香格里拉纳西族与汉族聚居区的景观生态格局对比研究

位于云南省西北哈巴雪山中的三坝纳西族自治乡,由于历史原因,其人口组成中的汉族和纳西族分别聚居于境内的格基河和白水河2条小流域,从而形成了各有特点的景观利用格局. 应用景观生态学和文化人类学的研究方法,对三坝纳西族自治乡内2条小流域的景观格局进行了研究和分析. 结果表明:白水河流域的景观优势度比格基河流域高,且差异显著;白水河流域的景观破碎度比格基河流域高;白水河流域的景观多样性比格基河流域低,但差异不显著. 同时对其民族分布及其耕作文化的调查显示,纳西族的神山崇拜、聚居和梯田耕作文化对其居住的白水河流域景观格局的形成有直接联系.      

草海湿地小流域土地利用与景观格局对氮、磷输出的影响

识别主要污染物和污染源对草海湿地生态系统的保护与管理具有重要的现实意义.基于2012年5—10月6个小流域的水质观测数据、土地利用结构与景观格局指数,研究了草海湿地入湖小流域氮、磷输出的时空变化规律及其与景观格局的关系,以期为草海湿地综合治理提供参考.结果表明,草海湿地北面建设用地面积比例呈西北、东南方向逐渐降低和景观破碎度逐渐减小的趋势,具有明显的城市-城郊-农村的景观格局梯度,景观格局影响流域水质.多元统计分析表明,小流域氮磷输出受景观组成属性和空间属性综合影响,城镇建设用地百分比与TN、TP和COD呈显著正相关关系(r分别为0.995、0.978和0.996,p0.01),景观破碎度(CONTAG、ED、MPS)和多样性(SHDI)与水质(TN、TP、COD)具有显著的相关关系,CCA的第一排序轴解释了建设用地面积比例、景观指数与水质指标相关性的96.0%.可见,威宁城镇化快速发展威胁了草海湿地生态安全,需进行草海周边城镇化进程的调整和控制.     

密云水库上游白河地表水质对不同空间尺度景观格局特征的响应

基于密云水库上游北京境内白河段9个监测断面的水质数据,利用多元统计分析方法分析不同空间尺度（100、200、300、500和1000 m）河岸带缓冲区土地利用景观格局特征与水质总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的关联性,识别水质对景观特征响应的最佳缓冲区尺度.结果表明,密云水库上游北京境内白河周边土地利用景观格局对水质的影响随着河岸缓冲区不同宽度的变化而不同,在河岸小尺度缓冲区表现得更明显,对水质TN和TP空间分异解释的最佳尺度分别为300 m和100 m河岸缓冲区.300 m缓冲区尺度,耕地斑块密度和草地聚集指数是影响河流TN的主要指数.100 m缓冲区尺度,城乡居民点面积比例对河流TP影响显著.该研究表明,优化河岸缓冲区300 m宽度范围内的景观格局,特别是耕地和林草地的合理配置提高农业景观的连通性和聚集度以及岸边城乡居民点面积与污染物排放控制,对于改善北京境内白河段河流水质的生态功能和保障密云水库饮用水安全十分重要.     

景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应Meta分析

景观格局决定了陆域污染物的源汇过程,是影响河流水质状况的关键因素.由于尺度效应,不同尺度下景观格局与河流水质关系的研究结果不尽相同.然而,景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应问题尚缺乏系统研究.收集了国内外4 041条研究数据,采用Meta分析法定量分析了不同尺度下景观格局对河流水质的作用特征,识别了影响河流水质的关键时间和空间尺度以及景观指数.结果表明,相对于降水事件、平水期和年际尺度,丰水期下景观格局对河流水质的影响最大;相对于流域尺度,缓冲区尺度的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;丰水期-缓冲区尺度是景观格局影响河流水质的关键时空耦合尺度.与耕地、水域、草地以及流域整体景观相比,林地和城镇用地的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;破碎度是影响河流水质最重要的景观格局因子.在河流水质治理中,应重点考虑缓冲区的景观配置,增加缓冲区林地面积、减少林地和水域的斑块密度和减少城镇用地的面积占比和聚集度,以有效保护河流水质.     

密云水库上游流域不同尺度景观特征对水质的影响

选取北京市饮用水源地——密云水库上游流域为研究区,采用空间分析、冗余分析与多元线性回归等多种方法,识别不同空间尺度及季节变化下景观格局与水质的相关关系.研究结果表明,研究区河流水质与流域景观特征显著相关,景观变量能够解释水质变异的58%.子流域面积对水质的影响最大,其他影响变量依次为居民用地比例、林地比例及聚集度指数.季节性流量变化与人为活动的强度对景观与水质关系有很大的影响;雨季前景观对水质的影响最弱,雨季中景观对水质的解释能力最强,雨季后景观对水质的影响减弱,略大于雨季前.岸边带尺度景观对于水质的解释能力要大于流域尺度.通过比较50m,100m,150m,300m4个尺度岸边带景观对水质的影响,发现100m宽岸边带内景观与水质关系最为显著.研究结果对岸边缓冲带的设计及水污染的控制具有指导意义.     

密云水库及其流域营养物集成模拟的模型体系研究

近年来由于连年干旱,密云水库面临着严重的水质和水量问题.为实现密云水库及流域的营养物集成模拟和预测,研究开发了以流域非点源模型、水体生态动力学模型和河流模型为基础的,在GIS、RS技术支持下的密云水库水环境模拟预测集成模型.生态动力学模型是由WASP模型和EFDC模型耦合而成,流域非点源模型选用SWAT模型系统,该系统同时包括了污染物在河流中的迁移转化模拟.研究采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗法进行参数识别.结果表明,实测水质数据基本位于模拟数据分布众数曲线上下,并基本落入了水质变量模拟分布80%置信度的置信区间内,模拟结果与监测数据匹配较好.说明流域集成模型体系得到了有效识别并能满足实际应用.     

密云水库及其流域营养物集成模拟的模型体系研究

近年来由于连年干旱,密云水库面临着严重的水质和水量问题.为实现密云水库及流域的营养物集成模拟和预测,研究开发了以流域非点源模型、水体生态动力学模型和河流模型为基础的,在GIS、RS技术支持下的密云水库水环境模拟预测集成模型.生态动力学模型是由WASP模型和EFDC模型耦合而成,流域非点源模型选用SWAT模型系统,该系统同时包括了污染物在河流中的迁移转化模拟.研究采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗法进行参数识别.结果表明,实测水质数据基本位于模拟数据分布众数曲线上下,并基本落入了水质变量模拟分布80%置信度的置信区间内,模拟结果与监测数据匹配较好.说明流域集成模型体系得到了有效识别并能满足实际应用.     

基于"源""汇"景观格局指数的海河流域总氮流失评价

土地利用类型及其格局能够影响非点源污染时空特征,而景观格局分析方法是评价非点源污染的重要技术手段,但是传统的景观格局指数较少考虑景观之间的位置关系,导致生态意义不明确.＂源＂＂汇＂景观格局理论中的＂源景观＂和＂汇景观＂指的是促进和阻碍非点源污染发生的景观类型.通过收集海河流域2009年夏季26个子流域的总氮浓度数据,并结合1∶25万DEM和1∶10万土地利用图,构建了融合景观类型、面积、空间位置等信息在内的源汇景观格局指数,发现源汇景观格局指数与总氮浓度有很好的相关性,在燕山山区、太行山区和下游平原区的相关系数分别为0.86、0.67和0.65.结果表明,源汇景观格局指数能够很大程度上反映总氮的空间变异特征,可以为其它流域的非点源污染评价提供参考,也有可能作为输入参数提高现有水质模型的模拟精度.     

东江源流域不同空间尺度景观格局对水质影响分析

以东江源流域为研究区,基于水质监测和土地利用类型数据,综合运用景观指数法、相关性分析和冗余分析,研究了2017~2019年水质空间变化特征,揭示了东江源流域景观格局与水质的响应关系.结果表明：①东江源流域水质整体偏好,但寻乌水总氮污染仍旧严重,截至2019年,全部监测点总氮年均浓度都超过Ⅲ类水质标准限值.②景观水平上,水质与景观形状指数、斑块个数和香农多样性指数呈正相关,与最大斑块指数和聚集度指数呈负相关.类型水平上,建设用地是东江源流域总氮和总磷输出的主要来源;林地景观形状指数和斑块个数与氨氮呈正相关,林地斑块个数与总磷呈正相关,林地最大斑块指数和聚集度指数与总磷呈负相关;草地斑块个数与总磷呈正相关,草地聚集度指数与总磷呈负相关.③重视监测点2000 m缓冲区范围内景观格局的优化,增强林草地连通性,合理配置城镇污水集中处理设施,强化废弃矿区治理,加强耕地集约化处理,在耕地集中分布区域增强其岸边防护林建设,有助于提高东江源流域水生态功能.     

城市化下景观格局对河流水质变化的空间尺度效应分析

研究不同空间尺度上景观组成与结构变量对城市河流水质的影响程度和机制对于流域生态保护具有重要意义.以汉江流域襄阳城区段8个水质监测断面为中心,利用GIS软件以河流为对象生成8种空间尺度的缓冲区域,采用景观格局指数、冗余分析等方法与模型,识别景观格局对河流水质影响最有效的河岸带空间尺度,以及其与水质的相互关系.结果表明:①总体上农用地和城市用地的面积占比随缓冲区宽度上升而增加,而其他景观类型呈相反的变化特征.②景观格局在不同宽度缓冲区内对河流水质的影响具有空间尺度性,在300 m宽度解释能力最大,达到了78.5%.③景观组成变量中仅园地的面积比例(PLAND_(GAR))在400 m宽度上与水质指标存在相关关系.④影响水质变化的主要景观类型在小尺度上是城市用地,相对较大尺度上是林业用地,并且城市用地和林业用地的斑块密度(PD_(URB)和PD_(FOR))对河流水质的负面影响最为显著.结果反映了300 m宽度是景观格局对水质变化的最佳临界区,景观组成变量对水质的影响程度小于景观结构变量.同时,不同景观类型对水质的影响机制也具有差异性,林业用地分布越密集、面积越大对进入水体的污染物净化作用越明显,而分散分布的城市区域对水质退化的作用显著.园地和草地因种植方式的差异对水质变化有一定的影响;而农业用地与水质之间没有发现显著的相关性.研究结果可以从宏观尺度上为流域水环境保护、景观优化与管理提供科学依据.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.