二丁与连翘药渣联合堆肥腐熟度评价

为了对不同比例的二丁与连翘药渣堆肥腐熟度进行评价,采用条垛式好氧堆肥方式,将二丁和连翘两种药渣按照5种不同的比例进行堆肥处理,通过分析堆肥过程中温度、pH、C/N和发芽指数等指标的变化规律,对堆肥腐熟度进行评价。结果表明:在试验处理条件下及堆肥周期内,单一药渣堆肥的两组处理未能完全腐熟,混合药渣堆肥的3组处理均已达到完全腐熟的标准,说明两种药渣混合后进行堆肥,可以有效促进堆肥的顺利进行,且二丁与连翘比例为2∶1(质量比)时发酵效果最好。3组混合药渣的发酵产物可以作为有机肥或土壤改良剂施用,也可以与化肥配合,制备成有机/无机配方肥。     

不同菌种组合对发酵残余物好氧堆肥进程及氮素变化的影响

适宜菌剂组合对于初始电导率(Electronic conductivity,EC)较高的发酵残余物二次干化腐熟效果具有重要影响。通过在发酵残余物(猪场沼渣、城市生活污泥)好氧发酵过程中添加不同菌种组合,研究堆肥腐熟指标变化,特别是不同形态氮素指标变化,以期更好提升发酵残余物的干化和腐熟程度。结果表明:F3菌剂组合处理高温期达16 d,最高温度为69.5℃,最早进入腐熟阶段,全氮损失比例最少,为8.72%;对照组在高温期(14 d、69.3℃)及全氮损失比例(9.21%)指标上仅低于F3处理组,表明自然堆体存在耐盐菌种;在促进堆肥腐熟效果方面,霉菌起着关键的作用,堆肥后期酵母菌的存在促进堆体腐熟度的提升;菌种比例和种类的合理设置对于堆体腐熟度提高的重要性要高于活菌添加量;在堆肥保氮过程中,真菌(霉菌和酵母菌)起着重要作用。F3处理(即芽孢杆菌∶霉菌∶酵母菌=1∶2∶2),是实现发酵残余物快速高效堆肥的理想菌剂配方,其他复配菌种组合保氮效果改良侧重点各不相同。     

快腐剂对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中腐熟度的影响

以牛粪、菌糠和鸡粪等为材料按照两种比例调配为混合基质,在添加或不添加快腐剂的条件下在发酵桶中进行为期38 d的堆肥发酵实验,通过对发酵产物的温度、p H值、总有机碳、C/N、硝铵态氮含量和种子发芽指数等指标变化的研究,揭示了快腐剂对发酵过程的影响。结果表明,虽然快腐剂对有机物料的温度、C/N比无显著的影响,但可以促进铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,在16 d时使发酵产物NH+4-N/NO-3-N比值降为0.15,达到腐熟标准(0.16);提升种子发芽指数,在腐解29 d时使种子发芽指数达到82.76%,达到完全腐熟指标(0.8),比不添加快腐剂的处理提前了4 d左右。快腐剂的作用效果受腐解物料配比的影响。     

沉水植物与2种不同辅料混合好氧堆肥

沉水植物富含氮、磷和钾等营养元素,通过堆肥实现营养物质的回收和利用是沉水植物资源化的有效途径。但是沉水植物含水率高、碳氮比低,需要对其进行一定的优化才能实现更好的堆肥效果。本研究采用麦秸、树叶分别作为辅料和沉水植物进行混合好氧堆肥实验,沉水植物好氧堆肥作为控制组。通过测定温度、挥发分、耗氧速率、电导率、种子发芽率(GI)、总氮、总磷和总钾等以评价堆肥产品的腐熟度和养分。结果表明,沉水植物好氧堆肥具有一定可行性,堆肥产品总养分含量为6.01%,符合有机肥使用标准(NY525-2012)中对总养分的要求,具有较好腐熟度,但堆肥产品pH值为8.90,大于标准值8.50,氮素损失率为35.11%;通过分别添加麦秸、树叶与沉水植物混合堆肥,堆肥产品pH值分别为8.33和8.24,氮素损失率分别为20.25%和11.21%;由电导率、GI、碳氮比综合分析3组堆肥产品腐熟度从高到低顺序为沉水植物与树叶沉水植物与麦秸沉水植物。通过添加富碳辅料如麦秸、树叶与沉水植物混合堆肥可以提高堆肥产品腐熟度,减少氮素损失提高肥效。     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响简

为了研究不同C/N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30 d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况，提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料，在添加1%的生物腐熟剂的基础上，对堆肥温度及C/N比进行调控，并进行交叉实验。结果表明，（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时，在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳，温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时，添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C/N比值、含水量，缩短堆肥时间，其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：1混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30 d时，堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加，有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的，且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

辅料比例对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥及微生物特性的影响

添加不同质量米糠为堆肥辅料与餐厨垃圾混合进行好氧堆肥,通过调节堆体含水率和C/N,旨在考察不同辅料比例条件下堆肥理化特性变化规律及微生物酶活变化情况。结果表明,餐厨垃圾∶米糠质量比分别为3∶1、4∶1和5∶1的堆体均能进入高温阶段,高温阶段持续5~6 d,其中3∶1处理升温最快,最高温度可达70.9℃。堆体pH上升至7.5~8.5,初期水萃COD/TN快速下降至10左右,周期结束时含水率和有机质削减量分别为21%~30%和27%~37%。5∶1处理C/N下降最多,GI50%,达到基本腐熟,而其他2个处理腐熟效果不佳。在堆肥过程中,与水解进程相关的蔗糖酶活性高峰出现在升温阶段,而与氧化还原过程相关的脱氢酶活性随时间不断增大,腐熟度增加。     

堆肥腐熟度的研究进展

评价腐熟度是有关堆肥土地安全利用最重要的问题之一。腐熟度指标可分为三类：物理学指标、化学指标及生物学指标。物理学指标易于检测,常用于描述堆肥过程所处的状态;化学指标得到了广泛研究和应用;堆肥过程是一个生物过程,腐熟度与未腐熟堆肥中植物毒性物质有关,可采用生物学方法进行评价。现在还没有一种公认的堆肥腐熟度指标。采用化学和生物指标综合评价腐熟度是目前最为常用的评价方法。     

不同氮源及木醋液对沼渣堆肥的影响

沼渣液与玉米秸秆混合,并添加不同氮源及木醋液,进行堆肥实验。分析了堆肥过程中不同处理的pH、C/N、有机质含量、氮元素的转化及种子发芽指数等指标。分析结果表明,以鸡粪作为补充氮源的处理,有机物降解速率较快,堆肥产品品质最优;添加木醋液处理的氮损失较小,较未添加组提前进入腐熟期,因此,在堆肥过程中添加稀释一定倍数的木醋液既可以有效保氮又能提高堆肥品质。将各处理的指标进行比较,以鸡粪作为补充氮源,添加稀释500倍的木醋液,堆肥效果最佳。     

分选垃圾、菜市场垃圾和腐熟污泥混合堆肥过程中氮素转化和损失研究

设计了两组高温堆肥实验,A组分选垃圾和腐熟污泥按质量比1∶1混合,B组分选垃圾、菜市场垃圾和腐熟污泥按质量比1∶1∶1混合。结果表明:A、B两组的堆体温度大于55℃的时间均不低于3d,满足卫生学要求,能够实现无害化处理,B组堆体高温持续时间比A组长近10d。堆肥过程中,A、B两组堆体TN和有机氮总体逐渐降低,氨氮先增加后减少,硝态氮则一直上升;A、B两组堆体N2O的释放主要集中在堆肥前期,堆肥前7天N_2O的释放量均达到总量的90%以上,堆肥过程中B组的氮素损失率为30.65%,低于A组的氮素损失率(48.02%)。     

荧光光谱技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

高温好氧堆肥是世界各国资源化利用固体有机废弃物最重要的途径之一,堆肥腐熟度是评价堆肥过程及堆肥产品质量的重要尺度.荧光光谱(FS)技术具有诸多优点,目前已广泛应用于不同来源有机质结构特征的研究,其在堆肥腐熟度评价中具有广阔的应用前景.在分析了FS技术的原理及特点的基础上,从发射光谱、激发光谱、同步FS和三维FS方面详实综述了FS技术在有机固体废弃物堆肥物质转化及腐熟度评价中的应用原理及其国内外进展,并对FS技术在堆肥腐熟度评价中存在的问题及发展前景进行了评述.     

Effects of different ratios of pig manure to fungus residue on physicochemical parameters during composting

This study examined physicochemical parameters to assess their effectiveness as stability and maturity indicators during the process of composting pig manure and fungus residue at different ratios. The results showed that composting mixtures with all ratios of pig manure to fungus residue maintained a temperature exceeding 50 °C for more than 10 days during composting and met the requirement for pathogen destruction. The treatment containing mainly pig manure showed higher nitrogen loss and a shorter thermophilic phase and maturity time than the treatment containing mainly fungus residue. The germination index (GI) values indicated that compost maturity was achieved in the final compost with initial ratios of pig manure to fungus residue of 9:1–7:3 (GIs of 101.4%, 91.2%, and 81.3%); the ratio of 6:4 did not reach compost maturity (GI of 63.8%) and had an inhibitory effect on seed germination. The results of this study suggest that a ratio of pig manure to fungus residue of approximately 8:2 can be considered suitable for the efficient and quality composting of pig manure and fungus residue.

Implications: Co-composting of pig manure and edible fungi residue with appropriate proportion can effectively reduce the risk of environmental pollution caused by agricultural wastes, as well as achieve a safer and high-quality organic fertilizer, which can be used to improve physical and chemical properties of the soil, increase crop yields, and promote agricultural sustainable development. Therefore, technique of co-composting of pig manure and edible fungi residue has a wide prospect of application in practical production all over the world.     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

为了研究不同C／N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况，提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料，在添加1％的生物腐熟剂的基础上，对堆肥温度及C／N比进行调控，并进行交叉实验。结果表明，（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时，在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳，温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时，添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C／N比值、含水量，缩短堆肥时间，其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：l混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30d时，堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加，有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的，且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

选用猪粪与小麦秸秆为堆肥原料进行高温好氧堆肥实验,研究添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温好氧堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、种子发芽指数、碳氮比和养分等理化指标的影响,寻求猪粪高温堆肥时的最佳秸秆配比,旨在为猪粪快速资源化利用提供科学依据。结果表明,猪粪高温堆肥时添加小麦秸秆可以缩短进入高温发酵阶段的时间,减少氮素损失,加快C/N的降低速率,加速有毒有害物质分解。其中猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4处理各层温度在2~5 d内上升至50℃,并持续37~46 d,在堆肥结束时,有机质和速效氮含量较堆肥初期下降幅度最小,分别为33.90%和23.76%,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量较堆肥初期提高幅度最大,分别为13.34%、20.24%、53.19%、41.53%和16.57%。若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标,猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4配比堆肥的腐熟速度比纯猪粪快18 d,36 d即可腐熟。综合判断,实际应用中,猪粪与小麦秸秆按体积6∶4进行堆肥较为适宜。     

添加氮损失抑制剂对蓝藻泥堆肥质量的影响

对脱水蓝藻进行大型生产性堆肥实验。研究堆肥过程中,氮损失抑制剂过磷酸钙的添加对堆肥物料各类理化性质的影响。研究结果表明,过磷酸钙加入的处理组与未加过磷酸钙的对照组堆制37 d后堆肥物料均可腐熟,且堆肥肥效均符合NY525-2002的相关要求。添加过磷酸钙处理组有机质含量为490 g/kg,全N、全P和全K含量分别为20.75、10.02和11.32 g/kg,总养分含量达到9.77%,堆肥品质明显优于对照处理。同时,在微生物的作用下,对照组中微囊藻毒素MC-RR与微囊藻毒素MC-LR去除率分别达到89.8%与78.3%。值得一提的是,添加过磷酸钙后,MC-RR和MC-LR的去除率得到进一步提高,分别达到了92.96%和100%,较好地保证了蓝藻堆肥农用的安全性,为脱水蓝藻好氧堆肥化提供了可行性依据。     

接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响

为了研究接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响,本实验采用高温好氧堆肥技术,设计了对照（不接菌）、接种白腐菌及棱盖多孔菌3个处理,探讨了不同处理堆肥过程中堆体温度、水分、pH值、电导率、有机碳、C/N、发芽指数及堆肥质量的变化情况。结果表明,接种微生物菌剂处理的温度均高于对照,且高温期持续时间相对较长,以接种白腐菌处理的高温持续时间最长;接种外源微生物菌剂对堆肥含水率、pH、EC、全碳、C/N变化影响不大;与对照相比,接种白腐菌可增加全氮及全钾的含量,有利于提高堆肥产品质量;接种白腐菌处理在36 d（GI〉50%）就达到腐熟,比对照提前8 d腐熟,明显缩短堆肥腐熟时间;而接种棱盖多孔菌处理比对照推迟10 d腐熟,共需54 d不利于香蕉茎秆堆肥的进行。     

Removal of tetracyclines,sulfonamides, and quinolones by industrial-scale composting and anaerobic digestion processes

This study evaluated and compared the removal of antibiotics by industrial-scale composting and anaerobic digestion at different seasons. Twenty compounds belonged to three classes of widely used veterinary antibiotics (i.e., tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and quinolones) were investigated. Results show that of the three groups of antibiotics, tetracyclines were dominant in swine feces and poorly removed by anaerobic digestion with significant accumulation in biosolids, particularly in winter. Compared to that in winter, a much more effective removal (>?97%) by anaerobic digestion was observed for sulfonamides in summer. By contrast, quinolones were the least abundant antibiotics in swine feces and exhibited a higher removal by anaerobic digestion in winter than in summer. The overall removal of antibiotics by aerobic composting could be more than 90% in either winter or summer. Nevertheless, compost products from livestock farms in Beijing contained much higher antibiotics than commercial organic fertilizers. Thus, industrial composting standards should be strictly applied to livestock farms to further remove antibiotics and produce high quality organic fertilizer.     

Insight into the dynamic microbial community and core bacteria in composting from different sources by advanced bioinformatics methods

Microbial communities are important for high composting efficiency and good quality composts. This study was conducted to compare the changes of physicochemical and bacterial characteristics in composting from different raw materials, including chicken manure (CM), duck manure (DM), sheep manure (SM), food waste (FW), and vegetable waste (VW). The role and interactions of core bacteria and their contribution to maturity in diverse composts were analyzed by advanced bioinformatics methods combined sequencing with co-occurrence network and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated that there were obviously different bacterial composition and diversity in composting from diverse sources. FW had a low pH and different physiochemical characteristics compared to other composts but they all achieved similar maturity products. Redundancy analysis suggested total organic carbon, phosphorus, and temperature governed the composition of microbial species but key factors were different in diverse composts. Network analysis showed completely different interactions of core bacterial community from diverse composts but Thermobifida was the ubiquitous core bacteria in composting bacterial network. Sphaerobacter and Lactobacillus as core genus were presented in the starting mesophilic and thermophilic phases of composting from manure (CM, DM, SM) and municipal solid waste (FW, VW), respectively. SEM indicated core bacteria had the positive, direct, and the biggest (>?80%) effects on composting maturity. Therefore, this study presents theoretical basis to identify and enhance the core bacteria for improving full-scale composting efficiency facing more and more organic wastes.

     

鸡粪堆肥水溶性有机物转化特性研究

采用离子色谱和三维荧光光谱,分别对鸡粪堆肥不同阶段水溶性有机物(DOM)中典型小分子有机酸、磷酸和荧光有机物进行了研究。分析显示,所研究的7种酸(乙酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸及磷酸)中,苹果酸的含量最高(1 000 mg/L),草酸的浓度最低(3 mg/L),琥珀酸和柠檬酸未检测到。随着堆肥的进行,各种酸的含量先上升而后下降,堆肥结束降至最低;堆肥过程样品所有荧光峰强度之和与COD达到显著相关(R=0.917,P0.05),类蛋白荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断降低,而类富里酸荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断上升。结果表明,堆肥过程小分子有机酸主要出现在堆肥中期;类蛋白荧光强度或类富里酸荧光强度与总荧光强度之比可以有效表征堆肥腐熟过程。     

Spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste

This paper aims to characterize the evolution of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) during the composting of municipal solid waste (MSW), and investigate the correlation between maturity and WEOM characteristics. WEOM was extracted at different stages of MSW composting (0, 7, 14, 21, and 51 d) and characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the composting process decreased aliphatics, alcohols, polysaccharides, as well as protein-like materials, and increased aromatic polycondensation, humification, oxygen-containing functional groups, molecular weight, and humic-like materials. The maturity of MSW during composting was characterized by the presence of the peak with an excitation/emission wavelength pair of 289/421 nm in excitation-emission matrix spectra.