黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量研究

运用科克兰(Cocnran)Q检验法,将黄河流域湿地分为河道湿地型、河滨湿地型、河口型3类.基于生态水文学方法,计算了黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量,提出了“湿地生态环境需水量计算时应主要关注湿地消耗水量”的观点,并进一步将黄河流域湿地生态环境需水量分为最小、适宜和理想3个等级.计算结果表明,黄河流域湿地最小、适宜、理想生态环境需水量分别为2 0 .3×10 8m3、3 7.6×10 8m3和5 4.9×10 8m3;黄河流域典型湿地与河道重复量为1.9×10 8m3.研究结果显示,要维持湿地基本的生态环境功能,需每年最小向湿地分配水量2 0 .3×10 8m3.为使黄河流域湿地恢复到理想状态的需水量为5 4.9×10 8m3.     

吉林西部植被生态环境需水量供需平衡研究

吉林西部地处半湿润、半干旱气候区,水资源的紧缺已成为制约生态环境修复和地区经济发展的重要因素.在对已往生态环境需水量研究成果进行总结,分析该区自然环境的基础上,提出了植被生态环境需水量的概念,即保证植物正常、健康生长,同时能够抑制土地沙化、碱化,乃至荒漠化发展所需的最小水资源量.采用统计年鉴资料,并利用TM卫星影像解译数据进行修正,计算出了农田、草地和林地面积.分别采用面积定额法、水量平衡法、潜在蒸散量法求得农田、草地和林地的生态环境需水量,分别为60.698亿,42.942亿和32.852亿m3.通过供需水平衡分析,得出该区植被生态环境需水量为136.492亿m3,尚缺水19.25亿m3.      

基于生态保护目标的太子河下游河道生态需水量计算

河流生态需水量计算是进行生态水权分配的一项基础性工作,是生态环境保护和水资源配置的依据.随着社会经济的发展,流域水资源短缺和生态环境问题日益突出.针对太子河下游河段水资源开发利用现状及存在的生态环境问题,在确定生态保护目标的基础上,采用月保证率法和生态水力学法计算下游河道不同等级生态需水量,既可以从各月角度反映河道生态需水是一个与自然径流相适应的过程,又注重水生生物的关键期和生境需求.通过Tennant法验证月保证率法和生态水力学法计算结果可靠,最终确定太子河下游河道最小、适宜和理想等级年生态需水量分别为:5.31×108m3、8.52×108m3和12.17×108m3,而且现状流量可以满足最小生态需水量的要求.     

河口生态环境需水量计算方法研究

提出了河口生态环境需水量的计算方法.计算中考虑了水循环消耗、生物循环消耗、生物栖息地等不同类型需水及其随时间的变化,根据“加和性”和“最大值”原则计算了河口生态环境需水年度总量,以保持河口径流自然状态为目标确定了生态环境需水量年内随时间的变化率.根据“生态环境需水量阈值性”的要求,将计算结果划分为最低、适宜和高3个等级.对海河流域主要河口的计算结果表明,海河口、滦河口和漳卫新河口最低等级生态环境需水量分别为5 97×10 8m3、6 81×10 8m3和4 96×10 8m3.河口径流量的减少将首先影响泥沙的输运,进而改变河口生态系统的盐度平衡     

白洋淀湿地生态环境需水量研究

采用生态水位法对白洋淀湿地生态环境需水量进行了计算.该方法主要是从湿地的水文条件出发,通过对其长序列的水文资料分析,得出该湿地较适宜的水文条件,然后再与生态环境状况进行对照分析,从而得出湿地的理想和最小生态环境需水量.通过计算,得出白洋淀湿地的最小生态水位系数是0.94,理想生态水位系数大于1.10.由此,进一步计算出生态水位和生态环境需水量,该生态水位系数也为其它类似湿地提供了生态水位计算标准.白洋淀全年的月平均最小生态环境需水量为0.87×108m3,理想生态环境需水量为2.78×108m3.计算结果表明,湿地生态环境需水量夏季最大,冬季最小,符合季节气候水文条件变化规律;从实践角度看,其生态水的配置是可行的.同时,该方法可为国内其它湿地的生态环境需水计算提供参考.     

城市景观河流最小生态环境需水量的计算方法——以沈阳城区南运河为例

以沈阳城区南运河为例,从生态学理论和水水功能区划分的角度出发,结合南运河水质现状,通过所建立的水质模型模拟提出了南运河枯水期和丰水期的最小生态环境需水量和水质。在此基础上,提出了城市景观河流最小生态环境需水量的计算方法,从而为城市景观河流生态环境需水量的研究起到一定指导作用。     

白洋淀湿地不同时空水生植物生态需水规律研究

在对白洋淀典型水生植物的蒸腾量实地监测的基础上,确定了不同时间和空间下水生植物的蒸散系数,对白洋淀湿地基于现状和恢复目标下的植物生态需水量进行了等级划分和计算.研究结果表明,6～9月综合蒸散系数为3.21、6.24、6.02和1.86.水生植物需水量的时间分布规律为7月>8月>6月>9月,空间分布规律为陆地>水陆过渡带>水中.现状条件下,白洋淀水生植物6～9月的最小需水量分别为0.49×108m3、0.80×108m3、0.60×108m3、0.16×108m3,分别占湿地最小生态需水量的44%、56%、49%、50%(未包含湿地土壤需水量),与湿地最小生态需水量对应的最低生态水位为7.50m、7.50m、7.50m、6.30m.基于生态恢复目标,计算得到6～9月的水生植物最小生态需水量分别为0 56×108m3、0.91×108m3、0.69×108m3、0.19×108m3,为湿地最小生态需水量的30%、41%、35%、21%.对比白洋淀水生植物生态需水量的实际值和计算值发现,白洋淀水生植物的生态需水量在6～9月间分别是计算值的5.75倍、6.42倍、5.00倍和2.29倍.     

河道生态环境分区需水量的计算方法与实例分析

为真实反映流域各区间的河道生态环境需水量差异 ,同时解决流域上下游河道生态环境需水量的重复计算问题 ,提出了河道生态环境分区需水量的概念 ,对流域分区、河道功能确定和河道生态环境分区需水量计算方法进行了研究 .以黄河流域为例进行了实证分析 .结果表明 ,黄河流域的河道需水分区需水量差异显著 ,黄河下游区间的河道分区需水量最大 ,为 14 8 93× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,上游兰州—河口干流区间最小 ,为-5 0 12× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,龙羊峡—兰州干流区间和黄河下游区间河道分区需水量超过区间的自产水资源量 ,需要其它区间的水量补充 ,才能维持其河道的生态环境功能 .黄河流域的河道分区需水量之和为 2 3 0 6× 10 8m3·a- 1 ,约为流域地表水资源量的 3 9% ,说明黄河流域地表水资源的最大利用率应低于 61% .     

城市水生态足迹研究——以北京市为例

以"水"为要素评价城市资源利用的可持续性,并以水资源短缺的北京市为案例城市进行剖析.探讨了城市水生态足迹的内涵和4种典型城市水生态足迹的发展轨迹,提出了基于城市生态需水量的水生态足迹的核算方法.对案例城市北京的研究结果表明:(1)北京城市河湖多年平均生态需水量为10.45×108m3,地下水多年平均生态需水量为26.34×108m3;(2)北京市多年平均的水生态足迹为1.42.以上结果表明北京的水资源利用是不可持续的.     

基于生态目标的河道生态环境需水量计算

以生态目标的确定为基础,通过建立目标参数与径流间的关系计算得到河道生态环境需水量.其中生态目标由关键期生态目标和时间变化目标2部分组成.考虑不同功能生态环境需水量间的兼容性,以最高等级为标准确定关键期生态目标.采用河道多年平均天然径流量年内时间变化率作为生态环境需水量时间变化目标.海河流域永定河官厅水库下游河道计算中,以生态、生产需水矛盾最突出的4月生物繁殖初始时期对流速的要求作为关键期生态目标,根据河道断面实测资料确定目标参数与径流间的关系.计算结果表明,最小、适宜以及理想等级年度生态环境需水量分别为1.56×10⁸m³,5.97×10⁸m³和11.02×10⁸m³,分别占河道天然径流量的7.19%,27.51%和50.78%,年内汛期8月及春季生物繁殖期(4月～6月)需水量需分别达到年度总量的20%.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.