新疆环境监测网络的建设及发展对策

新疆环境监测网络建立三十多年来,已经初步形成了水环境、环境空气、声环境、生态环境和污染源等监测网络,较好地承担了各环境要素例行监测、突发性环境污染事故应急监测和环境科研等监测任务,为各级环保决策提供了有效的技术支持。然而,随着环境管理工作的不断深入,新疆环境监测网络所呈现的一些新老问题已成为不适应环境管理需求的制约因素,本文通过分析新疆环境监测网络中存在的问题,提出了发展对策。     

谈环境监测

环境监测是环境科学的一个重要分支,是环境保护工作的耳目,是环境管理、规划、立法的科学依据。它对发展环境科学,搞好环境保护工作,有着十分重要的作用。 环境监测是对环境质量某些代表值或环境中污染物浓度进行连续性或间断性测定和监视。从管理角度讲,环境监测是对环境污染和破坏现状、原因、影响、进行定量调查和测试,以便制定环境保护对策的科学。环境     

基于GIS技术在环境监测中的应用

随着环境污染和经济发展以及人们对美好环境的需求之间的矛盾不断加剧,环境监测工作的作用突显重要,环境监测依托于技术手段的发展,近年来GIS技术的兴起和在环境监测以及数据管理方面的应用不断扩大,成为未来环境监测工作发展的新方向,本文对GIS的概念和特点进行阐述,对GIS技术和环境监测的关系进行分析,对GIS技术在环境监测和数据管理中的应用进行了探讨,为环境监测从业者更好开展环境监测工作提供借鉴。     

4·14淮河石油污染事件浅析

通过4.14淮河石油污染事故中环境监测的相关工作,折射出环境监测工作在环境污染事故中的重要地位,并由此次事故中总结出相关经验和不足,希望通过此次事故能够进一步加强环境监管工作,积极做好环境应急预案,并能够从更多方面给予环境监测工作支援和加强。     

关于对环境污染纠纷仲裁的质疑──对《关于进一步加强环境监测工作的决定》中存在问题的看法

关于对环境污染纠纷仲裁的质疑──对《关于进一步加强环境监测工作的决定》中存在问题的看法鲍学杰（山东博兴县环境保护局２５６５００）国家环保局《关于进一步加强环境监测工作的决定》（以下简称《决定》）的发布和实施，使“环境管理必须依靠环境监测，环境监测必须...     

荷兰水质与空气质量监测的发展现状

荷兰有系统、有组织的环境监测始于20世纪60年代后期,起初主要针对环境污染状况监测,表现为空气、地表水、地下水和土壤环境质量监测,监测结果不能很好地与环境政策的实施水平挂钩,造成环境监测与环境管理之间缺乏应有的关联.20世纪80年代后,荷兰的环境监测开始进入改革和创新阶段,其重点主要有三点:一是大量推广应用标准化监测技术和数据处理模式;二是参与欧盟的环境监测网络,建立包括地方、国家及欧盟的三级环境监测网;三是特别强调环境监测为环境管理服务的宗旨,将环境监测的重点转移到衡量环境政策的实施水平和存在的问题上,切实体现环境监测为环境决策服务.目前,荷兰的环境监测已经发展到覆盖几乎所有的环境问题,包括人为因素和自然变迁产生的环境问题.     

建立适应环保新形势下的多元化环境监测体系

指出我国目前环境监测体系中不能满足环境管理需求的各类问题,对建立新形势下多元化环境监测体系进行了可行性分析,同时介绍了美、日等国多元化环境监测体系运营的经验,提出了职责界定、制度建立、强化监管、市场培育等推进多元化环境监测体系建设的对策。     

中国环境监测陆海统筹机制的分析与建议

建立环境监测陆海统筹机制是新形势下管理模式向环境质量控制转变的必然需求。通过对涉海环境监测网络建设、运行管理模式、标准规范和信息发布体系的调研,分析了环境监测陆海统筹机制面临的缺乏统一规划、管理职责不清、标准化滞后和信息发布混乱等问题,并剖析了其深层次原因。借鉴欧盟、美国和日本在环境监测陆海统筹实践中的经验,总结其对中国的启示:陆海统筹既是自然环境客观规律的内在要求,也是中国自下而上的环境管理需求;管理部门建立沟通协调机制是陆海统筹的基础,监测网络加强技术体系整合是陆海统筹的关键。遵照公正可信、分步推进的原则,提出中国环境监测陆海统筹机制的实施路线。     

应用BPR促进环境监测管理转型的思考

对现行环境监测方案体系中存在的问题进行归纳分析,结合BPR(业务流程再造)思想以及信息化理念对环境监测工作转型进行思考,提出信息化解决方案,通过建立电子化环境监测方案,以达到业务模式优化、信息整合协同、管理精细化的转型目标。电子化环境监测方案是环境监测科学发展的时代要求,是环境监测信息化管理的标志。     

浅谈环境监测社会化的质量监管新思路

分析了现阶段社会环境检测市场的发展现状及存在的问题，探讨了从环境检测上岗能力、专业技能再教育、从业履历和信用等方面对社会环境检测从业人员进行管理的必要性，提出在机构环境监测能力、检测人员结构流动性、仪器设备在用状态和更新频率、从事环境监测业务信用等方面建立评估机制，推动环境监测市场健康发展。     

福建省环境监测质量信息监控系统的建设

使用浏览器/服务器型数据库技术,开发福建省环境监测质量信息监控系统.利用档案库内的数据,进行综合、区域、项目等全方位、多功能查询,实现环境监测质量管理规范化、标准化、定量化.     

Can we infer about ecosystem services from EIA and SEA practice? A framework for analysis and examples from Portugal

Biodiversity, soil, water, air, climate, landscape and other components are typically analyzed in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) when looking for the effects of a given project on the biological and ecological components of the environment. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) tends to follow the same general pattern, when looking for the environmental effects of plans and programs. In both cases, ecosystem services are often not explicitly considered. We developed a framework to analyze environmental assessment (EA) practice and infer about ecosystem services based on existing evidence from EIA and SEA reports and supporting information. Our framework addresses the relations between ecosystem services and the environmental factors assessed in EIA and SEA, considering the relevant conceptual frameworks such as the ES cascade model and the DPSIR framework applied to ES provision. We base our proposals on results from a preliminary meta-analysis of recent EIA and SEA reports from several types of plans and projects in Portugal, in which implicit assessments of ES were clearly predominant. We discuss the implications of those results and the opportunities to infer about ecosystem services, and conclude on the need for more dedicated and explicit efforts to ecosystem services assessment in EIA and SEA.     

A Knowledge-Based Approach to the Assessment of Watershed Condition

The Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological assessments. EMDS integrates geographic information system and knowledge base system technologies to provide an analytical tool for environmental assessment and monitoring. The basic objective of EMDS is to improve the quality and completeness of environmental assessments and the efficiency with which they are performed. The USDA Forest Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have cooperatively developed an EMDS knowledge base for watershed condition assessment. Specifically, this knowledge base evaluates watershed processes, patterns, general effects of human activity, and fisheries habitat suitability. Such assessments are based on spatially explicit input data concerning current conditions and reference conditions which are subsequently interpreted by user-defined "fuzzy" membership functions. In this paper we describe basic components of our knowledge base for assessing watershed condition and illustrate its application within northern Idaho and northwestern Montana.     

Environmental benchmarks vs. ecological benchmarks for assessment and monitoring in Canada: Is there a difference?

Environmental benchmarks are widely used in Canadian environmental assessment as a standard against which to monitor air or water quality in response to human activities in the environment. Recent work in Canada has developed the concept of ecological benchmarks as a complement to environmental benchmarks. However, implementation of ecological benchmarks may be challenging. This paper presents an analogy between ecological benchmarks and the more commonly used environmental benchmarks, as an attempt to increase understanding and use of ecological benchmarks in resource management, assessment, and monitoring. Ecological benchmarks, and their corresponding indicators, will be challenging to identify and use. However, through the use of the principles of adaptive management, effective ecological indicators and benchmarks can be established. Although it is essential that ecological benchmarks are site-specific, the analogy and general principles outlined here are applicable to assessment and monitoring in any part of the world.     

Publicly available datasets on thallium (Tl) in the environment—a comment on <Emphasis Type="Italic">“Presence of thallium in the environment: sources of contaminations,distribution and monitoring methods”</Emphasis> by Bozena Karbowska,Environ Monit Assess (2016) 188:640 (DOI 10.1007/s10661-016-5647-y)

This comment highlights a whole series of datasets on thallium concentrations in the environment that were overlooked in the recent review by Karbowska, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 640, 2016 in this journal. Geochemical surveys carried out over the last few decades all over the world at various scales and using different sampling media have reported the concentration of thallium (and dozens more elements) in tens of thousands of samples. These datasets provide a ‘real-world’ foundation upon which source apportionment investigations can be based, monitoring programs devised and modelling studies designed. Furthermore, this comment also draws attention to two global geochemical mapping initiatives that should be of interest to environmental scientists.     

An Interactive, Spatial Inventory of Environmental Data in the Mid-Atlantic Region

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is working with federal, state, local, and non-governmental partners to produce an interactive, spatial inventory of environmental data in the mid-Atlantic region. The inventory will include maps of sampling locations, lists of measurements, and design information for hundreds of research sites and monitoring programs. It will also feature user-defined queries, resulting in customized maps that satisfy search criteria. (For example, "Display the probability-based surveys that measure dry deposition and nutrient availability in soils"). The inventory will be used in an interagency pilot study, instigated by the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources, to integrate environmental monitoring and research activities. The inventory will also provide information for a regional ecological assessment led by EPA Region 3 and the Office of Research and Development. In addition, an interagency consortium will use the inventory to identify suitable field data for assessing the accuracy of satellite imagery. In each of these three applications, the inventory will be tested and evaluated as a potential prototype for completing additional regions of the U.S. Maintained as an Oracle database, the inventory is accessible on the internet at http://www.epa.gov/monitor/. Currently, ten inventory records are on-line for demonstration. The complete federal inventory of approximately 180 records will be accessible on-line by October, 1997; approximately 200 state, local and non-governmental records are scheduled for on-line access by April, 1998.     

运用法律手段加强环境治理工作的有效性

单靠道德自律及经济、行政性处罚等手段 不可能从根本上解决环境问题，唯有加强法律作为硬性强制性手段，才能加大环保工作的有效性。     

环境统计与排污许可衔接的工业源排放核算研究

环境统计面临依据排污许可数据估算工业污染排放总量的挑战.以某市4个行业6类污染物的排放数据为案例,讨论了在非重点源污染排放量估算问题上衔接排污许可和环境统计的可行性和存在的问题.研究结果表明:排污许可重点管理单位与环境统计重点调查单位存在显著差异,不能采用比率估算方法估算工业非重点源排污量;排污许可简化和登记管理单位排...     

Reconceptualizing public participation in environmental assessment as EA civics

Notwithstanding the considerable attention placed on creating meaningful opportunities for public participation in environmental assessment (EA), many participants and those who have reviewed participation processes often find practice sorely wanting. This reality stands in stark juxtaposition to future environmental governance needs, which will require increased openness, deliberation and transdisciplinary knowledge in order to deal with environmental change that is ever more uncertain, complex and conflictual. In this paper, our purpose was to consider how to meet those needs through reconceptualizing public participation as EA civics, founded on an active citizen base, deliberative in nature and orientated toward learning. We do this through developing a new conceptual model of next generation participation processes that is relevant at multiple spatial scales and institutional levels, is applicable to the entire assessment cycle and spans temporal scales through feedback loops. Our EA civics model builds on the “civics approach” to environmental governance and “action civics” by extending their core ideas to participation in EA. We did this by conducting an integrative literature review (including numerous papers we have contributed over the years) and reflecting on our own experiences as EA participants. We apply current thinking on public participation design to our EA civics conceptualization and highlight important design features that have received scant attention. We conclude that EA civics holds promise for fairer and more robust participation processes if all aspects of the model are considered and the actions related to each are implemented.     

Developing an automated BIM-based life cycle assessment approach for modularly designed high-rise buildings

Modular construction has attracted increasing attention due to its energy and environmental benefits. Digital technologies such as building information modelling (BIM) have also been explored to generate and manage data through the lifecycle of buildings. Although research has been performed in the area of integrating BIM and modular construction, BIM-based automated lifecycle assessment (LCA) of prefabricated buildings remains unexplored. This study therefore aims to develop a BIM-based LCA method for prefabricated buildings incorporating different assessment levels with unique system boundaries and functional units. The developed approach can support automated assessments through all lifecycle phases of a prefabricated building. It is achieved through an automated process of creating parameters to merge LCA data into the building model, systematic zoning, model setup and impact estimation. This approach is applied to evaluate the energy and environmental performances of a case building in Hong Kong. The case study validated the efficiency of the developed BIM-based LCA method in providing a systematic and detailed assessment of modularly designed buildings. This study extends the knowledge in automated BIM-based LCA by addressing specific characteristics of prefabrication and promotes the incorporation of comprehensive and detailed LCA data into BIM models for improved design robustness and holistic performances of buildings. This validated approach will enhance the willingness of designers to apply LCA during the design stages for minimizing the energy and environmental impacts of both new and renovated buildings with prefabrication.