欧盟大气环境标准体系研究

在概述欧盟已颁布实施的大气环境标准体系中的质量标准和污染物排放标准的基础上,分析了欧盟环境标准指令在成员国内的实施程序与要求以及欧盟大气环境标准的特点,并对我国大气环境标准的制定与实施提出了建议。     

《欧盟水框架指令》下的地表水环境管理体系及其对我国的启示

《欧盟水框架指令》是欧盟制定的水环境管理政策,为其成员国的水环境管理提供了共同的目标、原则、定义和方法.自2000年颁布实施以来,该指令致力于让欧洲的水环境能够同时满足人类自身的需求和动植物群落的需要,其先进的水环境评价体系、严格的污染管理标准、科学的水生态保护理念和法律效力都在水生态环境保护领域发挥了重要作用.该研究综述了欧盟水框架指令从关注生活生产到生态保护、从单一到整体的发展历程和地表水环境管理体系的主要内容,系统总结了欧盟地表水水质评价体系、水质监测和流域综合管理政策及其管理理念先进、标准制定严格和生态保护科学和法律效力优先的特点,并对比分析我国的地表水环境质量标准和水生态环境管理现状,以期学习、借鉴和吸收国际水生态环境管理的有益经验,为我国的水生态环境管理提供新思路和新方法.      

美国的环境标准

介绍了美国环境标准的法律地位与作用以及大气环境标准、水环境标准、固体废物处理场标准,并分析了其特点。      

流域水质目标管理技术研究(Ⅱ)——水环境基准、标准与总量控制

水环境质量基准与标准是有效实施环境水质目标的主要基础和管理依据. 明确了水环境质量基准与标准的基本概念,系统地介绍了国外水环境质量基准与标准的研究、使用现状以及我国流域水环境污染和环境标准建立的特征,阐述了水环境质量基准与标准在环境毒理学评估、污染物风险识别、水生态污染效应、沉积物质量控制研究等方面的应用与发展趋势. 结合我国水环境质量基准与标准研究的实际,提出了建立我国在新型污染物和复合污染水质基准两方面的研究内容,并对我国水质基准支持条件下的水生态安全以及污染物总量控制研究做进一步探讨.       

环境标准物质概述

环境标准物质对于环境监测数据的可靠性是非常重要的。水环境标准物质的研制是困难的。本文就COD环境标准物质的研究进行了深入的探讨。     

探析城市污泥填埋处置的发展趋势研究

文章论述了国内外污泥填埋处置状况和发展趋势,介绍了欧盟成员国污泥填埋处置状况,对欧盟等国污泥的填埋历史进行了回顾,探讨了欧盟及成员国与污泥相关的管理政策,给出了中国对污泥填埋处置政策、污泥填埋场存在问题和现状,对污泥掩埋的处理方法,分析了污泥填埋处置对周围土壤和地下水环境的影响,提出了污泥填埋在中国随着城市可供填埋土地面积的匮乏将逐渐受到限制,污泥的土地资源化利用符合中国国情和可持续发展战略。     

我国环境标准制度存在的问题及对策

目前我国的环境标准制度存在诸多不足.环境标准本身科学性不强,存在着标准滞后、空白、总量控制标准少、确定和修改依据不明、缺少专门针对公众健康设定的指标以及针对同一环境要素数值交叉等问题,这同时也与环境标准的法律性质不明确、编制机构不中立、编制程序不完善、公众参与不足密切相关.而环境标准体系本身的不完善也带来环境标准适用上的困难和障碍.对此,需要从法律制度和政策选择上寻求突破,明确环境标准的法律地位和效力,建立环境标准制定和修改的规则,确立环境标准的适用原则和条件,从而进一步完善环境标准制度.     

深港西部通道工程环境标准协调机制研究

文章以深港西部通道工程为典型案例,研究了在大型跨境工程的建设和营运过程中,以环境管理一体化为目标的环境标准协调问题。对比分析了深圳和香港两地在大气环境、声环境、水环境、生态环境管理中所执行的污染物排放标准和环境质量标准的异同,并探讨了大型跨境工程实施环境标准协调依据、协调范围和协调原则。研究表明,环境标准的一体化应以跨境环境影响的预测作为基础和依据。在符合各自法律准则要求的前提下,应以趋向严格的原则,对可能形成跨境环境影响的污染物排放和环境质量指标进行协调,建立统一的标准,有利于跨境工程的环境保护一体化管理目标的实现。     

完善我国环境标准样品体系建设的国际对比与建议

环境标准样品是环境监测等环境分析过程中进行质量控制与质量保证的标准量具,为环境管理和决策提供重要技术支撑。本文通过比较美国、欧盟、日本以及我国环境标准样品体系的结构与发展,针对当前我国环境标准样品体系发展中存在环境标准样品体系不完善,种类和数量较少;环境标准样品研究基础薄弱,研制技术水平较低等问题,提出了加强顶层设计,增加科研、人才投入,以及强化国际交流合作等建议,从而推进我国环境标准样品体系的健全与完善。     

全国第三次环境标准学术讨论会在温州召开

由中国环境科学学会环境标准专业委员会召集的“全国第三次环境标准学术讨论会”于去年11月在温州市乐清县召开。来自全国各省、市、自治区的30多位专家、学者,在会上对我国水环境标准体系和特征、环     

欧盟的环境与资源保护——法律、政策和行动

欧盟是各个成员国之间为消除贸易的环境障碍,首先在环境保护的共同标准上进行协商和签订条约,所以乃是以环境为中心,覆盖资源保护问题。现在欧盟已成为超国家的地区主权的实体。欧盟的环境保护局已经成了一个大袋子,把环境保护、资源保护、自然保护甚至与工农业生产有关的问题都包括了进去。它的好处就是有利统一协调。欧盟的环境保护在４０多年中,走过了从各成员国自行负责到形成共同的法律和行动,从工业环境为主到全面生态环境保护,从治理污染到主动预防,从国家到区域到全球行动,在环境保护行动中欧盟将变得更为活跃和日益重要     

欧盟水框架指令优先污染物筛选方法的应用

利用欧盟水框架指令(EU WFD)方法筛选优先污染物,得到适用于我国的水环境优先控制污染物清单。检索了包括中国、美国、欧盟、日本等国家和地区的水质标准和污染物清单,对这些清单污染物进行初筛选,得到449种污染物为我国登记在用的污染物,在此基础上运用改进的WFD优先污染物筛选方法对这些污染物进行计分筛选,并按照其半致命毒性LD50排序,得到包含19种污染物的水环境优先控制污染物排序清单。结果表明,WFD优先污染物筛选方法能较全面的筛选出环境危害大的污染物,根据我国实际情况,对WFD现有污染物清单做出补充与筛选后,适合作为水环境优控污染物筛选的方法。     

Linking analyses and environmental Kuznets curves for aggregated material flows in the EU

The relationship between economy and environmental impacts has been an essential topic in the discussion on environmental problems for a long time. From the 1990s, this relationship has gained a position in environmental policy as well. De-coupling the use of natural resources from economic growth has been set as one of the policy goals in the sixth Environmental Action Programme by the European Commission. In the scientific discussion, the concept of environmental Kuznets curve deals closely with the de-coupling or de-linking phenomenon. Aggregated material flows, on the other hand, have often been considered as a macro-level proxy of environmental degradation. Different methods or approaches have been designed for “sustainability” or “carrying capacity” evaluation as well. The objective of this article is (i) to discuss the possibilities and limitations of using environmental and economic indicators in the sustainability analysis at the macro level, (ii) to present a theoretical framework for the linking analysis including a classification of the degrees of de-linking/re-linking environmental impacts from/to economic growth, and (iii) to give an empirical example by using indicators of direct material flows as a proxy of environmental degradation and by applying the framework into the European Union and its 15 member countries. The results show that the trend in the European Union is a weak de-linking of material flows from economic growth during the years 1980–2000. In other words, material intensity of the economy has generally decreased due to increased efficiency, but the absolute amount of material use has increased, although at a lower rate of increase than economic growth. On the other hand, there is a quite large variation between different EU member countries. However, absolute decrease in the use of materials cannot be found as a continuous trend between the years 1980 and 2000 in any of the studied EU member countries.     

水环境质量标准的发展探讨

从国家水环境质量标准的修改和测试项目的增减出发，阐述了我国水环境质量标准发展的历史和现状，以及可能产生的影响，分析了国内外水环境质量标准的差异，并提出相关建议。     

论欧盟的环境外交政策

欧盟在一体化过程中对环境问题给予了高度关注,环境外交已成为其共同安全和外交政策的重要组成部分.在开展全球性、区域性环境外交的同时,欧盟还与发展中国家进行了有效的环境合作,并与工业发达国家进行环境对话,从而在国际范围内拓展了其环境政策的影响.     

Multi-scale scenarios of spatial-temporal dynamics in the European livestock sector

The European livestock sector has changed rapidly in the recent past and further changes are expected in the near future due to reforms in the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), increasing environmental concerns and changing consumer awareness. We developed a multi-scale modeling approach for exploring spatial and temporal dynamics of livestock distribution by accounting for drivers at different spatial scales. Such approach can provide a basis for environmental impact assessments of livestock farming at broad spatial scales. Assessment of change in both quantity and location was made for six livestock types. Four contrasting scenarios were applied ranging from globalization to regionalization, as well as from low regulation levels and dominance of market forces towards a higher degree of governmental regulation. National level livestock numbers as calculated by a macro-economic model were spatially distributed at the landscape scale according to the scenario assumptions considering biophysical, socio-economic, and political forces. Results indicate for most of the old European Union (EU) member countries a decrease in livestock numbers. In the new EU member countries sheep, goats and pigs are expected to decline while beef cattle and poultry are expected to grow. Livestock densities are expected to increase both within and outside current livestock hotspot regions in absence of environmental legislations. Environmental pressure as result of high livestock densities may, however, also remain in regulated scenarios where environmental policies are implemented and income support remains stable over time due to path dependencies in the livestock sector. But contrary to the non-regulated scenario it is less likely that new areas with high risk of negative environmental impacts due to livestock farming will develop.     

不同功能地表水体中病原微生物指示物的标准比较

地表水病原微生物污染对人类健康构成了巨大的潜在威胁,地表水体的病原微生物污染及其控制日益得到人们的重视.因此,本文从地表水环境功能和人类健康的角度出发,通过大量调研国内外不同功能的地表水环境质量标准,总结了当前常用病原微生物指示物的特点与指示效果;综述和比较了美国、欧盟、世界卫生组织和中国水环境标准中有关病原微生物控制指标的演变历程;最后对地表水体中病原微生物指示物的研究进行了展望.总体而言,当前常用指示微生物涵盖细菌、病毒和原生动物,但应针对不同目的选取不同类型的指示微生物;美国、欧盟和世界卫生组织的病原微生物控制指标已陆续转向大肠杆菌与肠球菌,而我国仅经历了从总大肠菌群到粪大肠菌群的转变.培养法与分子生物学方法是当前主要的病原微生物检测手段,前者广为应用,后者更为方便、快捷,但无法与相应标准对接.     

Effects of bioenergy policies and targets on European wetland restoration options

The EU is committed to combat climate change and to increase security of its energy supply. Bioenergy from forestry and agriculture plays a key role for both. Concurrently, the EU agreed to halt the loss of biodiversity within its member states. To fulfil the biodiversity target more nature conservation and restoration sites need to be designated. There are arising concerns that an increased cultivation of bioenergy crops will decrease the land available for nature reserves and for “traditional” agriculture and forestry. To assess the role of bioenergy in light of possible negative impacts on ecosystems, the European Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model (EUFASOM) assesses simultaneously economic and environmental aspects of land use. This study contributes to the assessment by analyzing the effect of bioenergy production on European wetland allocations by incorporating the spatial wetland distribution model SWEDI into EUFASOM. Results show that bioenergy targets increase land competition and thus marginal costs of wetland preservation but also of food prices. The designation of national wetland conservation targets, on the other hand, stimulates land use intensification in countries without these targets and here only a transfer of environmental stresses takes place. The model is able to illustrate regional differences of results.     

废旧电器电子产品越境转移国际管理制度比较

废弃电器电子产品的非法越境转移已成为国际社会关注的重要环境问题之一,与之相伴而生的废弃电器电子产品与旧电器电子产品的鉴别问题也成为国际环境公约的热点议题.在此背景下,针对废旧电器电子产品越境转移的管理制度和鉴别标准,对相关国际公约以及美国、日本和欧盟等典型出口方与泰国、马来西亚和中国等典型进口方进行了比较分析.结果表明,发达国家和发展中国家关于废旧电器电子产品越境转移的政策存在对立性,尽管《巴塞尔公约》在努力减少这种对立性,以保护发展中国家环境利益,但电子废物非法越境转移的风险仍然存在.结合中国废旧电器电子产品进口管理现状,提出了完善中国现有管理体系的政策建议.