分析，提出点源治理、截污导流、治污提标及清淤护坡等措施来解决其水环境的污染，具有很好的效果和可操作性。     

Evaluating local air pollution control administration efectiveness

Data were collected on the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District (APCD) and on Los Angeles air pollution and its effects. The information collected was used to define the air pollution control system in terms of inputs to the agency, agency actions and accomplishments, and outputs from the agency. It was further analyzed to determine which parameters of the system could be quantitatively assessed and how. Quantitative measures were normalized to facilitate comparisons between different time periods (and to allow comparisons between cities, regions, states, and nations). Preparations are underway for using these data to assess the severity of the air pollution problem in Los Angeles, to determine the overall effectiveness of the APCD, and to evaluate its administrative operation.     

A Method for Determining Source Reduction Required to Meet Air Quality Standards

Governmental boundaries which divide our states frequently do not coincide with the natural geographic and atmospheric conditions affecting regional air pollution problems. Moreover, the control regulations of one state may vary from those of its neighbors. Such areal synthesis of air pollution control measures might only minimally curb the difficulties.

Continuity of control will require cooperation among contiguous states. In this study the attitudes of incumbent elected officials and air pollution experts (both from within the Philadelphia metropolitan area) toward governmental responsiveness have been investigated. It was hypothesized that politicians would want to demonstrate a status quo approach while experts would advocate the creation of an environmental agency for the Philadelphia region’s pollution problems. However, both sample groups responded to the questionnaire survey affirming that they want government to establish an environmental regional control agency, based upon an interstate compact, that has authority strong enough to be a strict enforcing agent. This regional agency should meet all federal conditions and thus receive maximum federal financial assistance. The policy level officials of this agency should be appointed experts—so as to avoid partisan politics, and to acquire the most qualified personnel.     

State and Local Air Pollution Control Agency Salary Levels—1971

This paper is an examination of the range of salary levels of state, local, and multijurisdictional air pollution control agencies for specific occupational categories. It is based on a manpower and training survey of such agencies conducted by the Office of Air Programs of the Environmental Protection Agency during 1971. Since inadequate salaries have been identified as a primary obstacle in staffing air pollution control agencies, an analysis of salary levels was among the focal points for the survey.

Salaries were found to vary according to occupational category, type of agency, and size of agency. In most instances, salary levels increase as the size of the agency increases. Mean starting salaries have risen significantly since 1968, and salaries for chemists and engineers are becoming more competitive with salaries in private industry.     

Public Awareness and Concern with Air Pollution in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area

The public attitudes survey involving St. Louis City, St. Louis County, and Madison and St. Clair Counties, Illinois, was completed and published in the fall of 1964. A total of 1002 respondents gave needed information for the development of an acceptable abatement program. Substantial proportions from the study area expressed the view that they have had some negative reaction to the quality of the air. These respondents indicated that air pollution meant, primarily, odor and smoke with residents of some localities indicating other significant elements. The interviewed persons felt that factories and businesses were the prime causal agents in the existence of air pollution. Over 90 percent of all respondents felt that some governmental agency should do something about air pollution in the St. Louis area, with some bi-state metropolitan agency being the principal choice. The residents also expressed a willingness to pay minimal tax support for such a program. Indications as to the significance of air pollution in a general problems context, difference in attitudes between sub-sections of the study area, and more detailed analysis of the problem, its causes, and possible cures are contained in the study r     

Air pollution and its economic impacts at household level: willingness to pay for environmental services in Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Air pollution has become a major global problem. Thus, the goal of this study was to find out the economic impacts (treatment cost) of air pollution...     

如皋市工业源COD产排污强度及其产业构成分析

以第一次全国污染源普查数据为依据,分析了如皋市工业源COD产排污强度及其产业构成特征。不同行业群对GDP的贡献和对COD的贡献呈现明显倒挂,COD产排污大户主要集中在该市的一些传统产业,重点污染源企业治理水平明显高于一般污染源企业。在此基础上,就如皋工业源COD产排污水平、产业结构优化在降低COD产排污强度中的意义以及强化传统产业污染治理的主要途径等问题展开了讨论。     

房地产用地土壤污染环境风险评价——以江苏某搬迁企业原址用地为例

许多房地产项目都是在工业企业原址上进行开发建设,可能存在不同程度的土壤污染。土壤污染的评估和修复方案已成为房地产开发项目环评的重点,文中采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和土壤背景值对照法对江苏某房地产用地土壤进行了环境风险评价,结果表明该地块不需要进行土壤修复和处置。     

Evaluation of Nationwide Health Costs of Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoking

Total nationwide health costs due to air pollution and cigarette smoking were evaluated by determining the percentages of the total respiratory disease cost for 1970 due to the separate and the synergistic effects of smoking and air pollution. Previous studies known to the authors did not properly account for the well established synergistic effect of smoking and air pollution, and also assumed that the urban factor (ratio of urban incidence to rural incidence) was due primarily or exclusively to air pollution. Recent evidence strongly indicates that air pollution is not the primary cause of the urban factor, although it does make a contribution. Taking a minimum of 10% and a maximum of 50% of the urban factor to be due to air pollution, the total 1970 nationwide health cost due to air pollution was found to be between $62 million and $311 million, and the nationwide health cost due to cigarette smoking was found to be $4.23 billion.